Places and social contexts associated with simultaneous use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana among young adults

ObjectiveTo explore young adults’ perceptions and experiences of smoking and their smoking trajectories in the context of their social and occupational histories and transitions, in a country with advanced tobacco control.DesignIndepth qualitative interviews using day and life grids to explore participants’ smoking behaviour and trajectories in relation to their educational, occupational and social histories and transitions.SettingScotland.ParticipantsFifteen ever-smokers aged 20–24 years old in 2016–2017.ResultsParticipants had varied and complex educational/employment histories. Becoming and/or remaining a smoker was often related to social context and educational/occupational transitions. In several contexts smoking and becoming a smoker had perceived benefits. These included getting work breaks and dealing with stress and boredom, which were common in the low-paid, unskilled jobs undertaken by participants. In some social contexts smoking was used as a marker of time out and sociability.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that while increased tobacco control, including smokefree policies, and social disapproval of smoking discourage smoking uptake and increase motivations to quit among young adults, in some social and occupational contexts smoking still has perceived benefits. This finding helps explain why smoking uptake continues into the mid-20s. It also highlights the importance of policies that reduce the perceived desirability of smoking and that create more positive working environments for young adults which address the types of working hours and conditions that may encourage smoking.

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Acute Diesel Exhaust Exposure Causes a Delayed Reduction in Cognitive Control

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1064957/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Faherty ◽

Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit ◽

Rami Alfarra ◽

Angus R MacKenzie ◽

Gordon McFiggans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cognitive Control ◽

Diesel Exhaust ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Attention Task ◽

Air Exposure ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Clean Air ◽

Pollution Exposure

Abstract Urban residents are frequently exposed to high levels of traffic-derived air pollution for short time periods, often (but not exclusively) during commuting. Although chronic air pollution exposure and health effects, including neurological effects on children and older adults, are known to be correlated, causal effects of acute pollution exposure on brain function in healthy young adults remain sparsely investigated. Neuroinflammatory accounts suggest effects could be delayed by several hours and could affect attention, especially in social contexts. Using a controlled atmosphere chamber, we exposed 81 healthy young adults to either diluted diesel exhaust (equivalent to polluted roadside environments) or clean air for one hour. Half of each group immediately completed a selective attention task to assess cognitive control; remaining participants completed the task after a 4-hour delay. Cognitive control was significantly poorer after diesel versus clean air exposure for those in the delay but not immediate test condition, suggesting an inflammatory basis for this acute negative effect of air pollution on cognition. These findings provide the first experimental evidence that acute diesel exposure, comparable to polluted city streets, causes a negative effect on cognitive control several hours later. These findings may explain commuter mental fatigue and support clean-air initiatives.

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GENDER PERSPECTIVE OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AMONG YOUNG ADULTS

International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on the Dialogue between Sciences & Arts Religion & Education ◽

10.26520/mcdsare.2020.4.158-163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 158-163

Author(s):

Natalia GABATIUC ◽

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Impression Management ◽

Management Strategies ◽

National Level ◽

Young Men ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Public Image ◽

Local Context ◽

Gender Perspective ◽

Men And Women

As a relatively new research topic in local context, the study of the impression management strategies among young adults from the gender perspective is relevant both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical significance lies in the need for a comparative analysis of classical and recent studies conducted in various countries. Empirical investigation is of interest especially from the perspective of gender study of the phenomenon to identify and compare impression management strategies, used by young men and women in various contexts and interactions in the local environment (interpersonal relationships, workplace, organizational or public space), thus, we find this research actual as it would provide a better understanding of the strategies that young men and women use in to create a favourable image of themselves in various social contexts but also to suggest intervention for a better impression management of the public image in various social contexts by young adults and not only. Although at the international level, there are several studies analysing impression management strategies, at the national level, such studies are a few. In this sense, the studies carried out abroad served as conceptual support in the elaboration of the empirical approach carried out in the present research. Given the fact that impression management strategies are quite varied, we start from the premise that we will identify not only the strategies used in various social contexts but also differences in their manifestation and intensity, between men and women.

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Bar Atmospherics and Smoking: A Qualitative Analysis of New Zealand Young Adult Smokers

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa227 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Julia Brillinger ◽

Louise Marsh ◽

Janet Hoek

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

New Zealand ◽

Young Adult ◽

Social Practice ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Qualitative Description ◽

Design Attributes ◽

Licensed Premises ◽

Depth Interviews

Abstract Introduction Smoking among young adults is often associated with social contexts and alcohol use. Although many countries, including New Zealand, have prohibited smoking inside licensed premises, outdoor areas have enabled smoking and alcohol co-use to persist. We examined whether and how outdoor bar areas facilitate and normalize young adult smoking and explored potential policy implications. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 22 young adults who had recently smoked in a New Zealand bar or nightclub and investigated how physical design attributes (atmospherics) influenced experiences of smoking in outside bar settings. We used qualitative description to identify recurring accounts of the outdoor bar environment and thematic analysis to explore how participants experienced the bar in relation to smoking. Results Participants valued outdoor smoking areas that were comfortable and relaxing, and saw attributes such as seating, tables, heating, protection from inclement weather, and minimal crowding, as important. We identified four themes; these explained how participants used smoking to gain respite and make social connections, showed how bar settings enabled them to manage smoking’s stigma, and identified potential policy measures that would decouple smoking and alcohol co-use. Conclusions Evidence bar environments facilitate and normalize smoking among young adults questions whether smokefree policies should be expanded to include all bar areas. Introducing more comprehensive smokefree outdoor policies could reduce the influence of design attributes that foster smoking while also reframing smoking as outside normal social practice. Implications Bar environments contain many stimuli that cue and reinforce smoking and integrate smoking into social experiences. Expanding smokefree bar settings to include outdoor areas would reduce exposure to these stimuli, decrease opportunities for casual smoking, help maintain young people’s smokefree status, and support longer-term goals of sustained reductions in smoking prevalence.

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Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety

10.31234/osf.io/ghysp ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Juyoen Hur ◽

Kathryn A. DeYoung ◽

Samiha Islam ◽

Allegra S. Anderson ◽

Matthew Barstead ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Real World ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Romantic Partners ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Socially Anxious ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Ecological Momentary

Social anxiety lies on a continuum, and young adults with elevated symptoms are at risk for developing a range of debilitating psychiatric disorders. Yet, relatively little is known about the factors that govern the hour-by-hour experience and expression of social anxiety in daily life. Here, we used smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to intensively sample emotional experience across different social contexts in the daily lives of 228 young adults selectively recruited to represent a broad spectrum of social anxiety symptoms. Leveraging data from over 11,000 real-world assessments, results highlight the central role of close friends, family members, and romantic partners. The presence of close companions is associated with enhanced mood, yet socially anxious individuals have smaller confidant networks and spend less time with their close companions. Although higher levels of social anxiety are associated with a general worsening of mood, socially anxious individuals appear to derive larger benefits—lower levels of negative affect, anxiety, and depression—from the presence of their closest companions. In contrast, variation in social anxiety was unrelated to the amount of time spent with strangers, co-workers, and acquaintances; and we uncovered no evidence of emotional hypersensitivity to less-familiar individuals. Collectively, these findings provide a framework for understanding the deleterious consequences of social anxiety in emerging adulthood and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.

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More drugs, more problems? Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana at parties among youth and young adults

Drug and Alcohol Dependence ◽

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 202 ◽

pp. 69-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kathleen L. Egan ◽

Melissa J. Cox ◽

Cynthia K. Suerken ◽

Beth A. Reboussin ◽

Eunyoung Y. Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Youth And Young Adults ◽

Simultaneous Use

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Abstract P146: Association of Discriminatory Experiences on Sedentary Behaviors: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA)

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap146 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Veronica Y Womack ◽

Eli Puterman ◽

Linda Van Horn ◽

Juned Siddique ◽

Eric B Loucks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Sedentary Behaviors ◽

Chd Risk Factors ◽

The Relationship

Background: Sedentary behaviors such as television viewing or “playing games on the computer” are associated with obesity and increased cardiovascular risk. Little is known about the relationship between sedentary behaviors and adverse social contexts, particularly discriminatory experiences. Objective: To explore the cross-sectional relation of sedentary behavior and adverse social contexts in a large sample of middle-aged black and white men and women. Methods: Participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study with measures of discriminatory experiences and sedentary behaviors from the Year 25 exam in 2010 were included in the analysis (n=3,267). Participants were coded as experiencing discrimination if they responded yes to feeling discrimination based on gender, race, SES, or weight. The primary outcome variable, sedentary behavior, was defined by self-report as the overall number of hours per week spent in 6 behaviors: watching television, using the computer for non-work activities, listening to music, reading, talking on the phone, or texting. Linear regression was used to model the association of discrimination with sedentary time adjusted for age, race, gender, education and traditional CHD risk factors. Results: Participants were 50.2 years old (SD= 3.6), average time spent in sedentary behavior was 6.95 hrs/ day (SD=3.7), and 55% of the participants reported 1+ discriminatory experiences. In the full sample, there was a marginally significant positive relationship between discriminatory experiences and sedentary behavior (β=0.27, SE=0.3, p=.06), whereby participants who reported discrimination spent more time in sedentary behavior than those who did not report discrimination independent of demographic and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Black participants spent more time sedentary than White participants (8.33 (SE=4.16) hrs/day vs. 5.78 (SE=2.75) hrs/day; p<.01), however, discriminatory experiences were only associated with sedentary behaviors among White participants (β=0.27, SE=0.1, p<.05). There were no differences in the relationship of discriminatory experiences with sedentary behavior by gender. Conclusions: The association of discriminatory experiences with sedentary behaviors was only present among White participants in the study. Future research should investigate other psychosocial factors that may be negatively associated with sedentary behaviors among Black Americans.

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Understanding multilingual young adults and adolescents' digital literacies in the wilds: Implications for language and literacy classrooms

Issues and Trends in Learning Technologies ◽

10.2458/azu_itlt_v9i1_han ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yiting Han

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Digital Literacy ◽

Virtual Communities ◽

Literacy Practices ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

Meaning Making ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Language And Literacy ◽

Emerging Themes ◽

Technological Affordances

Changes in digital landscapes have complex effects on the meaning-making that they mediate (Thorne et al., 2015). There is a growing interest in examining the daily digital literacy practices of today’s multilingual young adults and adolescents, who are going to become the generation of future global communicators (Kim, 2016). Addressing current scholarship on multilingual digital literacy, this article examines research on digital literacy practices of multilingual young adults and adolescents beyond the classroom. Drawing upon multimodality and translanguaging perspectives that recognize literacy practices as ideological constructions produced within social contexts and across semiotic resources, the article identifies five emerging themes across the research. These themes are: recognizing cultural and linguistic diversity, exploring and constructing multifaceted identities online, leveraging technological affordances for communicating, gaining social support in virtual communities, and developing global citizenship through online intercultural exchanges. This article concludes with implications to support critical multilingualism and multimodality in language and literacy classrooms. 

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Examining the Social Context of Alcohol Drinking in Young Adults with Smartphone Sensing

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies ◽

10.1145/3478126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

Lakmal Meegahapola ◽

Florian Labhart ◽

Thanh-Trung Phan ◽

Daniel Gatica-Perez

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Social Context ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Drinking Behavior ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Sensor Data ◽

Smartphone Sensing ◽

Sensing Data ◽

The Social ◽

Self Reports

According to prior work, the type of relationship between a person consuming alcohol and others in the surrounding (friends, family, spouse, etc.), and the number of those people (alone, with one person, with a group) are related to many aspects of alcohol consumption, such as the drinking amount, location, motives, and mood. Even though the social context is recognized as an important aspect that influences the drinking behavior of young adults in alcohol research, relatively little work has been conducted in smartphone sensing research on this topic. In this study, we analyze the weekend nightlife drinking behavior of 241 young adults in a European country, using a dataset consisting of self-reports and passive smartphone sensing data over a period of three months. Using multiple statistical analyses, we show that features from modalities such as accelerometer, location, application usage, bluetooth, and proximity could be informative about different social contexts of drinking. We define and evaluate seven social context inference tasks using smartphone sensing data, obtaining accuracies of the range 75%-86% in four two-class and three three-class inferences. Further, we discuss the possibility of identifying the sex composition of a group of friends using smartphone sensor data with accuracies over 70%. The results are encouraging towards supporting future interventions on alcohol consumption that incorporate users' social context more meaningfully and reducing the need for user self-reports when creating drink logs for self-tracking tools and public health studies.

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