Race and General Cognitive Ability: The Myth of Diminishing Returns to Education

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Myerson ◽  
Mark R. Rank ◽  
Fredric Q. Raines ◽  
Mark A. Schnitzler
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
College Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Educational Careers

The impact of education on racial differences in general cognitive ability was assessed using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. To control for attrition during the educational process, we compared the scores of individuals who ultimately attained the same level of education but who were tested at different points in their educational careers. Multiple regression analyses revealed that education can have a strong positive effect on cognitive ability in both whites and blacks. Whites benefited more from education than blacks during the high school years, but blacks benefited much more than whites from a college education, substantially narrowing the gap between the races. These findings contradict the hypothesis that racial differences in intelligence are relatively immutable, in part because of the diminishing returns from increases in education.

scholarly journals The Impact of Education on Household Income in Rural Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Van Vu
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Quantile Regression Analysis ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Using data from the 2018 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, our study investigates the impact of education on household income in rural Vietnam. Both mean and quantile regression analyses were employed to analyze the impact of education. We found that education has a positive effect on the household income after controlling for various factors in the models. However, quantile regression analysis reveals that the effect of schooling years increases with quantiles, suggesting that education bring higher returns for richer households. We also found that households with the heads having higher qualifications or vocational education tend to earn higher income levels. Combined together, these findings imply that while education was found to increase household income, it increases income inequality in rural Vietnam. Our research findings suggest that improving the access of poor households to better education is expected to increase their income and reduce inequality in rural Vietnam.

Effect of R&D subsidies and tax credits on the innovative processes of Chilean firms

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 517-534
Author(s):  
Cristian Mardones ◽  
Florencia Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pseudo Panel ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of research and development (R&D) subsidies and tax credits on the innovative processes of Chilean firms.Design/methodology/approachProbit and tobit models for pseudo-panel with instrumental variables are estimated using data from different versions of the Innovation Survey covering the period 2007–2016.FindingsThe results show that R&D subsidies and tax credits have a statistically significant and positive effect on the probability of performing internal and external R&D, but do not affect the intensity of R&D spending, reflecting a crowding-out effect on private funds of both instruments. On the other hand, firms that simultaneously receive R&D subsidies and tax credits have a lower percentage of innovative sales. Furthermore, there are not effects statistically significant of the R&D subsidies and/or tax credits on the number of intellectual property rights applications.Originality/valueIt is concluded that both instruments have not been effective to encourage innovative outputs in Chilean firms.

scholarly journals The Impact of ICT and FDI as Drivers to Economic Growth In ASEAN-8 Countries: A Panel Regression Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Noraina Mazuin Sapuan ◽  
Mohammad Rahmdzey Roly
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

Over the last few years, information and communication technology (ICT) has become a key catalyst for economic growth. The durability of this technology is demonstrated by the rapid proliferation of the Internet, mobile phones and cellular networks across the globe. However, among economic scholars, the question of exactly how the spread of ICT affects economic development and FDI, especially in ASEAN countries with differences in levels of income, remains unanswered. The aim of this study was essentially to explore the relationship between ICT dissemination, FDI and economic growth in ASEAN-8 countries. By using data from 2003 to 2017, the panel regression analysis was used to evaluate these relationships. The results showed that the dissemination of ICT and FDI are important and they have a positive effect on the ASEAN-8 countries’ economic development.

scholarly journals The impact of environmental interventions among mouse siblings on the heritability and malleability of general cognitive ability

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Sauce ◽  
Sophie Bendrath ◽  
Margalit Herzfeld ◽  
Dan Siegel ◽  
Conner Style ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
The Impact

General cognitive ability can be highly heritable in some species, but at the same time, is very malleable. This apparent paradox could potentially be explained by gene–environment interactions and correlations that remain hidden due to experimental limitations on human research and blind spots in animal research. Here, we shed light on this issue by combining the design of a sibling study with an environmental intervention administered to laboratory mice. The analysis included 58 litters of four full-sibling genetically heterogeneous CD-1 male mice, for a total of 232 mice. We separated the mice into two subsets of siblings: a control group (maintained in standard laboratory conditions) and an environmental-enrichment group (which had access to continuous physical exercise and daily exposure to novel environments). We found that general cognitive ability in mice has substantial heritability (24% for all mice) and is also malleable. The mice that experienced the enriched environment had a mean intelligence score that was 0.44 standard deviations higher than their siblings in the control group (equivalent to gains of 6.6 IQ points in humans). We also found that the estimate of heritability changed between groups (55% in the control group compared with non-significant 15% in the enrichment group), analogous to findings in humans across socio-economic status. Unexpectedly, no evidence of gene–environment interaction was detected, and so the change in heritability might be best explained by higher environmental variance in the enrichment group. Our findings, as well as the ‘sibling intervention procedure’ for mice, may be valuable to future research on the heritability, mechanisms and evolution of cognition. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

scholarly journals The Effects of Minimum Wages on Wage Dispersion and Employment: Evidence from the U.K. Wages Councils

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Machin ◽  
Alan Manning
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
Average Wage ◽  
Wage Dispersion ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Using data on Wages Council coverage from the United Kingdom New Earnings Survey, the authors examine the impact of mandated minimum wages on wage dispersion and employment in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. They find evidence that a dramatic decline in the toughness of the regulation imposed by the Wages Councils through the 1980s—a decline, that is, in the level of the minimum wage relative to the average wage—significantly contributed to widening wage dispersion over those years. There is, however, no evidence of an increase in employment resulting from the weakening bite of the Wages Council minimum pay rates. Instead, consistent with the conclusions of several recent U.S. studies, the findings suggest that the minimum wage had either no effect or a positive effect on employment.

scholarly journals The Impact of Copy Number Deletions on General Cognitive Ability and Ventricle Size in Patients with Schizophrenia and Healthy Control Subjects

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 540-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Yeo ◽  
Steven W. Gangestad ◽  
Jingyu Liu ◽  
Stefan Ehrlich ◽  
Robert J. Thoma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Ventricle Size ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals KURS RUPIAH, INDEKS NIKKEI 225, BI RATE, DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP STOCK EXCHANGE INDEKS HARGA SAHAM GABUNGAN (IHSG) PERIODE TAHUN 2018-2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Andini Nurwulandari
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Stock Price Index ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is a constructive indicator and vice versa. A rise in GDP affects the buying power of citizens positively. It will therefore raise demand for the commodity. A surge in the market for goods raises the firm's earnings and may also increase the stock price. The analysis was designed to examine the impact on composite stock price index using data from time series from January 2018 to December 2020 of Rupiah Exchange rate, Nikkei 225 Index, and BI Rate. Multiple linear regression is used in the mixed Stock Price Index scheme to identify the relevant influence of BI on the Rupiah and Nikkei 225. The test results show that the BI rate has a significant positive effect on the Rupiah exchange rate for the composite stock pricing index. Meanwhile, the Nikkei 225 Index has no impact on the Composite Stock Price Index.

scholarly journals Distributed Counterfactual Modeling Approach for Investigating Hospital-Associated Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie J Edmondson ◽  
Chongliang Luo ◽  
Nazmul Islam ◽  
David Asch ◽  
Jiang J Bian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Hospital System ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Patient Level ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
White Patients

Several studies have found that black patients are more likely than white patients to test positive for or be hospitalized with COVID-19, but many of these same studies have found no difference in in-hospital mortality. These studies may have underestimated racial differences due to reliance on data from a single hospital system, as adequate control of patient-level characteristics requires aggregation of highly granular data from several institutions. Further, one factor thought to contribute to disparities in health outcomes by race is site of care. Several differences between black and white patient populations, such as access to care and referral patterns among clinicians, can lead to patients of different races largely attending different hospitals. We sought to develop a method that could study the potential association between attending hospital and racial disparity in mortality for COVID-19 patients without requiring patient-level data sharing among collaborating institutions. We propose a novel application of a distributed algorithm for generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM) to perform counterfactual modeling and investigate the role of hospital in differences in COVID-19 mortality by race. Our counterfactual modeling approach uses simulation to randomly assign black patients to hospitals in the same distribution as those attended by white patients, quantifying the difference between observed mortality rates and simulated mortality risk following random hospital assignment. To illustrate our method, we perform a proof-of-concept analysis using data from four hospitals within the OneFlorida Clinical Research Consortium. Our approach can be used by investigators from several institutions to study the impact of admitting hospital on COVID-19 mortality, a critical step in addressing systemic racism in modern healthcare.

scholarly journals Evaluating and improving heritability models using summary statistics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Speed ◽  
John Holmes ◽  
David J Balding
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
College Education ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Statistical Framework ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Complex Human Traits ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThere is currently much debate regarding the best way to model how heritability varies across the genome. The authors of GCTA recommend the GCTA-LDMS-I Model, the authors of LD Score Regression recommend the Baseline LD Model, while we have instead recommended the LDAK Model. Here we provide a statistical framework for assessing heritability models using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. Using data from studies of 31 complex human traits (average sample size 136,000), we show that the Baseline LD Model is the most realistic of the existing heritability models, but that it can be improved by incorporating features from the LDAK Model. Our framework also provides a method for estimating the selection-related parameter α from summary statistics. We find strong evidence (P<1e-6) of negative genome-wide selection for traits including height, systolic blood pressure and college education, and that the impact of selection is stronger inside functional categories such as coding SNPs and promoter regions.

scholarly journals Institutional Investor Shareholdings and Corporate Social Responsibility – Evidence from Tourism Related Industries in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 03016
Author(s):  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Xuemeng Guo ◽  
Libin Zhao ◽  
Yuting Feng
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Institutional Investor ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Using data from Chinese A-share listed companies in tourism related industries from 2009 to 2018, this paper examines the influence of institutional investor shareholdings on corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. Results show that: First, institutional investor shareholdings can significantly improve CSR performance of tourism related public companies in China. After implementing robustness test, this positive relationship remains solid. Second, the positive effect of institutional investor shareholdings is significantly unbalanced regarding different CSR dimensions, with the most salient influence in promoting companies’ social welfare contributions. And third, the impact of institutional investor shareholdings can be strengthened when listed companies are ultimately controlled by the state.

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