Quality Research Toolbox: CANT MISS: Conquer Any Number Task by Making Important Statistics Simple. Part 6. Tests of Statistical Significance (z Test Statistic, Rejecting the Null Hypothesis, p value), t Test, z Test for Proportions, Statistical Significance Versus Meaningful Difference

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
Simple Part

scholarly journals Higher Education Languages of Instruction in Morocco and their impact on the Receptive Vocabulary Size of Moroccan EFL Master Students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelaziz Agrram
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
T Test ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Significant Difference

Having a clear vocabulary profile of Moroccan master students might reveal where these participants stand compared to other countries. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the effect of languages of instruction in Morocco (e.g., Arabic vs. French) on the receptive vocabulary size of EFL Moroccan master students (e.g., departments of letters, science, and law). To this end, Meara’s (2010) Yes/No test was used as an instrument to measure the overall vocabulary size of these participants. A total of 325 EFL master students took the aforementioned test. The main research question is: Does the medium of instruction have any effects on the receptive vocabulary size of these students? Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the overall receptive vocabulary size of test-takers. It was found that Moroccan EFL master students have a total of (M= 2293) lemmas. An independent samples t-test was run to check for any statistical significance. The t-test statistic reveals that the significance level is less than the p-value (t=-4.068, p< .05, df= 323). Thus, it was concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the French group and the Arabic group. The results of this study confirm that students who were instructed in French (M= 2417, sd= 903, N=185) outperformed the other students who were taught in Arabic (M= 2058, sd= 903, N= 140). In the current study, among various suggestions, it is proposed that the volume of 30 hours in the English module is not sufficient and should be complemented with vocabulary-based activities.

scholarly journals Higher Education Languages of Instruction in Morocco and their impact on the Receptive Vocabulary Size of Moroccan EFL Master Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-206
Author(s):  
Abdelaziz Agrram
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
T Test ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Significant Difference

Having a clear vocabulary profile of Moroccan master students might reveal where these participants stand compared to other countries. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the effect of languages of instruction in Morocco (e.g., Arabic vs. French) on the receptive vocabulary size of EFL Moroccan master students (e.g., departments of letters, science, and law). To this end, Meara’s (2010) Yes/No test was used as an instrument to measure the overall vocabulary size of these participants. A total of 325 EFL master students took the aforementioned test. The main research question is: Does the medium of instruction have any effects on the receptive vocabulary size of these students? Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the overall receptive vocabulary size of test-takers. It was found that Moroccan EFL master students have a total of (M= 2293) lemmas. An independent samples t-test was run to check for any statistical significance. The t-test statistic reveals that the significance level is less than the p-value (t=-4.068, p< .05, df= 323). Thus, it was concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the French group and the Arabic group. The results of this study confirm that students who were instructed in French (M= 2417, sd= 903, N=185) outperformed the other students who were taught in Arabic (M= 2058, sd= 903, N= 140). In the current study, among various suggestions, it is proposed that the volume of 30 hours in the English module is not sufficient and should be complemented with vocabulary-based activities.

On “Field Significance” and the False Discovery Rate

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1181-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Wilks
Keyword(s):  
False Discovery Rate ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Significance Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Global Test ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Counting Procedure ◽  
False Discovery

Abstract The conventional approach to evaluating the joint statistical significance of multiple hypothesis tests (i.e., “field,” or “global,” significance) in meteorology and climatology is to count the number of individual (or “local”) tests yielding nominally significant results and then to judge the unusualness of this integer value in the context of the distribution of such counts that would occur if all local null hypotheses were true. The sensitivity (i.e., statistical power) of this approach is potentially compromised both by the discrete nature of the test statistic and by the fact that the approach ignores the confidence with which locally significant tests reject their null hypotheses. An alternative global test statistic that has neither of these problems is the minimum p value among all of the local tests. Evaluation of field significance using the minimum local p value as the global test statistic, which is also known as the Walker test, has strong connections to the joint evaluation of multiple tests in a way that controls the “false discovery rate” (FDR, or the expected fraction of local null hypothesis rejections that are incorrect). In particular, using the minimum local p value to evaluate field significance at a level αglobal is nearly equivalent to the slightly more powerful global test based on the FDR criterion. An additional advantage shared by Walker’s test and the FDR approach is that both are robust to spatial dependence within the field of tests. The FDR method not only provides a more broadly applicable and generally more powerful field significance test than the conventional counting procedure but also allows better identification of locations with significant differences, because fewer than αglobal × 100% (on average) of apparently significant local tests will have resulted from local null hypotheses that are true.

When Studies are in Error: Basic Statistical Vocabulary Needed to Understand Clinical Studies

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Weinstock
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Ii Error ◽  
Error Type

Background: Accurate understanding of certain basic statistical terms and principles is key to critical appraisal of published literature. Objective: This review describes type I error, type II error, null hypothesis, p value, statistical significance, a, two-tailed and one-tailed tests, effect size, alternate hypothesis, statistical power, β, publication bias, confidence interval, standard error, and standard deviation, while including examples from reports of dermatologic studies. Conclusion: The application of the results of published studies to individual patients should be informed by an understanding of certain basic statistical concepts.

scholarly journals Does the P Value Have a Future in Plant Pathology?

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (11) ◽  
pp. 1400-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Madden ◽  
D. A. Shah ◽  
P. D. Esker
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Posterior Probability ◽  
Prior Probability ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing

The P value (significance level) is possibly the mostly widely used, and also misused, quantity in data analysis. P has been heavily criticized on philosophical and theoretical grounds, especially from a Bayesian perspective. In contrast, a properly interpreted P has been strongly defended as a measure of evidence against the null hypothesis, H0. We discuss the meaning of P and null-hypothesis statistical testing, and present some key arguments concerning their use. P is the probability of observing data as extreme as, or more extreme than, the data actually observed, conditional on H0 being true. However, P is often mistakenly equated with the posterior probability that H0 is true conditional on the data, which can lead to exaggerated claims about the effect of a treatment, experimental factor or interaction. Fortunately, a lower bound for the posterior probability of H0 can be approximated using P and the prior probability that H0 is true. When one is completely uncertain about the truth of H0 before an experiment (i.e., when the prior probability of H0 is 0.5), the posterior probability of H0 is much higher than P, which means that one needs P values lower than typically accepted for statistical significance (e.g., P = 0.05) for strong evidence against H0. When properly interpreted, we support the continued use of P as one component of a data analysis that emphasizes data visualization and estimation of effect sizes (treatment effects).

scholarly journals Coloring Pictures as Play Therapy to Reduce Impact of Hospitalization among Children in Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 770-777
Author(s):  
Dewi Marfuah ◽  
Dede Diah Sofiah
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Therapeutic Play ◽  
The Impact

The impact of hospitalization on preschool children may impair the child’s development and healing process. Therefore it is important to minimize the impact of hospitalization. One method to achieve this is by allowing children to play. The purpose of this study was to figure out the effect of therapeutic play (by coloring pictures) on the impact of hospitalization on preschool children in the child care unit of Cibabat-Cimahi Regional Public Hospital, West Java, Indonesia. This was quasi-experimental research with One Group Pre-test Post-test, with a sample of 15 respondents taken by quota sampling. The instrument used was Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to play coloring pictures and questionnaires on the impact of hospitalization. Coloring pictures was performed once a day (15 minutes / intervention) for 2 days. The data analysis was employed paired with a sample t-test. This research shows the influence of coloring pictures on the impact of hospitalization, with the result of the paired sample t-test statistic shows p value 0.003 (p <0.05). Nurses are expected to be more active in applying coloring pictures to preschool children undergoing hospitalization to reduce the impact of hospitalization.   Keywords: Coloring, Hospitalization, Preschool

scholarly journals E-Learning perception and satisfaction among health sciences students amid the COVID-19 pandemic

Work ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-556
Author(s):  
Maria S. Abbasi ◽  
Naseer Ahmed ◽  
Batool Sajjad ◽  
Abdullah Alshahrani ◽  
Sumera Saeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Exit Exams ◽  
Health Sciences Students ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND: E-learning is increasingly used during the COVID-19 pandemic, however the impact of this change on students is not known. This study aimed to evaluate perception and satisfaction of health sciences students towards E-learning during the COVID-19 lockdown. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was distributed to 2000 health care students either through email or social media platforms. The questionnaire was divided into two sections: the first section addressed demographic information such as age, education level, course of study, number of lectures attended and country. The second section gathered information on perception and satisfaction of students using 13 close-ended questions. Frequencies and percentages were assessed for demographic data, perception and satisfaction level of students. The paired sample t-test, independent t test and Spearman correlation were applied to evaluate statistical significance between different variables of the study. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Data from 1255 participants were included at a response rate of 66.4%. More than one third (37%) of the students took 25 or more online E-learning sessions and 47% preferred Zoom as an online platform. Participants belonged to 11 countries from developed and developing nations. 41% reported interference of E-learning due to network problems. 60% considered that clinical and practical skills are best learned in clinics and laboratories. More than one third of the students preferred classroom teaching and 34% of the students did not feel confident enough to take exit exams after E-learning sessions. CONCLUSION: E-learning satisfaction levels were better among developed countries (7.34) compared to developing countries (5.82). The majority of participants agreed that E-learning was satisfactory in acquiring knowledge, however not effective in acquiring clinical and technical skills. As the COVID-19 lockdown eases, there is a need for improvement in the methods employed in E-learning and more blended learning among healthcare students is recommended.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ASSERTIVE COMMUNITY TREATMENT TOWARDS ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION ON BREAST CANCER CLIENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Andikawati Fitriasari ◽  
Ahmad Yusuf ◽  
Ririn Probowati
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Assertive Community Treatment ◽  
T Test ◽  
Community Treatment ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Paired T Test

Background: Breast cancer increases the occurrence of psychosocial problems, namely anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression have shown an effect on the quality of life. Assertive Community Treatment is a psychosocial service that involves the family's role in overcoming breast cancer client anxiety and depression.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of Assertive Community Treatment towards anxiety and depression of breast cancer clients.Method: The research design used was quasi-experiment with a pre-posttest control group design. This research subject determines by using purposive sampling. The study population was breast cancer clients who seek treatment at Public Health Center of Medokan Ayu in Surabaya. The sample is breast cancer clients who have inclusion criteria a) age 30-60 years old, b) live with her partner, c) has chronic pain ± 1-5 years. The instrument is PDQBC (Psychosocial Distress Questionnaire Breast Cancer subscales anxiety and depression. Data analysis used paired T-Test and Independent T-Test.Result: Paired T test results showed anxiety values in the treatment group p = 0.000, depression value p = 0.001. The results of the independent T test statistic obtained p value = 0.000 showed a significant difference between anxiety and depression of breast cancer clients in the control group and the treatment group.Conclusion: Assertive Community Treatment provides a good impact in order to reduce the level of anxiety and depression in clients with breast cancer. Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) is recommended to be given by teams. Key words: Assertive Community Treatment, Anxiety, Depression, Breast Cancer Clients, Palliative.

The Family Parenting Influenced Adolescent Brawls Behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heni Nurhaeni ◽  
Dinarti Dinarti ◽  
Dwi Priharti
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
School Students ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Relationship

There are four types of parenting: democratic, authoritarian, permissive, and ignored, which would affect the character of the child. But family upbringing itself influenced education, norms/cultural, environmental, social, economic and belongs to the family members. quasi-experimental study through questionnaires, observation, deep interview, and interventions against high school Students, Peers, Teachers (BK), and their Parents/Family have been conducted through a random sampling of 108 respondents in four high school set. The result met the test paired T test statistical significance level 0 and T test result of 0.05 shows that the two variables p-value of p=0.00000. Correlation tests showed that there is a relationship between two variables at-0616. This sign (-) means that the test results are negative correlation. Can be seen if the correlation between the two variables is quite high between 0.50 to 1.0 can be concluded that the direction of the relationship between the two variables is negative. These results can be displayed from "if the family provides a strict upbringing will influence behavior in high school brawls in Adolescents will tend to be low and vice versa".

scholarly journals Discrepant histological diagnoses affects the near term FJS-12 and could be one of the causes of unhappy TKR patient

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9_suppl7) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0053
Author(s):  
Sanjay Bhalchandra Londhe ◽  
Ravi Shah ◽  
Mita Y Shah ◽  
Amit Pankaj Doshi ◽  
Shubhankar Sanjay Londhe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
T Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Diagnosis Rate ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Near Term ◽  
End Stage

Introduction: TKR is one of the most successful operations in orthopedics. Still a sizable percentage of patients (20%) remain dissatisfied after a well executed TKR. The aim of the study is to examine the excised synovium from the suprapatellar region in osteoarthritic knees during TKR operation and evaluate the HP report to know whether discrepant diagnoses affects the Forgotten Joint Score-12 at various time intervals and in few cases the unrelenting pain and discomfort post TKR surgery could be due to some undiagnosed pathology within the joint. Hypotheses: The study was started with null hypothesis. The statistical significance was measured with Chi-square test and two sample t test. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study. Two hundred(160 Female 40 Male) end stage osteoarthritis patients who underwent primary TKR were studied. Inclusion criteria was patient with end stage osteoarthritis. Patients with clinically and serologically proven rheumatoid arthritis were excluded. The synovium excised during the TKR procedure was sent for HP examination. Statistics: The study was started with null hypothesis. The statistical significance was measured with Chi-square test and two sample t test. Results: 184 of the 200 patients (92%) knee synovium showed HP features of osteoarthritis. The discordant diagnoses and discrepant diagnosis rate was 8 % and 7 % respectively which is statistically significant by Chi Conclusion: 8% of our patients exhibited results which were totally unexpected. Our study showed a 7 % rate of discrepant diagnosis, which if missed would have affected the function and long term survival of the implanted TKR.

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