Are older adults with excessive sodium intake at increased risk of hypohydration?

Given the proportion of older adults who are hypertensive and the population of older adults who are at risk for hypertension, the U.S. must mobilize public health efforts aimed at prevention. Scientific evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of sodium reduction to lower blood pressure. Translating this evidence into practice involves knowledge about the food sources of sodium so effective interventions can be designed and implemented. The purpose of this essay was to examine major food group sources of sodium in a cohort of older adults, with and without high blood pressure, in an urban community in Southwestern Pennsylvania. The University of Pittsburgh's "Center for Healthy Aging" promotes healthy aging in the community with the "10 Keys to Healthy Aging" campaign. One of the keys aims to lower systolic blood pressure to ≤140 mmHg. A low sodium intervention was implemented by the CHA project in hypertensive individuals. The sodium intake of the 521 community volunteers, mean age 74.5 years, 60% male, 94.1% white, who completed a FFQ, was compared to a sub-sample of hypertensives (n=214) who, in addition, collected one 24-hour urinary sodium. Mean baseline dietary sodium for the entire cohort was 1,796 mg per day compared to 1,821 mg per day in hypertensives. Urinary sodium was 1.8 times higher (141 mmol/24 hrs [3,240 mg]) than self-reported intake and decreased to 130 mmol/24 hrs (2,990 mg) at 6-months. The correlation between dietary and urinary sodium at baseline was weak (r=0.16) and remained weak (0.23) at 6-months. Major food sources of sodium were soups, breads, tomato sauce, salad dressings, and prepared cereals. Data indicate that the sodium intake of the group exceeds the 2005 Dietary Guidelines of ≤1500 mg per day by approximately 200% for individuals at increased risk using urinary sodium values. Even the most successful dietary interventions to reduce sodium intake to the recommended levels would be ineffective without the food industry’s help in reducing sodium added to foods during processing. This prevention strategy, in combination with stronger public health messages, would help to reduce the sodium intake in the population and help to achieve reductions in blood pressures.

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Increased Sodium Consumption Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity in Older Adults

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab055_040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1230-1230

Author(s):

Safiyah Mansoori ◽

Carly Liberatore ◽

Arlett Ramirez ◽

Sheau Chai

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Fat ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sodium Consumption

Abstract Objectives Sodium intake has been widely studied for its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and blood pressure (BP) changes. Some studies have suggested that sodium intake is associated with an increased risk of obesity. Although BMI is a common measure of obesity, waist circumference (WC) may serve as a better predictor of increased obesity-related CVD risk. The objective of this study was to examine the association of measures of body fat distribution including body mass index (BMI), WC, waist to hip ratio (WHP), and waist to height ratio (WHT) with sodium intake and BP in older adults. Methods One hundred twenty-eight adults aged 65–80 were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary data was collected through a food frequency questionnaire (110 food items). Anthropometric and BP measurements were also collected. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of obesity measures with sodium intake and BP levels. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in sodium and BP readings between BMI categories (Normal: 18.5–24.9; Overweight: 25.0–29.9 and Obese: 30.0 and above). Results WC and WHT were both significantly associated with sodium intake after controlling for age, gender, physical activity, and total calorie intake. Obese individuals consumed significantly more sodium than individuals with normal weight (2834 ± 974 mg in obese individuals; 2172 ± 840 mg in normal weight individuals; P = 0.044). BMI, WC, WHP, and WHT were significantly associated with systolic and diastolic BP. Mean systolic BP was significantly different between individuals with normal BMI and obese BMI (126 ± 16.5 mmHg in normal BMI; 139.7 ± 22.9 mmHg in obese BMI; P = 0.047). The mean diastolic BP showed a statistically significant difference between the normal BMI and overweight individuals (70.9 ± 10.4 mmHg in normal BMI; 79.3 ± 15.2 mmHg in overweight; P = 0.036) but not in obese individuals. Conclusions Higher sodium consumption was significantly related with higher abdominal body fat mass as measured by WC and WHT in older adults. Higher BMI, WC, WHP, and WHT were also associated with systolic and diastolic BP levels. Our findings suggest that excessive sodium intake is an independent risk factor for obesity in older adults. Funding Sources None.

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Association between Vitamins and Minerals with Antioxidant Effects and Coronary Artery Calcification in Adults and Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666190722101954 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (22) ◽

pp. 2474-2479 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alisson Diego Machado ◽

Gustavo Rosa Gentil Andrade ◽

Jéssica Levy ◽

Sara Silva Ferreira ◽

Dirce Maria Marchioni

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Coronary Artery Calcification ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Coronary Events ◽

Antioxidant Effects

Background: Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) is considered an important cardiovascular risk factor. There is evidence that CAC is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, coronary events and cardiovascular mortality. Inflammation is one of the factors associated with CAC and despite the interest in antioxidant compounds that can prevent CAC, its association with antioxidants remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to systematically review the association between vitamins and minerals with antioxidant effects and CAC in adults and older adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using PubMed for articles published until October 2018. We included studies conducted in subjects aged 18 years and older with no previous cardiovascular disease. Studies involving animal or in vitro experiments and the ones that did not use reference methods to assess the CAC, dietary intake or serum levels of vitamin or mineral were excluded. Results: The search yielded 390 articles. After removal of duplicates, articles not related to the review, review articles, editorials, hypothesis articles and application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 articles remained. The results of the studies included in this systematic review suggest that magnesium is inversely associated with CAC and results on the association between CAC and vitamin E have been conflicting. Conclusion: Additional prospective studies are needed to elucidate the role of these micronutrients on CAC.

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Biopsychosocial Patterning of Multimorbidity and Its Consequences

The Oxford Handbook of Integrative Health Science ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676384.013.14 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 220-236

Author(s):

Elliot Friedman ◽

Beth LeBreton ◽

Lindsay Fuzzell ◽

Elizabeth Wehrpsann

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Older Adults ◽

Functional Outcomes ◽

The United States ◽

Chronic Medical Conditions ◽

Quality Of Life Research ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Over Time

By many estimates the majority of adults over age 65 have two or more chronic medical conditions (multimorbidity) and are consequently at increased risk of adverse functional outcomes. Nonetheless, many older adults with multimorbidity are able to maintain high levels of function and retain good quality of life. Research presented here is designed to understand the influences that help ensure better functional outcomes in these older adults. This chapter presents findings that draw on data from the Midlife in the United States study. The independent and interactive contributions of diverse factors to multimorbidity and changes in multimorbidity over time are reviewed. The degree that multimorbidity increases risk of cognitive impairment and disability is examined. The role of inflammation as a mediator is considered. Multimorbidity is increasingly the norm for older adults, so better understanding of factors contributing to variability in multimorbidity-related outcomes can lead to improved quality of life.

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Life Course Predictors of Allostatic Load Among LGBTQ Older Adults

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2615 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 735-735

Author(s):

Charles Hoy-Ellis ◽

Hyun Kim ◽

Karen Fredriksen Goldsen

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Life Course ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Allostatic Load ◽

Identity Management ◽

The Body ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Psychophysiological Stress ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Wear And Tear

Abstract LGBTQ older adults are at significantly increased risk for poor mental and physical health, likely consequential to lifelong bias. Allostatic load (AL), the net effect of “wear and tear” on the body resulting from repeated, chronic over-activation of the psychophysiological stress response system. Utilizing the Health Equity Promotion Model, the aim of this study was to test potential life course predictors of AL, including interpersonal violence, legal marriage, and identity management in a sample of LGBTQ adults 50 to 97 years of age (n=317). Results from a series of hierarchical linear regression models showed that adult physical abuse and late identity disclosure for those who had been in an opposite-sex marriage predicted higher AL in this sample of LGBTQ older adults, indicating need for increased research on bias over the life course as contributory to AL and biopsychosocial dysfunction among LGBTQ older adults.

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Association of self-perceived income sufficiency with cognitive impairment among older adults: a population-based study in India

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03257-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

T. Muhammad ◽

Shobhit Srivastava ◽

T. V. Sekher

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Daily Living ◽

Basic Needs ◽

Well Being ◽

Asset Ownership ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background Greater cognitive performance has been shown to be associated with better mental and physical health and lower mortality. The present study contributes to the existing literature on the linkages of self-perceived income sufficiency and cognitive impairment. Study also provides additional insights on other socioeconomic and health-related variables that are associated with cognitive impairment in older ages. Methods Data for this study is derived from the 'Building Knowledge Base on Population Ageing in India'. The final sample size for the analysis after removing missing cases was 9176 older adults. Descriptive along with bivariate analyses were presented to show the plausible associations of cognitive impairment with potential risk factors using the chi-square test. Also, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to provide the relationship between cognitive impairment and risk factors. The software used was STATA 14. Results About 43% of older adults reported that they had no source of income and 7.2% had income but not sufficient to fulfil their basic needs. Older adults with income but partially sufficient to fulfil their basic needs had 39% significantly higher likelihood to suffer from cognitive impairment than older adults who had sufficient income [OR: 1.39; OR: 1.21–1.59]. Likelihood of cognitive impairment was low among older adults with asset ownership than older adults with no asset ownership [OR: 0.83; CI: 0.72–0.95]. Again, older adults who work by compulsion (73.3%) or felt mental or physical stress due to work (57.6%) had highest percentage of cognitive impairment. Moreover, older adults with poor self-rated health, low instrumental activities of daily living, low activities of daily living, low subjective well-being and low psychological health were at increased risk for cognitive impairment. Conclusion The study highlights the pressing need for care and support and especially financial incentives in the old age to preserve cognitive health. Further, while planning geriatric health care for older adults in India, priority must be given to financially backward, with no asset ownership, with poor health status, older-older, widowed, and illiterate older individuals, as they are more vulnerable to cognitive impairment.

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Elevated plasma growth and differentiation factor 15 predicts incident anemia in older adults aged 60 years and older

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glaa324 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yuko Yamaguchi ◽

Marta Zampino ◽

Toshiko Tanaka ◽

Stefania Bandinelli ◽

Yusuke Osawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Differentiation Factor ◽

Hazards Model ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Anemia is common in older adults and associated with greater morbidity and mortality. The causes of anemia in older adults have not been completely characterized. Although elevated circulating growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has been associated with anemia in older adults, it is not known whether elevated GDF-15 predicts the development of anemia. Methods We examined the relationship between plasma GDF-15 concentrations at baseline in 708 non-anemic adults, aged 60 years and older, with incident anemia during 15 years of follow-up among participants in the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) Study. Results During follow-up, 179 (25.3%) participants developed anemia. The proportion of participants who developed anemia from the lowest to highest quartile of plasma GDF-15 was 12.9%, 20.1%, 21.2%, and 45.8%, respectively. Adults in the highest quartile of plasma GDF-15 had an increased risk of developing anemia (Hazards Ratio 1.15, 95% Confidence Interval 1.09, 1.21, P<.0001) compared to those in the lower three quartiles in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, sex, serum iron, soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin, vitamin B12, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Conclusions Circulating GDF-15 is an independent predictor for the development of anemia in older adults.

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49 Longitudinal Change of Sleep in the Elderly and Its Associations with Health

Age and Ageing ◽

10.1093/ageing/afab030.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i12-i42

Author(s):

A Didikoglu ◽

A Maharani ◽

A Payton ◽

M M Canal ◽

N Pendleton

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Latent Class ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Sleep Time ◽

Sleep Efficiency ◽

Longitudinal Change ◽

Sleep Timing ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Health And Mortality ◽

Evening Class

Abstract Introduction In elderly populations, sleep quality deteriorates and sleep time shifts towards earlier times. These sleep characteristics have been associated with cardiovascular, metabolic and psychiatric disorders, cognitive decline and mortality. Our aims are to examine longitudinal changes of sleep in older adults and to investigate the relationship between sleep variations, general health and mortality. Methods The University of Manchester Longitudinal Study of Cognition in Normal Healthy Old Age cohort (6,375 participants, recruited in the North of England, between 1983 and 1993) was used. Mixed models were used to investigate individual sleep trajectories (5 waves in 30-year period). Sleep timing and efficiency trajectories were clustered using latent class analysis and analysed against daily habits, health and mortality. Results Older adults have decreased sleep efficiency (~20%) and early sleep time (~30 min) between 40 and 100 years of age. Those in the high sleep efficiency latent class had minimal decrease in their sleep efficiency as they aged. Belonging to the high sleep efficiency latent class was associated with having lower prevalence of hypertension, circulatory problems, arthritis, breathing problems and recurrent depression compared to the low efficiency latent class. Results showed a higher risk of hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the evening-type latent class compared to morning-type individuals. Evening class was associated with traits related to lower health such as reduced sport participation, increased risk of depression and psychoticism personality, late eating, increased smoking and alcohol usage. Survival analysis revealed that individuals in the evening class had 1.15-fold increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those with morning preferences. Conclusion Ageing is associated with decreased sleep efficiency and early sleep timing. However, there are detectable subgroups of sleep traits that are related to prevalence of different diseases and longevity. Understating these subgroups may pave the way for new treatments for healthy sleeping habits in older population.

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Changes in Health Behaviors, Mental and Physical Health among Older Adults under Severe Lockdown Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18137067 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 7067

Author(s):

Esther García-Esquinas ◽

Rosario Ortolá ◽

Iago Gine-Vázquez ◽

José A. Carnicero ◽

Asier Mañas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Older Adults ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Housing Conditions ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Lifestyle Risk

We used data from 3041 participants in four cohorts of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65 years in Spain collected through a pre-pandemic face-to-face interview and a telephone interview conducted between weeks 7 to 15 after the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown. On average, the confinement was not associated with a deterioration in lifestyle risk factors (smoking, alcohol intake, diet, or weight), except for a decreased physical activity and increased sedentary time, which reversed with the end of confinement. However, chronic pain worsened, and moderate declines in mental health, that did not seem to reverse after restrictions were lifted, were observed. Males, older adults with greater social isolation or greater feelings of loneliness, those with poorer housing conditions, as well as those with a higher prevalence of chronic morbidities were at increased risk of developing unhealthier lifestyles or mental health declines with confinement. On the other hand, previously having a greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet and doing more physical activity protected older adults from developing unhealthier lifestyles with confinement. If another lockdown were imposed during this or future pandemics, public health programs should specially address the needs of older individuals with male sex, greater social isolation, sub-optimal housing conditions, and chronic morbidities because of their greater vulnerability to the enacted movement restrictions.

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Virtual reality intervention to improve apathy in residential aged care: protocol for a multisite non-randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e046030

Author(s):

Dimitrios Saredakis ◽

Hannah A D Keage ◽

Megan Corlis ◽

Tobias Loetscher

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Virtual Reality ◽

Passive Control ◽

Aged Care ◽

Residential Aged Care ◽

Laptop Computer ◽

Reminiscence Therapy ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Secondary Outcomes

IntroductionApathy is a prevalent neuropsychiatric symptom for older adults residing in aged care. Left untreated, apathy has been associated with accelerated cognitive decline and increased risk of mortality. Reminiscence therapy is commonly used in aged care and has demonstrated to reduce apathy. Traditional methods of reminiscence use physical objects and more recently technology including tablets and laptop computers have demonstrated potential. Virtual reality (VR) has successfully been used to treat psychological disorders; however, there is little evidence on using VR for behavioural symptoms such as apathy in older adults. Using VR to deliver reminiscence therapy provides an immersive experience, and readily available applications provide access to a large range of content allowing easier delivery of therapy over traditional forms of therapy. This study aims to identify changes in apathy after a reminiscence therapy intervention using head-mounted displays (HMDs).Methods and analysisParticipants will be allocated to one of three groups; reminiscence therapy using VR; an active control using a laptop computer or physical items and a passive control. A total of 45 participants will be recruited from residential aged care (15 in each group). The three groups will be compared at baseline and follow-up. The primary outcome is apathy, and secondary outcomes include cognition and depression. Side effects from using HMDs will also be examined in the VR group. Primary and secondary outcomes at baseline and follow-up will be analysed using linear mixed modelling.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee. The results from this study will be disseminated through manuscript publications and national/international conferences.Trial registration numberACTRN12619001510134.

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