Frequency of brown rot fungi on blossoms and fruit in stone fruit orchards in Greece

ABSTRACT Low and high levels of resistance to the benzimidazole fungicides benomyl and thiophanate-methyl were observed in field isolates of Monilinia fructicola, which is the causative agent of brown rot of stone fruit. Isolates that had low levels of resistance (hereafter referred to as LR isolates) and high levels of resistance (hereafter referred to as HR isolates) were also cold and heat sensitive, respectively. Results from microsatellite DNA fingerprints showed that genetic identities among the populations of sensitive (S), LR, and HR isolates were very high (>0.96). Analysis of DNA sequences of theβ -tubulin gene showed that the LR isolates had a point mutation at codon 6, causing a replacement of the amino acid histidine by tyrosine. Codon 198, which encodes a glutamic acid in S and LR isolates, was converted to a codon for alanine in HR isolates. Based on these point mutations in the β-tubulin gene, allele-specific PCR assays were developed for rapid detection of benzimidazole-resistant isolates of M. fructicola from stone fruit.

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Cross-Resistance Among Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides With Brazilian Monilinia fructicola Isolates as a Foundation to Discuss Brown Rot Control in Stone Fruit

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-20-0714-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 2843-2850

Author(s):

Pamela Suellen Salvador Dutra ◽

Paulo S. F. Lichtemberg ◽

Maria Bernat Martinez ◽

Themis J. Michailides ◽

Louise Larissa May De Mio

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Lesion Size ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Monilinia Fructicola ◽

Wild Type ◽

Specific Test ◽

Allele Specific ◽

Fruit Orchards ◽

Demethylation Inhibitor

Despite the resistance problems in Monilinia fructicola, demethylation inhibitor fungicides (DMIs) are still effective for the disease management of brown rot in commercial stone fruit orchards in Brazil. This study aims to investigate the sensitivity of M. fructicola isolates and efficiency of DMIs to reduce brown rot. A set of 93 isolates collected from Brazilian commercial orchards were tested for their sensitivities to tebuconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, and myclobutanil. The isolates were analyzed separately according to the presence or absence of the G461S mutation in MfCYP51 gene, determined by allele-specific test. The mean EC50 values for G461S mutants and wild-type isolates were respectively 8.443 and 1.13 µg/ml for myclobutanil, 0.236 and 0.026 µg/ml for propiconazole, 0.115 and 0.002 µg/ml for prothioconazole, and 1.482 and 0.096 µg/ml for tebuconazole. The density distribution curves of DMI sensitivity for both genotypes showed that myclobutanil and prothioconazole curves were mostly shifted toward resistance and sensitivity, respectively. Incomplete cross-resistance was detected among propiconazole and tebuconazole in both wild-type (r = 0.45) and G461S (r = 0.38) populations. No cross-sensitivity was observed among wild-type isolates to prothioconazole and the others DMIs tested. Fungicide treatments on detached fruit inoculated with M. fructicola genotypes showed significant DMI efficacy differences when fruit were inoculated with wild-type and G461S isolates. Protective applications with prothioconazole were more effective for control of both G461S and wild-type isolates compared with tebuconazole. Curative applications with tebuconazole were most effective in reducing the incidence and lesion size of G461S isolates. Sporulation occurred only for G461S isolates treated with tebuconazole under curative and preventative treatments. The differences found among the performance of triazoles against M. fructicola isolates will form the basis for recommendations of rational DMI usage to control brown rot in Brazil.

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Environmentally-benign plant protection possibilities against domestic Monilinia spp. in organic apple and stone fruit orchards

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/17/3278 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 101-105

Author(s):

Imre Holb ◽

Zoltán Szabó ◽

Gábor Drén ◽

Sándor Thurzó ◽

József Racskó ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Protection ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Monilinia Laxa ◽

Monilinia Fructigena ◽

Environmental Friendly ◽

Cultivar Susceptibility ◽

Fruit Orchards ◽

Chemical Materials

In this study, possibilities of environmental-friendly plant protection against domestical brwon rot species were summarized for oecological pome and stone fruit orchards. Symtomps of the two most important brown rot species (Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey and Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey) were described and then cultivar susceptibility to brown rot was discussed. Furthermore, mechanical, agrotecnical, biological, and other control possibilities (stone powders, plant extracts and restricted chemical materials) were shown.

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Rapid Detection of Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa on Peach and Nectarine using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-19-0035-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (9) ◽

pp. 2305-2314 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sara Franco Ortega ◽

Maria del Pilar Bustos López ◽

Luca Nari ◽

Neil Boonham ◽

Maria Lodovica Gullino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Protection ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Monilinia Laxa ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽

Fruit Orchards ◽

Mediterranean Plant ◽

North And South America

Monilinia laxa and M. fructicola are two causal agents of brown rot, one of the most important diseases in stone fruit. Two species cause blight on blossoms and twigs and brown rot on fruit in pre- and postharvest. Both species are distributed worldwide in North and South America, Australia, and Japan. In Europe, M. laxa is endemic, while M. fructicola was introduced in 2001 and it is now widespread in several countries. Currently, both species coexist in European stone fruit orchards. Monilinia spp. overwinter in cankers and mummified fruit. Mummy monitoring during winter permits growers to understand which species of Monilinia will be prevalent in an orchard during the following season, permitting planning of an appropriate crop protection. Traditionally, the identification has been carried out using morphological features and even with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays that requires time and well-equipped laboratories. In this study, two isothermal-based methods were designed to identify these pathogens in a faster way than using traditional methods. The loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assays were validated on some isolates of Monilinia spp. coming from the mummy monitoring according to the international European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization standard (PM7/98), taking into account specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. The sensitivity of both assays was checked by monitoring (at different time points) two nectarine varieties artificially inoculated and stored at two different temperatures. The reliability of both LAMP assays against the quantification of the inoculum was compared with previously published quantitative PCR assays. Both LAMP methods were able to detect a low number of cells. These LAMP methods could be a useful tool for monitoring brown rot causal agents in the field and during postharvest.

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Significance of Thinned Fruit as a Source of the Secondary Inoculum of Monilinia fructicola in California Nectarine Orchards

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.5.519 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (5) ◽

pp. 519-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Chuanxue Hong ◽

Brent A. Holtz ◽

David P. Morgan ◽

Themis J. Michailides

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

San Joaquin Valley ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Monilinia Fructicola ◽

Inoculum Source ◽

Secondary Infections ◽

Fruit Orchards ◽

Semi Arid

The significance of thinned fruit as a source of secondary inoculum in the spread of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, under semi-arid weather conditions of the San Joaquin Valley in California, was investigated in seven nectarine orchards in 1995 and 1996. Between 6 and 60% (depending on the orchard) of thinned fruit showed sporulation by M. fructicola. Brown rot was significantly less severe at preharvest (five orchards) and postharvest (one orchard) on fruit harvested from trees in plots from which thinned fruit were completely removed than on those in plots from which thinned fruit were not removed. M. fructicola sporulated more frequently on thinned fruit placed into irrigation trenches than on those left on the dry berms in tree rows. The incidence of preharvest fruit brown rot increased exponentially as the density of thinned fruit increased on the orchard floor. These results suggest that thinned fruit left on the floor of nectarine orchards can be a significant inoculum source of secondary infections. Removal or destruction of thinned fruit should reduce brown rot in nectarine and possibly other stone fruit orchards under semi-arid California conditions.

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Possibilities of brown rot management in organic stone fruit production in Hungary

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/12/3/665 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

I. J. Holb

Keyword(s):

Plant Protection ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Elemental Sulphur ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Monilinia Laxa ◽

Monilinia Fructigena ◽

Lime Sulphur ◽

Cultivar Susceptibility ◽

Fruit Orchards

In this study, possibilities of environmentally-friendly plant protection against two brown rot species was summarized for organic stone fruit orchards. Symtomps of the two most important brown rot species (Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey and Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey) were described and then cultivar susceptibility to brown rot was discussed. Several sustainable plant protection methods were selected and discussed in details such as mechanical, agrotehcnical, biological, and other control possibilities (elemental sulphur, lime sulphur and copper).

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A Model for Temporal Dynamics of Brown Rot Spreading in Fruit Orchards

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-07-17-0250-r ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (5) ◽

pp. 595-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Daniele Bevacqua ◽

Bènèdicte Quilot-Turion ◽

Luca Bolzoni

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Fruit Growth ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Disease Development ◽

Harvest Time ◽

Host Fruit ◽

Fruit Orchards

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp., is a major disease of stone fruit and, in favorable environmental conditions and in the absence of fungicide treatments, it causes important economic losses. In the present work, we propose a modification of classical susceptible, exposed, infectious and removed compartmental models to grasp the peculiarities of the progression of brown rot epidemics in stone fruit orchards in the last stage of the fruit growth (i.e., from the end of the pit hardening to harvest time). Namely, we took into account (i) the lifespan of airborne spores; (ii) the dependence of the latent period on the cuticle crack surface area, which itself varies in time with fruit growth; (iii) the impossibility of recovery in infectious fruit; and (iv) the abrupt interruption of disease development by the elimination of the host fruit at harvest time. We parametrized the model by using field data from a peach Prunus persica orchard infected by Monilinia laxa and M. fructicola in Avignon (southern France). The basic reproduction number indicates that the environmental conditions met in the field were extremely favorable to disease development and the model closely fitted the temporal evolution of the fruit abundance in the different epidemiological compartments. The model permits us to highlight crucial mechanisms undergoing brown rot build up and to evaluate the consequences of different agricultural practices on the quantity and quality of the yield. We found that winter sanitation practices (which decrease the initial infection incidence) and the control of the fruit load (which affects the host fruit density and the single fruit growth trajectory) can be effective in controlling brown rot in conjunction with or in place of fungicide treatments.

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Lignocellulosic Waste Pretreatment Solely via Biocatalysis as a Partial Simultaneous Lignino-Holocellulolysis Process

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11060668 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 668

Author(s):

Justine Oma Angadam ◽

Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe ◽

Boredi Silas Chidi ◽

Jun Wei Lim ◽

Vincent Ifeanyi Okudoh

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Lignocellulosic Waste ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Hydrolysis Products ◽

Plant Exudates ◽

Rapid Industrialization ◽

Environmentally Friendly Approach

Human endeavors generate a significant quantity of bio-waste, even lignocellulosic waste, due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, and can cause pollution to aquatic ecosystems, and contribute to detrimental animal and human health because of the toxicity of consequent hydrolysis products. This paper contributes to a new understanding of the lignocellulosic waste bio-pretreatment process from a literature review, which can provide better biorefinery operational outcomes. The simultaneous partial biological lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose lysis, i.e., simultaneous semi-lignino-holocellulolysis, is aimed at suggesting that when ligninolysis ensues, holocellulolysis is simultaneously performed for milled lignocellulosic waste instead of having a sequential process of initial ligninolysis and subsequent holocellulolysis as is currently the norm. It is presumed that such a process can be solely performed by digestive enzyme cocktails from the monkey cups of species such as Nepenthes, white and brown rot fungi, and some plant exudates. From the literature review, it was evident that the pretreatment of milled lignocellulosic waste is largely incomplete, and ligninolysis including holocellulolysis ensues simultaneously when the waste is milled. It is further proposed that lignocellulosic waste pretreatment can be facilitated using an environmentally friendly approach solely using biological means. For such a process to be understood and applied on an industrial scale, an interdisciplinary approach using process engineering and microbiology techniques is required.

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Unraveling the natural durability of wood: revealing the impact of decay-influencing characteristics other than fungicidal components

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2020-0109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Liselotte De Ligne ◽

Jan Van den Bulcke ◽

Jan M. Baetens ◽

Bernard De Baets ◽

Gang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wood Species ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Natural Durability ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Material Characteristics ◽

The One ◽

Block Test ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe effect of fungicidal components in wood has been known for ages, yet there is no method to assess the impact of such components on the durability of a wood species, as compared to other material characteristics that influence decay. In this paper, the importance of fungicidal effects on the natural durability of 10 wood species is assessed in relation to other decay-influencing factors with a new test, the so-called ‘paste test’. By comparing results from this test with the ‘mini-block test’, on both heartwood and leached sapwood, insight is gained into the significance of fungicidal components on the one hand and other material characteristics on the other hand. The durability of species such as Prunus avium was attributed mainly to fungicidal components. For species such as Pterocarpus soyauxii, durability seemed to be an effect of both fungicidal components and moisture-regulating components, while the latter seemed to be of main importance in regulating the decay of Aucoumea klaineana and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Wood-anatomical features, such as the parenchyma content (in case of brown rot fungi) and the vessel-fiber ratio, possibly affect degradation as well. This work shows that fungicidal components are not always of major importance for the durability of a wood species. The authors hereby emphasize the importance of moisture-regulating components and wood anatomy on the durability of wood.

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Deciphering the Monilinia fructicola Genome to Discover Effector Genes Possibly Involved in Virulence

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12040568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 568

Author(s):

Laura Vilanova ◽

Claudio A. Valero-Jiménez ◽

Jan A.L. van Kan

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Effector Proteins ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Sequencing Technology ◽

Pathogen Virulence ◽

Effector Genes ◽

Gene Models ◽

High Quality Genome

Brown rot is the most economically important fungal disease of stone fruits and is primarily caused by Monilinia laxa and Monlinia fructicola. Both species co-occur in European orchards although M. fructicola is considered to cause the most severe yield losses in stone fruit. This study aimed to generate a high-quality genome of M. fructicola and to exploit it to identify genes that may contribute to pathogen virulence. PacBio sequencing technology was used to assemble the genome of M. fructicola. Manual structural curation of gene models, supported by RNA-Seq, and functional annotation of the proteome yielded 10,086 trustworthy gene models. The genome was examined for the presence of genes that encode secreted proteins and more specifically effector proteins. A set of 134 putative effectors was defined. Several effector genes were cloned into Agrobacterium tumefaciens for transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, and some of them triggered necrotic lesions. Studying effectors and their biological properties will help to better understand the interaction between M. fructicola and its stone fruit host plants.

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