Turnover of diacylglycerol kinase 4 by cytoplasmic acidification induces vacuole morphological change and nuclear DNA degradation in the early stage of Pear self‐incompatibility response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao‐Xiong Kong ◽  
Jia‐Wei Mei ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Ju‐You Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diacylglycerol Kinase ◽  
Dna Degradation ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Cytoplasmic Acidification

scholarly journals Study on the Morphological Change and Reduction of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in Litter and Compost of Cowshed

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2826-2830
Author(s):  
Daeik Kim ◽  
Sun-Jin Hwang ◽  
Youngjung Kim ◽  
Cheol Ho Jeong ◽  
Keon Sang Ryoo
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Algal Bloom ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Nitrite Ion ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Phosphate Ion ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Total Phosphorous ◽  
Ion Chromatograph

Litter and compost were obtained at a cowshed of a livestock farm in Andong city in Korea. The morphological change of nitrogen and phosphorous from these samples were examined and suggested a more useful and realistic way for reducing them. Constituents and their content of sample were identified by XRF. The nitrite ion (NO2 −), nitrate ion (NO2 −) and phosphate ion (PO4 3−) and ammonium ion (NH4 +), total phosphorous (T-P) and total nitrogen (T-N) released from sample were analyzed using ion chromatograph and UV/Vis spectrometry. As the results of this study, the ammonia in the early stage of cow excretion is a need to make an ammonia gas state that can be immediately volatile by increasing the pH. Nitrogen and phosphorous, the main source of nutrition in green algal bloom can be reduced by transforming insoluble salts such as calcium phosphate (CaHPO4·3H2O) and struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O), respectively, with addition of Ca and Mg after stimulating fermentation of compost.

When is a prognostic factor useful? A guide for the perplexed.

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
M N Levine ◽  
G P Browman ◽  
M Gent ◽  
R Roberts ◽  
M Goodyear
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Prognostic Test ◽  
Risk Patients

Traditionally, a number of variables have been used to predict outcome in patients with early-stage breast cancer. These tests are simple to perform and relatively inexpensive. Recently, a number of new factors, eg, tumor proliferative index, nuclear DNA content, and amplification or overexpression of growth-promoting genes or oncogenes have been identified as potential predictors of outcome in patients with breast cancer. There is now increasing pressure to introduce such tests into routine clinical practice. How does a clinical practitioner identify which test, or group of tests, best predicts adverse outcome and whether any more clinically useful information is provided than with the use of more traditional factors alone? The aim of a prognostic test in breast cancer is to predict which patients are destined to develop a recurrence of cancer and those who are not. The prognostic usefulness of a test can be expressed in terms of relative risk (RR), which is the ratio of the risk of breast cancer recurrence in patients who test positive to the risk in those who test negative. Methodologic guidelines that should be satisfied by a study evaluating the predictive ability of a test include the following: (1) Was an inception cohort assembled? (2) Was the referral pattern described? (3) Were laboratory and clinical outcomes assessed in a blinded fashion? (4) Was complete follow-up achieved? (5) Was adjustment for extraneous prognostic factors carried out? (6) Were appropriate statistical methods used? An approach is suggested to help the clinician choose the test, or combination of tests, likely to discriminate between "high-" and "low-risk" patients in his/her own practice. The decision regarding what particular threshold value (risk) defined by a prognostic test (or series of tests) warrants adjuvant therapy for an individual patient is a complex one but should be based on a clear presentation of the risks and benefits to the patient.

scholarly journals Ca2+-dependent nuclease is involved in DNA degradation during the formation of the secretory cavity by programmed cell death in fruit of Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (16) ◽  
pp. 4812-4827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Bai ◽  
Minjian Liang ◽  
Bin Huai ◽  
Han Gao ◽  
Panpan Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Dna Degradation ◽  
Secretory Cavity ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract The secretory cavity is a typical structure in Citrus fruit and is formed by schizolysigeny. Previous reports have indicated that programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in the degradation of secretory cavity cells in the fruit, and that the spatio-temporal location of calcium is closely related to nuclear DNA degradation in this process; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this Ca2+ regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we identified CgCaN that encodes a Ca2+-dependent DNase in the fruit of Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’, the function of which was studied using calcium ion localization, DNase activity assays, in situ hybridization, and protein immunolocalization. The results suggested that the full-length cDNA of CgCaN contains an ORF of 1011 bp that encodes a protein 336 amino acids in length with a SNase-like functional domain. CgCaN digests dsDNA at neutral pH in a Ca2+-dependent manner. In situ hybridization signals of CgCaN were particularly distributed in the secretory cavity cells. Ca2+ and Ca2+-dependent DNases were mainly observed in the condensed chromatin and in the nucleolus. In addition, spatio-temporal expression patterns of CgCaN and its protein coincided with the time-points that corresponded to chromatin degradation and nuclear rupture during the PCD in the development of the fruit secretory cavity. Taken together, our results suggest that Ca2+-dependent DNases play direct roles in nuclear DNA degradation during the PCD of secretory cavity cells during Citrus fruit development. Given the consistency of the expression patterns of genes regulated by calmodulin (CaM) and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) and the dynamics of calcium accumulation, we speculate that CaM and CDPK proteins might be involved in Ca2+ transport from the extracellular walls through the cytoplasm and into the nucleus to activate CgCaN for DNA degradation.

Nuclear DNA degradation during heterokaryon incompatibility in Neurospora crassa

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Marek ◽  
Jennifer Wu ◽  
N. Louise Glass ◽  
David G. Gilchrist ◽  
Richard M. Bostock
Keyword(s):  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Dna Degradation ◽  
Heterokaryon Incompatibility

Expression of FAK-related non-kinase (FRNK) coincides with morphological change in the early stage of cell adhesion

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuuki Nagoshi ◽  
Gou Yamamoto ◽  
Tarou Irie ◽  
Tetsuhiko Tachikawa
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Morphological Change ◽  
Early Stage

scholarly journals Investigating mechanisms involved in the self–incompatibility response in Papaver rhoeas

2003 ◽  
Vol 358 (1434) ◽  
pp. 1033-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Thomas ◽  
Kim Osman ◽  
Barend H. J. de Graaf ◽  
Galina Shevchenko ◽  
Mike Wheeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Papaver Rhoeas ◽  
Incompatible Pollen ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Signalling Cascade

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants is controlled by recognition mechanisms involving the male gametophyte (the pollen) and the female sporophyte (the pistil). Self–incompatibility (SI) involves the recognition and rejection of self– or incompatible pollen by the pistil. In Papaver rhoeas , SI uses a Ca 2+ –based signalling cascade triggered by the S –protein, which is encoded by the stigmatic component of the S –locus. This results in the rapid inhibition of incompatible pollen tube growth. We have identified several targets of the SI signalling cascade, including protein kinases, the actin cytoskeleton and nuclear DNA. Here, we summarize progress made on currently funded projects in our laboratory investigating some of the components targeted by SI, comprising (i) the characterization of a pollen phosphoprotein (p26) that is rapidly phosphorylated upon an incompatible SI response; (ii) the identification and characterization of a pollen mitogen–activated protein kinase (p56), which exhibits enhanced activation during SI; (iii) characterizing components involved in the reorganization and depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton during the SI response; and (iv) investigating whether the SI response involves a programmed cell death signalling cascade.

scholarly journals Demonstration of Apoptotic Cells in Tissue Sections by In Situ Hybridization Using Digoxigenin-labeled Poly(A) Oligonucleotide Probes to Detect Thymidine-rich DNA Sequences

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Hilton ◽  
Seth Love ◽  
Rachel Barber
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Oligonucleotide Probes ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Fresh Frozen

The recognition of apoptotic cells by morphological appearance alone may be difficult. We have investigated the use of in situ hybridization (ISH) with digoxigenin-labeled poly(A) probes to detect apoptotic cells in tissue sections. This method was compared to conventional morphologic assessment and in situ end-labeling (ISEL) in a range of tissues in which apoptosis is known to occur. ISH with poly(A) probes detected apoptotic nuclei in all tissues in which there was evidence of apoptosis as judged by conventional histology. ISH and, to a lesser extent, ISEL preferentially labeled shrunken but still intact nuclei with margination of chromatin, presumably at an early stage of apoptosis. The poly(A) hybridization was abolished by pretreatment of tissue sections with DNAse. After denaturation of DNA, poly(A) hybridized to nuclei in all cells. No convincing hybridization signal was detected in alcohol-fixed or fresh-frozen sections. Both ISEL and ISH labeled some of the nuclei in ischemic tissues. ISH with poly(A) oligonucleotide probes offers a simple alternative to ISEL for detection of cells in early stages of apoptosis. These probes hybridize to thymidine-rich sequences of DNA in the highly repeated Alu sequences within the nuclear genome. These sequences are believed to become available for hybridization after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding as a result of the apoptosis-related increase in the susceptibility of nuclear DNA to denaturation.

Genomic differentiation and polyploidy in Sowerbaea (Liliaceae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Stewart ◽  
BA Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Basic Genome ◽  
Diploid Level ◽  
Dna Measurements ◽  
Later Phase

Sowerbaea is an endemic Australian genus of five allopatric, vicarious species. A basic genome of three long subacrocentric chromosomes and one shorter acrocentric chromosome is constant in the genus, but within this overall genomic uniformity there are distinct karyotypic differences between species. There are also quantitative differences in nuclear DNA with a twofold difference between the species with the greatest and least amounts of DNA per genome. The quantitative DNA measurements have been combined with measurements of relative chromosome length to obtain estimates of differences in absolute chromosome sizes. Polyploidy is widespread in the genus, and diploid (n = 4), tetraploid (n = 8) and octoploid (n = 16) biotypes occur. Structural differences in the genomes were established at the diploid level, and have arisen during an early stage in differentiation of biotypes in the genus. The polyploid forms are mostly located in eastern Australia, and the establishment of polyploid races was probably a later phase of biotype differentiation associated with late Tertiary and Quaternary climatic changes. The tetraploids are structural autoploids, and have probably arisen within established biotypes. The octoploid form of S. juncea is probably an autoallo-octoploid, derived from tetraploid stocks which were ancestral to S. juncea and S. subtilis respectively.

scholarly journals Changes of Mitochondrial DNA and Heat Shock Protein Gene Expressions in Gerbil Hippocampus after Transient Forebrain Ischemia

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Abe ◽  
J. Kawagoe ◽  
M. Aoki ◽  
K. Kogure
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Forebrain Ischemia ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Mt Dna ◽  
Transient Forebrain Ischemia

Hippocampal CA1 neurons are the most vulnerable to transient cerebral ischemia. However, the mechanism has not been fully understood. The level of mRNA for cytochrome C oxidase (COX) subunit I (COX-I), which is encoded by mitochondrial (mt) DNA, progressively decreased in the hippocampal CA1 neurons of gerbils from 3 h of reperfusion after 3.5 min of transient forebrain ischemia and completely disappeared at 7 days. The activity of COX protein also showed an early decrease in CA1 cells and was followed by reduction of the level of COX-I DNA after 2 days. However, succinic dehydrogenase, an mt enzyme encoded by nuclear DNA, maintained normal activity until 1 day in the CA1 cells and significantly decreased at 7 days. The mRNA for mt heat shock protein (HSP) 60 began to increase at 3 h in the CA1 cells and was sustained until 1 day. The mRNAs for 72-kDa heat shock protein and 73-kDa heat shock cognate protein, which are located mainly in the cytoplasm, were induced together in the CA1 cells with a peak at 1–2 days. These results suggest that a disturbance of mt DNA expression occurred in the CA1 neurons at the early stage of reperfusion and was aggravated over the course of time. The disturbance could cause progressive failure of energy production of the cells that eventually results in neuronal cell death.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document