A case–case study comparing the individual risk factors and symptomatology of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium in Ontario in 2015, following implementation of the Ontario Investigation Tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-495
Author(s):  
Katherine Paphitis ◽  
David L. Pearl ◽  
Olaf Berke ◽  
Scott A. McEwen ◽  
Lise Trotz‐Williams
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

Risk Factor Analysis for Injuries in Football Players

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Dvorak ◽  
Astrid Junge ◽  
Jiri Chomiak ◽  
Toni Graf-Baumann ◽  
Lars Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Psychosocial Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Findings ◽  
Baseline Examination

Review of the literature shows that information concerning risk factors for football injuries is incomplete and partly contradictory. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of medical history, physical findings, football skills, and football performance, as well as psychosocial characteristics on the occurrence and severity of football injuries. The prospective outline of the study was as follows: after a baseline examination was performed to ascertain possible predictors of injury, all players were followed up weekly for 1 year to register subsequent injuries and complaints. Two hundred sixty-four of 398 players (67%) had complete weekly follow-ups over 1 year. A majority of the players ( N = 216; 82%) were injured during the observation period. In comparing injured and uninjured players, several differences were observed. To create a multidimensional predictor score for football injuries, 17 risk factors were selected. These risk factors covered a wide spectrum, such as previous injuries, acute complaints, inadequate rehabilitation, poor health awareness, high life-event stress, playing characteristics, poor reaction time, poor endurance, and insufficient preparation for games. By summing up the individual risk factors, a predictive sum was calculated for each player. The more risk factors present at the baseline examination, the higher the probability of that player incurring an injury in the ensuing year. Using two risk factors as the cut-off score, more than 80% of the players were correctly classified as to whether they went on to incur an injury. Based on these findings, knowledge from the literature, and practical experience, possibilities for a prevention program are suggested.

Abstract P346: Modeling Novel Biomarkers with Individual Risk Factors and an “Improved” Bayes Approach are Preferred Strategies for Assessing Predictive Utility of Biomarkers

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Xanthakis ◽  
Michael J Pencina ◽  
Lisa M Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Composite Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
Standard Risk ◽  
Prior Risk ◽  
Bayes Approach

Given the rapid growth of new prognostic biomarkers, it is critical to assess their incremental utility for risk prediction while considering standard risk factors. This assessment may be influenced by the approach used to model new biomarkers. We hypothesized that the performance of a putative biomarker is best assessed by adding it to a model that includes standard risk factors as individual variables, as compared to adding it to a composite risk score (based on standard risk factors) estimated from the current study or to a composite risk score from a published study. We also compared 3 approaches of adjusting the prior absolute risk of an event using the information from a new biomarker, when data regarding prior risk are limited, hypothesizing that conditioning the biomarker residuals on prior risk (Improved Bayes approach) or adjusting the intercept of a model that includes the prior risk estimate are superior to the Naïve Bayes approach. Incremental performance was evaluated by comparing measures of improvement in discrimination. Using 1000 simulated datasets, similar incremental performance was observed when a putative biomarker was added to a model with the individual risk factors as compared to adding it to a model with a risk score estimated from the current study. Including a biomarker in a model with a published risk score resulted in an overestimation of its contribution ( Table ).These findings were supported by Framingham Heart Study data predicting incident atrial fibrillation using CRP and BNP.The Improved Bayes approach was a better strategy for updating the prior risk estimate as compared to the Naïve Bayes approach, using information from a new biomarker (Table). Our theoretical and empirical results identified that adding a new biomarker into a multivariable prediction model that includes the individual risk factors is the preferred strategy for assessing the incremental yield of a novel biomarker, and using the Naive Bayes approach (when information on the prior absolute risk of an event is scarce) is suboptimal.

scholarly journals Association of antecedent cardiovascular risk factor levels and trajectories with cardiovascular magnetic resonance-derived cardiac function and structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Lorbeer ◽  
Susanne Rospleszcz ◽  
Christopher L. Schlett ◽  
Sophia D. Rado ◽  
Barbara Thorand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Abstract Background The association of longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)-measures of cardiac structure and function in the community is not well known. Therefore we aimed to relate risk factor levels from different examination cycles to CMR-measures of the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle in a population-based cohort. Methods We assessed conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors in 349 participants (143 women; aged 25–59 years) at three examination cycles (Exam 1 [baseline], at Exam 2 [7-years follow-up] and at Exam 3 [14-years follow-up]) of the KORA S4 cohort and related single-point measurements of individual risk factors and longitudinal trajectories of these risk factors to various CMR-measures obtained at Exam 3. Results High levels of diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and LDL-cholesterol at the individual exams were associated with worse cardiac function and structure. Trajectory clusters representing higher levels of the individual risk factors were associated with worse cardiac function and structure compared to low risk trajectory clusters of individual risk factors. Multivariable (combining different risk factors) trajectory clusters were associated with different cardiac parameters in a graded fashion (e.g. decrease of LV stroke volume for middle risk cluster β = − 4.91 ml/m2, 95% CI − 7.89; − 1.94, p < 0.01 and high risk cluster β = − 7.00 ml/m2, 95% CI − 10.73; − 3.28, p < 0.001 compared to the low risk cluster). The multivariable longitudinal trajectory clusters added significantly to explain variation in CMR traits beyond the multivariable risk profile obtained at Exam 3. Conclusions Cardiovascular disease risk factor levels, measured over a time period of 14 years, were associated with CMR-derived measures of cardiac structure and function. Longitudinal multivariable trajectory clusters explained a greater proportion of the inter-individual variation in cardiac traits than multiple risk factor assessed contemporaneous with the CMR exam.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF NEET (NOT IN EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION OR TRAINING) ON THE POLISH LABOUR MARKET

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Rak
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Job Seeking ◽  
Employment Education ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
The Eu

The principal purpose of the study is to identify the individual risk factors of young people becoming the NEET generation on the Polish labour market. The first part of the paper comprises a literature-based overview of definitions of the NEET category based and a presentation of the risk factors of young people becoming NEET. The second part presents the results of empirical analyses conducted employing a questionnaire on a group of 120 individuals, aged 15 through 30, who met all criteria of the NEET definition set forth by the Employment Committee of the EU. The research demonstrates that among the major determinants of young people becoming NEET are financial hardship of their households, low motivation to continue formal education or change professional qualifications, and low level of job-seeking activity.

scholarly journals Molecular Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Implication for Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne AP
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Foam Cell ◽  
Plaque Rupture ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Foam Cell Formation ◽  
Initiation Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

A growing body of evidence supports the role of infl ammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, the supposed initiation factors of atherogenesis are infection and change in shear stress on certain location, leading to attachment of LDL and subsequent oxidation. The pathway activated are the NFkB and TGFβ leading to endothelial dysfunction and production of infl ammatory cytokines and adhesion factors followed by recruitment of infl ammatory cells to the site, oxLDL internalization and foam cell formation in the fatty streak that later develop into atherosclerotic plaque. Further, p53signaling causes apoptosis leading to plaque rupture, platelet activation and aggregation ending in clinical manifestations. Moreover, numerous individual risk factors might aggravate the condition, and the progress might take decades depending on the balance of pro and anti atherogenic factors. Therefore, management of atherosclerosis addressing the individual risk factors using drugs with various properties coping with the molecular basis especially infl ammation is beneficial.

scholarly journals Exploration of the risk factors contained within the UK’s existing domestic abuse risk assessment tool (DASH): do these risk factors have individual predictive validity regarding recidivism?

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Almond ◽  
Michelle McManus ◽  
David Brian ◽  
Daniel Peter Merrington
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Criminal History ◽  
Risk Assessment Tool ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore risk factors contained in the existing UK domestic abuse (DA) risk assessment tool: domestic abuse, stalking and harassment and honour-based violence (DASH) for individual predictive validity of DA recidivism using data from Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. Design/methodology/approach In total, 1,441 DA perpetrators were monitored over a 12-month period, and 270 (18.7 per cent) went on to commit a further DA offence. The individual risk factors which were associated and predictive of increased risk of recidivism were identified. Findings Only four of the individual risk factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of DA recidivism: “criminal history”, “problems with alcohol”, “separation” and “frightened”. Therefore, 21 of the risk factor items analysed could not discriminate between non-recidivist and recidivist perpetrators. Only two risk factors were able to significantly predict the recidivist group when compared to the non-recidivist group. These were identified as “criminal history” and “separated”. Of those who did commit a further DA offence in the following 12 months, 133 were violent and 137 were non-violent. The risk factors associated with these types of recidivism are identified. Practical implications The implications for UK police practice and the DASH risk assessment tool are discussed. By identifying key individual factors that can prioritise those individuals likely to recidivate and the severity of that recidivism, this could assist police decision making regarding the response and further prevention of DA incidents. The validation of association between individual factors and DA recidivism should improve the accuracy of risk levels. Originality/value This is the first large-scale validation of the individual risk factors contained within the UK’s DA risk assessment tool. It should be noted that the validity of the DASH tool itself was not examined within the current study.

A Model for Analyzing Suicide Prevention

Crisis ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maila Upanne
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Prevention Project ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

This study monitored the evolution of psychologists' (n = 31) conceptions of suicide prevention over the 9-year course of the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland and assessed the feasibility of the theoretical model for analyzing suicide prevention developed in earlier studies [ Upanne, 1999a , b ]. The study was formulated as a retrospective self-assessment where participants compared their earlier descriptions of suicide prevention with their current views. The changes in conceptions were analyzed and interpreted using both the model and the explanations given by the subjects themselves. The analysis proved the model to be a useful framework for revealing the essential features of prevention. The results showed that the freely-formulated ideas on prevention were more comprehensive than those evolved in practical work. Compared to the earlier findings, the conceptions among the group had shifted toward emphasizing a curative approach and the significance of individual risk factors. In particular, greater priority was focused on the acute suicide risk phase as a preventive target. Nonetheless, the overall structure of prevention ideology remained comprehensive and multifactorial, stressing multistage influencing. Promotive aims (protective factors) also remained part of the prevention paradigm. Practical working experiences enhanced the psychologists' sense of the difficulties of suicide prevention as well as their criticism and feeling of powerlessness.

Individual risk factors of metabolic syndrome in adult patients with GH deficiency: a cross-sectional case-control study

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivayla Uzunova ◽  
Georgi Kirilov ◽  
Sabina Zacharieva ◽  
Alexander Shinkov ◽  
Anna-Maria Borissova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Gh Deficiency ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Scottish South Asian and Caucasian Youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4667
Author(s):  
Meizi Wang ◽  
Jianhua Ying ◽  
Ukadike Chris Ugbolue ◽  
Duncan S. Buchan ◽  
Yaodong Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Asian Adolescents ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

(1) Background: Scotland has one of the highest rates of obesity in the Western World, it is well established that poor weight profiles, and particularly abdominal obesity, is strongly associated with Type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Whether these associations are apparent in ethnic population groups in Scotland is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between different measures of fatness with clustered cardio metabolic risk factors between Scottish South Asian adolescents and Scottish Caucasian adolescents; (2) Methods: A sample of 208 Caucasian adolescents and 52 South Asian adolescents participated in this study. Stature, waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk were measured; (3) Results: Significant, partial correlations in the South Asian cohort between body mass index (BMI) and individual risk factors were generally moderate. However, correlations between Waist circumference (WC) and individual risk factors were significant and strong. In the Caucasian cohort, a significant yet weak correlation between WC and total cholesterol (TG) was noted although no other associations were evident for either WC or BMI. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both BMI and WC were positively associated with CCR (p < 0.01) in the South Asian group and with the additional adjustment of either WC or BMI, the independent associations with clustered cardio-metabolic risk (CCR) remained significant (p < 0.005); (4) Conclusions: No positive relationships were found between BMI, WC, and CCR in the Caucasian group. Strong and significant associations between measures of fatness and metabolic risk were evident in Scottish South Asian adolescents.

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