Community Crime Prevention in High–Crime Areas: The Seattle Neighborhood Group Hot Spots Project

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody W. Telep ◽  
Julie Hibdon
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Community Crime Prevention ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Current Concerns

Hot spots policing, in which police resources are directed toward small geographic areas with high crime levels, has been widely implemented and evaluated, but less is known about the effectiveness of nonpolice efforts to address high–crime locations. Here, we examine the effectiveness of two hot spot interventions led by a community–based nonprofit organization in Seattle, Washington. We use interrupted time series analysis to assess changes in total calls, as well as drug and disorder events at each site and in catchment areas surrounding each site. We find evidence of significant postintervention declines in calls for one treatment site and a decline in disorder in the second site. Overall, the results provide initial evidence that community–led crime prevention efforts can have a positive impact on calls in crime and disorder hot spots without significant spatial displacement of crime and disorder. Furthermore, these approaches may be an optimal response to residential hot spots in particular, given current concerns about community reactions to intensive police approaches focused primarily on enforcement.

Crime Mapping and Crime Analysis of Property Crimes in Jodhpur

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swikar Lama ◽  
Sikandar Singh Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Crime Mapping ◽  
Property Crimes

AbstractThis study is based on crime mapping and crime analysis of property crimes in Jodhpur. The property crimes which were selected were house breaking, auto thefts and chain snatching. Data from police stations were used to generate the maps to locate hot spots of crimes. The profile of these hot spots was analyzed through observations supplemented with interviews of police officers and public 100 cases of house breaking and 100 cases of auto thefts were further analyzed to understand the contexts which lead to these crimes. These contexts are in consonance with situational crime prevention theories. This study may help to understand the environmental factors which may be responsible for certain places becoming hot spot areas of property crimes in Jodhpur.

scholarly journals Impact of the Expert Consensus on Carbapenem Consumption Trends and Patterns in Public Healthcare Institutes: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis, 2017–2020

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Ye ◽  
Caijun Yang ◽  
Wenjing Ji ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Jingyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Expert Consensus ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Series Analysis

Background: Carbapenems are considered the last line of defence against bacterial infections, but their high consumption and the resulting antibacterial resistance are an increasing global concern. In this context, the Chinese health authority issued an expert consensus on the clinical applications of carbapenems. However, the long- and short-term effects of the expert consensus on carbapenem use are not clear.Methods: This study was conducted in Shaanxi, a northwest province of China. We collected all available carbapenem procurement data between January 2017 and December 2020 from the Provincial Drug Centralized Bidding Procurement System. A quasi-experimental interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate the longitudinal effectiveness of expert consensus by measuring the change in the Defined Daily Dosesper 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID), the percentage of carbapenem expenditures to total antimicrobial expenditure, the total carbapenem expenditure, and the defined daily cost (DDDc). We used Stata SE version 15.0 for data analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: After the distribution of the expert consensus, the level (p = 0.769) and trend (p = 0.184) of DID decreased, but the differences were not statistically significant. The percentage of carbapenem expenditures to total antimicrobial expenditure decreased abruptly (p < 0.001) after the intervention, but the long-term trend was still upward. There was no statistically significant relationship between the release of the expert consensus and carbapenem expenditure in the long term, but there was a decreasing trend (p = 0.032). However, the expert consensus had a positive impact on the economic burden of carbapenem usage in patients, as the level (p < 0.001), and trend (p = 0.003) of DDDc significantly decreased.Conclusion: The long-term effects of the distribution of the expert consensus on the use and expenditure of carbapenems in public health institutions in Shaanxi Province were not optimal. It is time to set up more administrative measures and scientific supervision to establish a specific index to limit the application of carbapenems.

scholarly journals Performance Obligations to Improve Delivery of Hospital-Initiated Smoking Cessation Interventions: A Before-and-After Evaluation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri A Mullen ◽  
Kathryn L Walker ◽  
Laura A Hobler ◽  
George A Wells ◽  
Isabella A Moroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Local Health Authority ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Cessation Intervention ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Introduction This study evaluated whether introducing performance obligations (a policy intervention) to service agreements between hospitals (n = 15) and their local health authority: (1) improved provision of an evidence-based tobacco cessation intervention (the “Ottawa Model” for Smoking Cessation) and (2) changed the quality of the cessation intervention being delivered. Methods Interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate the change in the proportion of smoker patients provided the Ottawa Model 3 years before and 3 years after introducing the performance obligations. Changes in secondary outcomes related to program quality were described using mean differences, risk differences, and risk ratios, as appropriate. Results The proportion and number of patients provided the Ottawa Model doubled in the 3-year period following introduction of the new policy—from 3453 patients (33.7%) in the year before to 6840 patients (62.8%) in the final assessment year. This resulted in a signification slope change (+9.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.5%, 13.9%; p = .01) between the pre- and post-obligation assessment periods, signifying the policy had a positive impact on performance. Quality and effectiveness of the in-hospital intervention remained steady. Conclusions Implementation of performance obligations by a healthcare funder increased delivery of an evidence-based smoking cessation intervention across multiple hospitals. Given the known health and economic impacts of smoking cessation interventions, health authorities and hospitals should consider pairing adoption of systematic interventions, like the Ottawa Model, with policy to enhance reach and impact. Implications • The hospital-based Ottawa Model for Smoking Cessation (OMSC) intervention has been shown to increase smoking abstinence, while reducing mortality and healthcare utilization. • The uptake of systematic, evidence-based interventions, like the OMSC, by hospitals has been relatively low despite the known positive impacts. • The introduction of smoking cessation performance obligations by a healthcare funder resulted in more patients receiving an OMSC intervention while in hospital, with no corresponding change in intervention quality or effectiveness. • Healthcare funders and hospitals should consider pairing the adoption of effective, systematic interventions, like the OMSC, with policy to enhance reach and impact.

Hot Spots Policing

Criminology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Kochel ◽  
Seyvan Nouri
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Hot Spots Policing ◽  
Diffusion Of Benefits ◽  
National Institute Of Justice

Since the 1980s, the nature of policing has expanded beyond a person-focused approach to include a location-based approach. Recently developed proactive policing strategies that are concerned with the geographic distribution and explanation of crime include hot spots policing and community policing, and oftentimes problem-oriented policing, broken windows policing, third-party policing, and focused deterrence strategies. Hot spots policing entails focusing police efforts at crime prevention in a very small geographic area where crime concentrates. This strategy is one of only a few policing strategies grounded in both theory and research. Crime concentrates at places even more than it concentrates in people. Research in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the 1980s demonstrated that 60 percent of the crime occurs at 6 percent of places (see Sherman, et al. 1989, cited under Theory and Basis of Hot Spots Policing). Place-based theories about routine activities and rational choice have led to deterrence-based strategies such as directed patrol, crackdowns, and other traditional approaches to hot spots policing, as well as more community-oriented, problem-solving, and situational crime prevention approaches at crime hot spots. Hot spots policing is one of few areas in criminal justice research that has been tested using randomized controlled trials, a gold standard for research. Several systematic reviews suggest that focusing police efforts in a small geographic area reduces crime. Furthermore, research on displacement and diffusion of benefits suggests that hot spots policing does not merely geographically displace crime. In fact, nearby places may experience a diffusion of crime benefits. Only a few studies have examined the noncrime impacts of hot spots policing, but these suggest that it does not harm public perceptions of police and may even promote informal social control. Cost-effectiveness analyses have been partially used to assess the relative costs and outcomes of hot spot policing interventions. Additionally, existing research has suggested the crime harm index (CHI) for assessing the crime impact of hot spot policing interventions. Several data sources are available from past National Institute of Justice–funded studies on hot spots of crime and hot spots policing.

scholarly journals Impact of the Healthcare System, Macro Indicator, General Mandatory Quarantine, and Mask Obligation on COVID-19 Cases and Death in Six Latin American Countries: An Interrupted Time Series Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Poppe
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Impact

Background: Different coping strategies have been implemented by various governments worldwide to address the emerging health crisis of COVID-19. While most developed countries count on supporting healthcare and social systems, developing countries face additional challenges due to low macro indicators. The implementation of measurements such as quarantine are shown to be successful to flatten the curve of infection and death. In this context, it is important to test whether those measurements have an impact on the distribution of cases of COVID-19 in developing countries that face additional challenges such as lack of social security due to informal employment. A country comparison for Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, and Chile has therefore been conducted.Method: The healthcare systems and macro indicator as well as the distribution of death due to COVID-19 per thousand inhabitants are compared descriptively. Using Multiple Interrupted Time Series Analysis with synthetic control units the impact of the General Mandatory Quarantine in Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador as well as the impact of Mask Obligation in public in Colombia and Chile have been tested.Results: No clear impact of the poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty line and urban population on the percentage of death within the confirmed cases has been found. The out-of-pocked spending within health expenditure as a barrier in access to healthcare can be considered as a determinant of death within the confirmed cases of COVID-19. The implementation of a general mandatory quarantine did not show a curve-flattening effect in Ecuador and Peru but did so in Colombia. The implementation of Mask obligation in public spaced showed positive impact on the distribution of confirmed case in both countries tested.Conclusion: The implementation of a general mandatory quarantine does not guarantee the curve-flattening effect. Various macro indicators should therefore always be considered while analyzing the effect of policies.

Policing and Situational Crime Prevention

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-204
Author(s):  
Gottfredson &
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Focused Deterrence ◽  
High Crime

Control theory doubts a significant effect for criminal sanctions, including policing and imprisonment, on the crime rate. Contemporary research supports that view, especially with respect to variation in severity of sanctions. This chapter reviews historical and recent claims about effects for policing, especially highly selective policing of high-crime-rate areas (hot spot and focused deterrence policing). Saturation policing is not inconsistent with the expectations of control theory, although the evidence of effectiveness is modest, and the research on collateral consequences is not encouraging for highly selective policing. It is noted that selective policing is a variant of situational crime prevention, which does have a considerable body of research support. Control theory predicts the lack of effects for general policing and the collateral negative consequences for selective policing, along with generally positive effects for situational crime prevention and a focus on early childhood undertaken by non-state entities, thus supporting alternative methods to prevent crime.

scholarly journals The impact of stringent prescription-only antimicrobial sale regulation (Schedule H1) in India: an interrupted time series analysis, 2008–18

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Hasan Farooqui ◽  
Sakthivel Selvaraj ◽  
Aashna Mehta ◽  
Manu Raj Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives To assess the impact of Schedule H1 regulation notified and implemented in 2014 under the amended rules of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (DCA), 1940 on the sale of antimicrobials in the private sector in India. Methods The dataset was obtained from the Indian pharmaceutical sales database, PharmaTrac. The outcome measure was the sales volume of antimicrobials in standard units (SUs). A quasi-experimental research design—interrupted time series analysis—was used to detect the impact of the intervention. Results We observed a substantial rise in antimicrobial consumption during 2008–18 in the private sector in India, both for antimicrobials regulated under Schedule H1 as well as outside the regulation. Key results suggested that post-intervention there was an immediate reduction (level change) in use of Schedule H1 antimicrobials by 10% (P = 0.007), followed by a sustained decline (trend change) in utilization by 9% (P > 0.000) compared with the pre-intervention trend. Segregated analysis on different antimicrobial classes suggests a sharp drop (level changes) and sustained decline (trend changes) in utilization post-intervention compared with the pre-intervention trend. Our findings remained robust on carrying out sensitivity analysis with the oral anti-diabetics market as a control. Post-intervention, the average monthly difference between antimicrobials under Schedule H1 and the control group witnessed an immediate increase of 16.3% (P = 0.10) followed by a sustained reduction of 0.5% (P = 0.13) compared with the pre-intervention scenario. Conclusions Though the regulation had a positive impact in terms of reducing sales of antimicrobials notified under the regulation, optimizing the effectiveness of such stand-alone policies will be limited unless accompanied by a broader set of interventions.

Using “Symbolic” SWAT Raids as a Crime Reduction Strategy: Are Their Effects “Instrumental” in Nature?

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-200
Author(s):  
Dae-Young Kim ◽  
Scott W. Phillips ◽  
Andrew P. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Drug Arrests ◽  
Using Data

This study explores the instrumental function of hot spot policing. Although prior research has examined deterrent effects in crime hot spots, less is known about its citywide effects and varying effects across different types of crime and disorder. Also, there still exist gaps in the literature about what strategies are most likely to deter crime and disorder. Using data on crime and law enforcement in Buffalo, this study uses interrupted time-series models to determine whether symbolic Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) raids have any citywide impacts on drug arrests, calls for service, and different types of crimes. There is no evidence of a deterrent effect on drug arrests and calls for service. However, the SWAT intervention resulted in significant decreases in street crimes involving property (robberies and larcenies). Its crime control effects are mostly abrupt and temporary, but there are lingering effects of the intervention. Finally, implications of the results are discussed.

Spatial Hotspot Analysis of Bucharest’s Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Modis Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgiana Grigoraș ◽  
Bogdan Urițescu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
The City

Abstract The aim of the study is to find the relationship between the land surface temperature and air temperature and to determine the hot spots in the urban area of Bucharest, the capital of Romania. The analysis was based on images from both moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), located on both Terra and Aqua platforms, as well as on data recorded by the four automatic weather stations existing in the endowment of The National Air Quality Monitoring Network, from the summer of 2017. Correlation coefficients between land surface temperature and air temperature were higher at night (0.8-0.87) and slightly lower during the day (0.71-0.77). After the validation of satellite data with in-situ temperature measurements, the hot spots in the metropolitan area of Bucharest were identified using Getis-Ord spatial statistics analysis. It has been achieved that the “very hot” areas are grouped in the center of the city and along the main traffic streets and dense residential areas. During the day the "very hot spots” represent 33.2% of the city's surface, and during the night 31.6%. The area where the mentioned spots persist, falls into the "very hot spot" category both day and night, it represents 27.1% of the city’s surface and it is mainly represented by the city center.

The family Orthotrichaceae (Bryophyta) in flora of Russia: results of revision and biogeographical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. E. Fedosov
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Longitudinal Gradient ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
The Family ◽  
North Pacific Region

Recent studies on Orthotrichoid mosses in Russia are summarized genus by genus. Orthotrichum furcatum Otnyukova is synonymized with Nyholmiella obtusifolia. Orthotrichum vittii is excluded from the Russian moss flora. Description of O. dagestanicum is amended. Fifty four currently recognized species from 9 genera of the Orthotrichaceae are presently known to occur in Russia; list of species with common synonyms and brief review of distribution in Russia is presented. Numerous problematic specimens with unresolved taxonomy were omitted for future. Revealed taxonomical inconsistencies in the genera Zygodon, Ulota, Lewinskya, Nyholmiella, Orthotrichum are briefly discussed. Main regularities of spatial differentiation of the family Orthotrichaceae in Russia are considered. Recently presented novelties contribute to the certain biogeographic pattern, indicating three different centers of diversity of the family, changing along longitudinal gradient. Unlike European one, continental Asian diversity of Orthotrichaceae is still poorly known, the Siberian specimens which were previously referred to European species in most cases were found to represent other, poorly known or undescribed species. North Pacific Region houses peculiar and poorly understood hot spot of diversity of Orthotrichoid mosses. Thus, these hot spots are obligatory to be sampled in course of revisions of particular groups, since they likely comprise under-recorded cryptic- or semi-cryptic species. Latitudinal gradient also contributes to the spatial differentiation of the revealed taxonomic composition of Orthotrichaceae.

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