scholarly journals Welfare Resilience at the Onset of the COVID‐19 Pandemic in a Selection of European Countries: Impact on Public Finance and Household Incomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Cantó ◽  
Francesco Figari ◽  
Carlo V. Fiorio ◽  
Sarah Kuypers ◽  
Sarah Marchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Evolution of Public Finance in Selected Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-184
Author(s):  
Richard Bartes
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Background Context

This contribution deals with the evolution of public finance in two selected European countries. France and Germany were selected as countries to compare their evolution of public finance. The reason why the two countries were chosen is their general proximity to each other in many respects. From a professional point of view, i.e. from the point of view of the discipline of public finance, however, these are countries with different concepts of public finance disciplines. The contribution presents the historical background, context and consequences of this evolution. The relevant public finance evolution is divided into several historical stages in each country. The contribution focuses on each stage separately and points out solutions and effect of each stage. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the evolution of the public finance discipline was different in each of the selected countries. The scientific methods used in the article are analysis and synthesis, description and comparative methods.

scholarly journals The Inspiration of European Countries’ Rural Value Orientation to China’s Rural Revitalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Yong-Sheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Rural Construction ◽  
Selection Of

The economy of European countries developed rapidly after the Western Industrial Revolution, and the rural areas of European countries also experienced long-term failure and depression. In the process of urbanization construction, the rural construction also faced many problems. In particular, after the urbanization rate exceeded 50%, European countries took targeted measures to revitalize rural areas in response to many problems in rural development, promoting the development process of urban-rural integration. Especially in Europe in the value orientation in the process of rural construction, there are many worth learning and using for reference of experience, in this paper, the European countries value index selection of rural construction, and implementation of rural construction scheme under this value orientation [1] research summary, draw lessons from the mature experience of the European countries rural construction, combined with China’s national conditions related to rural revitalization of advice are put forward.

Air pollution and public finance: evidence for European countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1398-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carratù ◽  
Bruno Chiarini ◽  
Antonella D’Agostino ◽  
Elisabetta Marzano ◽  
Andrea Regoli
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a statistically significant relationship exists between environmental quality, as measured by consumption-related air pollution, and public debt in Europe. In addition, since the debt burden is one of the most important indicators of fiscal soundness within the European Union (EU) Treaty and the subsequent fiscal compact, the authors propose a simple test to determine whether participation in EU Treaties has shaped the empirical relationship between fiscal policy/public debt and environmental performance. Design/methodology/approach To this end, the authors built a panel data set that covers 24 European countries over the period 1996–2015. Findings The aspect that the authors want to underline is a possible trade off, which is confirmed in the empirical analysis, between the public finance equilibrium and the maintenance of a public good such as air quality. However, there are important non-linearities that shape the interaction between public debt and environmental pollution. Similarly, threshold effects arise when the authors examine the interaction between EU regulation and public debt and when the authors separately examine high debt and low debt countries. When the authors account for the stabilization rules introduced by EU Treaties, a negative effect on pollution is evident; in this way, fiscal consolidation limits the positive effect of fiscal policy. Practical implications The results point out the existence of a potential trade-off between the role of EU as a regulator aiming to mitigate environmental pollution, and its role within the Stability and Growth Pact. The analysis highlights that fiscal consolidation policies, while facilitating the achievement of macroeconomic stability within EU, might have a negative side effect on the environment quality, which spreads beyond the borders of one single country. Originality/value While a number of studies have suggested that fiscal spending might contribute to the level of pollution in European countries, there is scant evidence of the effect of public debt on environmental performance. This lack of scientific knowledge is a serious shortcoming, since it may allow for an underrepresentation of the wide-ranging consequences of stabilization programmes targeting the debt-to-GDP ratio, which could affect environmental quality.

scholarly journals Features Of Islamic State And Politics

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Inam Ullah Wattoo
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Pluralistic Society ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Politics And Religion ◽  
Great Evidence ◽  
Selection Of

Islam is a universal religion and final version of past divine religions. It provides guidance in every sphere of human life. It is the duty of religion to establish a peaceful existence in society. Now a days western and European countries (under modern and western political system) are facing a serious issue of pluralism. They are trying their best to solve it but all in vain. Islam presents a unique political system which is the only solution of such problems. Islamic political system provides peaceful co-existence for pluralistic society. Examples of the period of pious Caliphs is a great evidence in this concern. There are three types of Islamic government, namely Immamat, Immarat, and Khalafat. Furthermore there are three types of Khilafat; general, individual and national Caliphate. Islam provides very clear instructions for the selection of a caliph. Head of Islamic state should be a Muslim. According to Sharia, firm belief on the oneness of Allah and finality of Prophethood in the Prophecy of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) are basic conditions for being a Caliph in an Islamic state. In this political system Allah is the only sovereign of the state. It is the duty of all Muslims to obey Allah, his apostle and ruler of the time. All the matters of the state are discussed in Majlas e Shura. Ruler of the state is answerable before his subjects and Allah almighty. In Islam, politics and religion are not different departments. This article deals with the functions and feature of the Islamic state.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Traffic Conflicts as a Tool for Sustainable Road Transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7198
Author(s):  
Vladislav Krivda ◽  
Jan Petru ◽  
David Macha ◽  
Kristyna Plocova ◽  
David Fibich
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Road User ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents an approach to partially solving an issue within the scope of sustainable road transport, specifically the issue of potential accidents, i.e., traffic conflicts. First, a method is introduced for the analysis of traffic conflicts using video equipment. The attention is focused on traffic conflicts that occur at turbo-roundabouts. Given the diversity of causes of traffic conflicts, the emphasis is placed on the correct identification of the cause, i.e., whether the conflict is caused only by the negligence of the road user, or whether the conflict is more or less influenced by an inappropriately designed turbo-roundabout or one or more of its specific building elements (e.g., unsuitable corner radius). The next part of the article presents a selection of results that were obtained from analyses performed at about 100 turbo-roundabouts in nine European countries. Illustrative diagrams show the courses of the emergence of traffic conflicts, the causes of which are then described in detail. The conclusions from these analyses confirm the main hypothesis that the evaluation of traffic conflicts should be an essential part of designing roads, in order to increase traffic safety and, importantly, contribute to sustainable transport.

USO DO FÓRCEPS: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Leonardo de Oliveira Machado ◽  
Mamud Said Neto
Keyword(s):  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Vacuum Extraction ◽  
Cesarean Deliveries ◽  
Operative Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Obstetric Forceps ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

RESUMO Introdução A família Chamberlen inventou o fórceps obstétrico nos anos 1600 e, desde então, tem havido várias centenas de versões. Atualmente, os dois tipos mais usados no Reino Unido são Neville Barnes '(NBF) e o fórceps de Wrigley (WF). Metodologia Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases Science Direct, Pub Med e Google Scholar para publicações recentes sobre o uso do fórceps utilizando a palavra chave: forceps use. A seleção de estudos potenciais a serem incluídos foi feita revisando os títulos, resumos e data de publicação, sendo selecionados apenas artigos em inglês. Finalmente, foram incluídos para a revisão 21 artigos. Não houve seleção com base na metodologia do estudo, de modo que foram incluídos vários tipos de artigos. Resultados A taxa de partos instrumentais está diminuindo, particularmente o uso de fórceps, que está mais ou menos fora de prática em alguns países europeus como a Romênia. As taxas de parto vaginal instrumental variam amplamente, de 0,5% na Romênia a 16,4% na Irlanda, com um valor mediano de 7,5% na Europa. Conclusão Há mais partos a vácuo sendo realizadas na Europa e em outros países pelos obstetras. No entanto, muitos obstetras preferem usar dispositivos de extração a vácuo do que fórceps, ou realizar cesarianas em vez de partos vaginais operatórios em geral, com medo de litígio, e a crença de que essas são opções mais seguras.   Palavras-chave: fórceps obstétrico, partos instrumentais, uso de fórceps. ABSTRACT Introduction The Chamberlen family invented obstetric forceps in the 1600s, and since then there have been several hundred versions. Currently, the two most commonly used types in the UK are Neville Barnes' (NBF) and Wrigley Forceps (WF). Methodology A search was made at the bases Science Direct, Pub Med and Google Scholar for recent publications on the use of forceps using the keyword: forceps use. The selection of potential studies to be included was done by reviewing the titles, abstracts and date of publication, selecting only articles in English. Finally, 21 articles were included for the review. There was no selection based on the study methodology, so several types of articles were included. Results The rate of instrumental deliveries is declining, particularly the use of forceps, which is more or less out of practice in some European countries such as Romania. Rates of instrumental vaginal delivery vary widely, from 0.5% in Romania to 16.4% in Ireland, with a median value of 7.5% in Europe. Conclusion There are more vacuum deliveries being performed in Europe and in other countries by obstetricians. However, many obstetricians prefer to use vacuum extraction devices than forceps, or perform cesarean deliveries instead of operative vaginal delivery in general, with fear of litigation, and the belief that these are safer options. Keywords: obstetric forceps, instrumental deliveries, forceps use.

Erwerbsverläufe von Paaren und Armutsrisiken in der Nacherwerbsphase in Europa

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 645-666
Author(s):  
Andreas Weiland ◽  
Katja Möhring
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Later Life ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
Household Incomes

Zusammenfassung Unser Beitrag analysiert Erwerbsverläufe von Paaren in 23 europäischen Ländern und geht der Frage nach, in welchen Zusammenhang Paarlebensläufe mit dem Risiko von späterer Altersarmut stehen. Dazu verwenden wir im ersten Schritt die Lebenslaufdaten des Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) für eine Multichannel-Sequenzmusteranalyse von n=8741 Paaren. Auf Grundlage dieser Analyse identifizieren wir acht Typen von Paar­lebensläufen, die ein Spektrum von Konstellationen des männlichen Hauptverdieners (Male Breadwinner) bis hin zu Doppelverdienern (Dual Earner) abdecken sowie Paare mit atypischen Verläufen beinhalten. Im zweiten Schritt berechnen wir für diese Typen von Paarlebensläufen relative Armutsrisiko­quoten basierend auf dem bedarfsgewichteten, kaufkraftstandardisierten Haushaltseinkommen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Armutsrisiken sich vor allem auf selbstständige Paare und Haushalte mit einem männlichen Hauptverdiener konzentrieren. Abstract: Couples’ Employment Biographies and Poverty Risks in Later Life In this article, we analyze the association between couples’ employment bio­graphies and poverty risk in later life across 23 European countries. In a first step, we apply Multichannel Sequence Analysis to couples’ retrospective life-course data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (n=8741 couples). Here, we identify eight distinct clusters of couples’ employment biographies, covering Male Breadwinner and Dual Earner constellations, as well as atypical trajectories. Subsequently, we assess clusters’ respective risk of poverty based on the purchasing power parity adjusted household incomes. Poverty risks are especially associated with self-employed couples, as well as households relying predominantly on a Male Breadwinner.

European Criteria Document for Evaluation of the Work-Relatedness of Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (30) ◽  
pp. 5-445-5-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith K. Sluiter ◽  
Kathleen M. Rest ◽  
Monique H.W. Frings-Dresen
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Systematic Literature Search ◽  
Work Related ◽  
European Consensus ◽  
Work Factors ◽  
Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Selection Of

A European consensus criteria document for diagnosing Work-Related Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRUEMSDs) was developed with the main purpose being prevention. The project was guided by a selection of European experts on the field of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and work factors and based on a systematic literature search. The criteria were discussed in a consensus workshop attended by participants of 14 European countries.

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