Identity, Belonging, and Achievement

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey L. Cohen ◽  
Julio Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Psychological Threat ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Over Time

In this article we discuss how social or group identities affect achievement. We also present a model of identity engagement that describes how a salient social identity can trigger psychological threat and belonging concerns and how these can produce persistent performance decrements, which through feedback loops can increase over time. The character of such processes may be revealed only over time because they are recursive in nature and interact with other factors in chronically evaluative social environments. Finally, we address how this model helped in the development of successful interventions.

IS JAPAN BACK? MEASURING NATIONALISM AND MILITARY ASSERTIVENESS IN ASIA'S OTHER GREAT POWER

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lind ◽  
Chikako Kawakatsu Ueki
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
The Past ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Observers of East Asia frequently claim that Japanese nationalism is on the rise, and that Tokyo is abandoning its longtime military restraint. To determine whether these trends are indeed occurring, we define and measure Japan's nationalism and military assertiveness; we measure whether they are rising relative to Japan in the past, and relative to seven other countries. Drawing from social identity theory, we distinguish between “nationalism” and a more benign “patriotism.” We find in Japan (1) strong patriotism that is stable over time, and no evidence of rising nationalism. Furthermore we find that (2) military assertiveness remains generally low, but it has risen in terms of decreased institutional constraints and peacekeeping activities. Our findings have important implications for academic debates about nationalism and Japanese security policy, and for policy debates about a nascent balancing effort against China.

scholarly journals Evolution of Cultural Identity Terms in Lay and Academic Sources: Implications for Research and Public Policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne Moadel-Attie ◽  
Sheri R. Levy ◽  
Bonita London ◽  
Rami Al-Rfou
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Psychosocial Experiences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Google Books ◽  
Over Time

Increasingly, individuals identify as bicultural and multicultural, yet are sometimes externally misclassified, contributing to experiences of invisibility within U.S. society. Using computational techniques, we examined the transmission of cultural identity terms through time, providing some evidence for the changing representation of social identity. We examined the usage patterns of cultural identity terms with the prefixes (mono-, bi-, multi-), modifying the social identity terms: culture, ethnicity, and race (e.g., comparing monocultural, monoethnic and monoracial). For bicultural and multicultural terms, those with -racial suffixes were the earliest used terms, while those with -cultural and -ethnic suffixes gained more popularity recently. We examined the evolution of the higher frequency social identity terms in lay sources (NY Times, Reddit), and found that interracial and multicultural were the most popular over time, peaking recently. We examined the potential time lag in the sequence of identity terms amongst academic (PsycINFO, NIH and NSF Databases), lay (NY Times) and mixed sources (Google Books N-Grams), supporting our hypothesis that newer terms (e.g., multicultural) are first used and gain prevalence in lay sources, then mixed sources, and eventually academic sources. The implications of these findings for research, public policy and psychosocial experiences of individuals are discussed.

Abstract P084: Neighborhood Characteristics and Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure Over Time: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Kaiser ◽  
Lynda Lisabeth ◽  
Philippa Clarke ◽  
Sara Adar ◽  
Mahasin Mujahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Neighborhood Environments ◽  
Physical Activity Environments ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Research on the association between neighborhood environments and systolic blood pressure (SBP) is limited, predominantly cross-sectional, and has produced mixed results. Investigating specific aspects of neighborhood environments in relation to changes in SBP may help to identify the most important interventions for reducing the population burden of hypertension. Hypothesis: Better neighborhood food, physical activity, and social environments will be associated with lower baseline levels of SBP and smaller increases in SBP over time. Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis recruited participants from six sites in the U.S., aged 45-84 (mean 59) and free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Those with non-missing data for key variables were included (N=5,997); the analytic sample was 52.5% female, 39.1% White, 27.3% Hispanic, 11.9% Black, and 21.7% Chinese, with median follow-up time of 9.2 years (IQR 4.5) and SBP measured at three or more exams for 91.3% of participants. SBP in subjects taking anti-hypertensive medication were replaced with multiply imputed estimates of unmedicated SBP, imputed at each exam. Summary measures of neighborhood food and physical activity environments incorporated survey-based scales (healthy food availability and walking environment) and GIS-based measures (density of favorable food stores and recreational resources). The summary measure of the social environment combined survey-based measures of social cohesion and safety. Neighborhoods were defined by a one-mile buffer around each participant’s home address. Linear mixed models were used to model associations of time-varying cumulative average neighborhood environmental summary measures with SBP over time, adjusting for individual-level covariates (demographics, individual- and neighborhood-level SES); models with and without adjustment for baseline SBP were used to evaluate associations of neighborhood environments with SBP trajectories. Results: In models mutually adjusted for all three neighborhood domains and covariates, living in a better physical activity environment was associated with lower SBP at baseline (-1.34 mmHg [95% CI: -2.24, -0.45] per standard deviation higher cumulative average physical activity summary score), while living in a better social environment was associated with higher SBP at baseline (1.00 mmHg [0.39, 1.63] per standard deviation higher); food environment scores were not associated with baseline SBP. After adjustment for baseline SBP, there was no association between any neighborhood environments and trajectories of SBP. Conclusions: Better food and physical activity environments were associated with lower baseline SBP, while better social environments were associated with higher baseline SBP. Neighborhood environments appear to have minimal direct effect on SBP trajectories.

6. ‘Your station in life’

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
Florian Coulmas
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Single Identity ◽  
Class Divisions

Social identity is to do with membership in groups that are horizontally and vertically structured, internally and in relation to each other. Taken together these groupings constitute a society. ‘ “Your station in life”: social identities in our time’ explains how with the growth of the service sector, class divisions started to become less distinct and were supplemented by ethnic divisions. Consequently, the general understanding of social class is changing and, as economic inequality rises, the issue of social stratification and identity remains topical. Group identities are relational, resulting from the inclusion of peers and the exclusion of others. Reducing individuals to a single identity as members of a group amounts to discrimination and stigmatization.

Understanding and Reducing Homophobic Harassment and Victimization in Schools

2016 ◽  
pp. 15-38
Author(s):  
V. Paul Poteat
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Heterosexual Youth ◽  
Homophobic Harassment ◽  
Over Time

Bias-based harassment, or harassment based on one’s actual or perceived social identity, such as sexual orientation, remains a prominent concern in many schools. Homophobic harassment is one form of bias-based harassment evident in schools. Not only is homophobic harassment common compared to non–bias-based victimization, it also carries distinct and elevated consequences for those who experience it. Given the seriousness of homophobic harassment and the consequences of experiencing it, this chapter addresses three key issues. First, it provides a review of individual and contextual factors that underlie homophobic behavior and its perpetuation over time. Second, the chapter describes the various processes by which homophobic victimization predicts health and academic concerns for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, and heterosexual youth. Finally, the chapter covers several factors that may promote resilience among youth who experience this form of victimization. Each section notes implications for research, practice, and policy.

scholarly journals Emerging trends: Reviewing the reviewers (again)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-257
Author(s):  
Kenneth Ward Church
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Business Meeting ◽  
Negative Feedback Loops ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe ACL-2019 Business meeting ended with a discussion of reviewing. Conferences are experiencing a success catastrophe. They are becoming bigger and bigger, which is not only a sign of success but also a challenge (for reviewing and more). Various proposals for reducing submissions were discussed at the Business meeting. IMHO, the problem is not so much too many submissions, but rather, random reviewing. We cannot afford to do reviewing as badly as we do (because that leads to even more submissions). Negative feedback loops are effective. The reviewing process will improve over time if reviewers teach authors how to write better submissions, and authors teach reviewers how to write more constructive reviews. If you have received a not-ok (unhelpful/offensive) review, please help program committees improve by sharing your not-ok reviews on social media.

scholarly journals Reconsidering Relational Autonomy. Personal Autonomy for Socially Embedded and Temporally Extended Selves

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Relational Autonomy ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time

AbstractMost recent accounts of personal autonomy acknowledge that the social environment a person lives in, and the personal relationships she entertains, have some impact on her autonomy. Two kinds of conceptualizing social conditions are traditionally distinguished in this regard: Causally relational accounts hold that certain relationships and social environments play a causal role for the development and on-going exercise of autonomy. Constitutively relational accounts, by contrast, claim that autonomy is at least partly constituted by a person’s social environment or standing. The central aim of this paper is to raise the question how causally and constitutively relational approaches relate to the fact that we exercise our autonomy over time. I argue that once the temporal scope of autonomy is opened up, we need not only to think differently about the social dimension of autonomy. We also need to reconsider the very distinction between causally and constitutively relational accounts, because it is itself a synchronic (and not a diachronic) distinction.

A Dynamic Model of Offshore Software Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Dedrick ◽  
Erran Carmel ◽  
Kenneth L Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Knowledge Work ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Economic Concept ◽  
Sourcing Decisions ◽  
Over Time

As the offshoring of knowledge work has accelerated, theoretical models to explain the phenomenon have not kept up. Most theoretical models assume a static transactional relationship from various factors to a binary offshoring decision. Such models do not take into account the mix of sourcing choices at the level of a firm, nor do they consider dynamic changes over time. To help fill these gaps, we use five case studies on offshore migration of software work by major US companies. Data were collected from senior executives. We use these data to develop a dynamic conceptual model that incorporates three factor groupings which collectively help explain offshore sourcing outcomes: (1) economic factors; (2) the nature of the development activity; and (3) managerial capabilities and practices. Importantly, the model includes five feedback loops among sourcing decisions, sourcing mix, and these three factors. Thus, the relationships in the model are not unidirectional, nor static; rather, they are Iterative and dynamic, involving feedback loops, learning, and cumulative effects over time. In this dynamic model, the sourcing ‘mix,’ a continuously changing offshore portfolio, is a key firm-level dependent variable, closer to the economic concept of a ‘stock’ measure that represents the cumulative effect of sourcing decisions over time. This variable may be measured in different ways, for instance as the amount of work done offshore, or the number of workers employed offshore.

scholarly journals Insight as a social identity process in the evolution of psychosocial functioning in the early phase of psychosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Klaas ◽  
A. Clémence ◽  
R. Marion-Veyron ◽  
J.-P. Antonietti ◽  
L. Alameda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Occupational Functioning ◽  
Early Intervention In Psychosis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundAwareness of illness (insight) has been found to have contradictory effects for different functional outcomes after the early course of psychosis. Whereas it is related to psychotic symptom reduction and medication adherence, it is also associated with increased depressive symptoms. In this line, the specific effects of insight on the evolution of functioning over time have not been identified, and social indicators, such as socio-occupational functioning have barely been considered. Drawing from social identity theory we investigated the impact of insight on the development of psychosocial outcomes and the interactions of these variables over time.MethodThe participants, 240 patients in early phase of psychosis from the Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP) of the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland, were assessed at eight time points over 3 years. Cross-lagged panel analyses and multilevel analyses were conducted on socio-occupational and general functioning [Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)] with insight, time and depressive symptoms as independent variables.ResultsResults from multilevel analyses point to an overall positive impact of insight on psychosocial functioning, which increases over time. Yet the cross-lagged panel analysis did not reveal a systematic positive and causal effect of insight on SOFAS and GAF scores. Depressive symptoms seem only to be relevant in the beginning of the treatment process.ConclusionsOur results point to a complex process in which the positive impact of insight on psychosocial functioning increases over time, even when considering depressive symptoms. Future studies and treatment approaches should consider the procedural aspect of insight.

scholarly journals Has Stereotype Threat Dissipated Over Time? A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Anthony Lewis ◽  
Nicholas Michael Michalak
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
White Men ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Threat ◽  
Women In Mathematics ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Over Time

Stereotype threat – the social psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group applies (Steele, 1997) – has been broadly studied throughout the social sciences over the past two decades (for reviews, see Lewis & Sekaquaptewa, 2016; Steele, 2010). It is a theory that is purported to explain variance in disparities between those who are negatively stereotyped in certain domains (e.g. racial-ethnic minorities in academics, women in mathematics) and those who are not (e.g. White men in academics; Steele, 2010). Studies on stereotype threat have been conducted hundreds of times, and have yielded mixed findings. Early studies tended to yield positive findings (for meta-analytic review, see Nguyen & Ryan, 2008) whereas more recent reanalysis (Zigerell, 2017) and replication attempts (e.g., Finnigan & Corker, 2016) have failed to replicate findings. These conflicting accounts call into question the robustness of the paradigm, and raise two possibilities in our minds: either the strength of the evidence was weak to begin with, or something has changed over time to reduce the likelihood of finding stereotype threat effects. We test these possibilities in a pre-registered cross-temporal meta-analysis using multiple meta-analytic techniques.

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