Persistence of Men's Misperceptions of Friendly Cues Across A Variety of Interpersonal Encounters

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine B. Johnson ◽  
Margaret S. Stockdale ◽  
Frank E. Saal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
Female Target ◽  
Male Professor ◽  
Female Power

This study examined whether gender differences in sexually based perceptions of social interactions persist when traditional male-female power roles are reversed, when the interaction becomes progressively more sexually harassing, and when the response to the harassment is accepting or rejecting. A laboratory experiment was conducted in which 187 female and 165 male undergraduate students viewed a 5-minute videotape. Twelve versions of a scenario depicting a professor interacting with a cross-sex student were created which manipulated the sex of the powerholder, level of harassment, and response to harassment. Results indicated that men perceived the female target as behaving in a “sexier” manner regardless of her status, the level of harassment, or the victim's response. Women's sexually based perceptions of the most harassing male professor were greater than men's, however. Incorporating these gender differences in perceptions into a much-needed comprehensive model of sexual harassment (Zedeck & Cascio, 1984) appears to be warranted.

Identifying The Generic Skills Amongst Malaysian Undergraduate Students: An Analysis of Gender Differences

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Lazim Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Public Universities ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Generic Skills ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
Communications Skills ◽  
Almost All

Kertas ini membincangkan kemahiran generik yang diperolehi oleh pelajar prasiswazah dan ia seterusnya meneroka perbezaan mengikut jantina. Sampel seramai 460 pelajar prasiswazah dari tiga buah universiti awam di Malaysia telah ditinjau menggunakan satu inventori 54 item. Analisis statistik deskriptif, ujian–t dan analisis diskriminan telah digunakan. Kajian ini mendapati pelajar prasiswazah secara umumnya memberi respon yang positif dalam kebanyakan komponen yang terkandung dalam kemahiran generik. Walaupun dalam sampel ini, bilangan pelajar prasiswazah perempuan melebihi pelajar prasiswazah lelaki, pelajar prasiswazah lelaki didapati menilai kebolehan mereka lebih baik daripada pelajar prasiswazah perempuan dalam kebanyakan kemahiran. Kemahiran komputer dan kemahiran komunikasi menjadi pembeza efektif dalam menerangkan perbezaan gender. Kajian ini memberi implikasi yang bermakna kepada pelajar prasiswazah, majikan dan pembuat dasar. Kata kunci: Pekerjaan; perbezaan gender; kemahiran generik; pelajar prasiswazah This paper discusses the generic skills acquired by Malaysian undergraduate students in general and it further explores the differences between genders. A sample of 460 undergraduate students from three public universities in Malaysia was surveyed using an inventory of 54 items. Descriptive statistics such as, t–test and discriminant analysis were employed in analyzing the data. The study found that the undergraduate students generally tend to respond positively to most of the components in prescribed generic skills. Eventhough the sample of female undergraduate students was higher than male undergraduate students, it seemed that the male undergraduate students tended to rate their own abilities higher in almost all skills. Computer skills and communications skills were effective differentiators in explaining genders differences. The research has brought meaningful implications for undergraduate students, employers and policy makers. Key words: Employment; gender differences; generic skills; undergraduate students

Effects of Employment Relationship, Response of Recipient and Sex of Rater on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia S. Jones ◽  
Martin S. Remland ◽  
Claire C. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Univariate Analyses

The effects of the employment relationship (superior vs coworker), recipient's response (positive vs negative), and sex of the rater (male vs female) on perceptions of sexual harassment, appropriateness of the initiator's behavior, and appropriateness of the recipient's behavior were investigated. Subjects were 82 female and 76 male undergraduate students. The results of a 2 × 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance indicated main effects for response of the recipient and sex of the rater. Univariate analyses indicated that women rated the initiator less favorably than men, that men perceived the situation as more harassing and approved of the recipient more than women when the recipient's responses were positive, although there was no difference between men and women when the recipient's responses were negative.

scholarly journals Gender differences in simultaneous polydrug use among undergraduate students of one university, Kingston - Jamaica

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (spe) ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Whitehorne-Smith ◽  
Laura Simich ◽  
Carol Strike ◽  
Bruna Brands ◽  
Norman Giesbrecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Polydrug Use ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
Use Pattern ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

This study sought to explore the simultaneous polydrug use pattern across genders of 1st and 2nd year undergraduate students in one university in Kingston, Jamaica. There were 295 study participants (58 males and 237 females) from the faculty of Medical Sciences at a local university. The study used a self administered questionnaire which addressed various aspects of drug use and simultaneous polydrug use. Unadjusted results revealed a significantly higher simultaneous polydrug use among males than females 40.9% and 14.3% respectively in the last 12 months (χ², p=0.009) and in the last 30 days 8.9% vs. 1.7% (χ², p=0.014). These results suggest a prominence of simultaneous polydrug use behaviour among male undergraduate students in this population compared with females, although further research is required.

Friendly or Sexy?: It May Depend on Whom You Ask

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank E. Saal ◽  
Catherine B. Johnson ◽  
Nancy Weber
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Female Student ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Store Manager ◽  
Academic Settings ◽  
Male Professor

A set of three studies replicated and extended Abbey's (1982) research, indicating that men perceive less friendliness, but more sexuality than women when observing women's social interactions. Study 1 was based on 49 previously unacquainted male-female pairs who engaged in brief face-to-face discussions, and 48 males and 61 females who observed one of those discussions. Study 2 was based on videotaped exchanges between a male store manager and a female cashier, and Study 3 between a male professor and a female student; 75 males and 88 females participated in Study 2, while 98 males and 102 females participated in Study 3. In all three studies, the men saw less friendliness, but more “sexiness” in the woman's behavior than the women. These results support the idea that some of the less severe forms of sexual harassment in business and academic settings may be better understood eventually through research and theory development that considers these sex differences in social perceptions.

Sexually Degrading Music Videos and Lyrics

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Sprankle ◽  
Christian M. End ◽  
Miranda N. Bretz
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Rape Myths ◽  
Music Videos ◽  
Sexual Content ◽  
Sexual Stereotypes ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sexually Degrading ◽  
Music Lyrics

Utilizing a 2 (lyrics: present or absent) × 2 (images: present or absent) design, this study examined the unique effects of sexually degrading music videos and music lyrics on males’ aggressive behavior toward women, as well as males’ endorsement of rape myths and sexual stereotypes. Under the guise of a media memory study, 187 male undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Despite the many psychological theories predicting an effect, the presentation of sexually degrading content in a visual or auditory medium (or combination thereof) did not significantly alter the participants’ aggression and self-reported endorsement of rape myths and sexual stereotypes. The null findings challenge the many corporate and governmental restrictions placed on sexual content in the media over concern for harmful effects.

scholarly journals Relationship between Social Skills and Happiness: Differences by Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7929
Author(s):  
Carlos Salavera ◽  
Pablo Usán
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Subjective Happiness ◽  
School Students ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Subjective Happiness Scale ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between social skills and happiness in 1st-year Teaching School students, as well as possible gender differences. The sample comprised 243 Teaching School students (Primary Education) in Zaragoza, including 110 men (45.27%) and 133 women (54.73%), aged 18–25 (average age 20.23 years; s.d. = 1.586). In order to analyse the relationship between social skills and subjective happiness, the Scale of Social Skills and Subjective Happiness Scale were used. While men scored higher in all social skills-related factors, women scored higher in all factors related to happiness. The study shows that factors such as self-expression in social settings and the ability to say no and cut off social interactions have a direct and significant effect on happiness among men, while self-expression in social settings and the ability to express anger led to a higher perception of happiness among women. Similarly, situations such as asking for and defending rights have an indirect and significant effect in men, reducing their levels of happiness. In the case of women, no social skills factors were found that led to lower happiness. It may be concluded that significant gender differences exist, although broader and lateral studies are needed in order to examine the relationship between gender identities, social skills and subjective happiness more in depth, and thus, understand the effect of these constructs in the development of personality.

Academic Harassment: Sex and Denial in Scholarly Garb

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise F. Fitzgerald ◽  
Lauren M. Weitzman ◽  
Yael Gold ◽  
Mimi Ormerod
Keyword(s):  
Women Students ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
University Students ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Sexual Interaction ◽  
Sexual Involvement ◽  
Male Faculty

Although much has been written concerning the sexual harassment of university students, no research has yet directly examined the behaviors of university professors themselves. The present study describes the responses of 235 male faculty members of a prestigious, research-oriented university who responded to a survey inquiring about social and sexual interaction among faculty and students. Although the majority of the responses focused on mentoring and social interactions, a sizable minority (26%) reported sexual involvement with women students. In addition to item frequencies, a structural analysis of the phenomenon of academic harassment is presented, and discussed in the context of the subjects' responses to an open-ended invitation to comment on the study.

Gender Influence on Perceptions of Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Baird ◽  
Nora L. Bensko ◽  
Paul A. Bell ◽  
Wayne Viney ◽  
William Douglas Woody
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Reasonable Person ◽  
Gender Influence ◽  
Female Perpetrators ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
Reasonable Woman Standard

Perceptions of sexual harassment were investigated as a function of perpetrators' and recipients' gender. Undergraduate students (100 women, 98 men) were presented 34 scenarios of men and women interacting at work. Participants were asked to read carefully each scenario and indicate on a scale anchored by 1 (strongly disagree) and 7 (strongly agree) their opinions as to whether the scenario represented an incident of sexual harassment. Analysis indicated that women rated “hostile environment” scenarios as more harassing than men, and male perpetrators were rated as more harassing than female perpetrators. Even though some scenarios were rated as more harassing than others, the full range of the 7-point scale was used on every scenario, indicating a lack of agreement on what constitutes harassment. This lack of agreement highlights the debate within the legal community about whether the “reasonable person” or the “reasonable woman” standard should be used to judge sexual harassment in the workplace.

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