Premilinary Results: Heterogeneous Reaction of Epoxidation Palm Kernal Oil

The epoxidized vegetables oils can be used a raw material for a broad range of products, from pharmaceutical and plastics to paint and adhesives. Epoxidation of oleic acid was carried out by using hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen donor and formic acid as an oxygen carrier in the presence of sulphuric acid act as catalyst. The crude oleic acid contained 75% oleic acid, 12.2% linoleic acid, 6.5% palmitic acid and 7.5% stearic acid, and had an iodine value of 98.99 g/100 g. The epoxidation of oleic acid with almost complete conversion of unsaturated carbon and negligible oxirane cleavage can be obtained by the in situ techniques. An analytical approach for the prediction of the partition coefficient for formic acid between oleic acid and water, dependent on temperature and composition, has been proposed.

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Kinetika epoksidirane oleinske kiseline dobivene iz palmina ulja in situ proizvedenom permravljom kiselinom

Kemija u industriji ◽

10.15255/kui.2018.039 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (5-6) ◽

pp. 181-187

Author(s):

Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽

Abdul Hadi ◽

Norhashimah Mora ◽

Siu Hua Chang ◽

Aliff Farhan Mohd Yamin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oxygen Carrier ◽

Catalytic Amount ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Performic Acid ◽

Oxygen Donor ◽

Wide Range

Epoxidized palm oleic acid is often regarded as a highly valuable oleochemical due to its wide range of industrial applications, including cosmetics, personal care, and pharmaceutical products. In this study, oleic acid derived from palm oil with iodine value of 98.99 g/100 g, containing 75 % of oleic acid, 12 % of linoleic acid, 6.5 % of palmitic acid, and 6.5 % of stearic acid was epoxidised by in situ generated performic acid with hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor and formic acid as active oxygen carrier in the presence of catalytic amount of inorganic acid. The rate constant for epoxidation of oleic acid was found to be 1.133 ∙ 10–3 mol–1 s–1 and activation energy was 91.12 kJ mol–1 at temperature of 75 °C. In addition, thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of activation were 88.2 kJ mol–1, −67.90 J mol–1 K–1, and 88.36 kJ mol–1, respectively. Relative conversion data showed that it was possible to develop epoxides from locally available, natural, renewable resources such as palm oil.

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Optimization on Epoxidation of Palm Olein by Using Performic Acid

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2010/384948 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1440-1448 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Darfizzi Derawi ◽

Jumat Salimon

Keyword(s):

Palm Olein ◽

Oxygen Carrier ◽

Oxirane Oxygen ◽

Performic Acid ◽

H Nmr ◽

Oxygen Donor ◽

Infra Red ◽

Stirring Effect ◽

C Nmr

The epoxidation process of palm olein (POo) was carried out by usingin situgenerated performic acid (HCOOOH) to produce epoxidized palm olein (EPO). HCOOOH was produced by mixing of formic acid (HCOOH) as oxygen carrier and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxygen donor in various ratio of POo: HCOOH: H2O2. The effect of HCOOH and H2O2concentration, temperature, stirring effect and reaction time were studied. The presence of oxirane ring of EPO was characterised by fourier transformation infra-red (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR and (13C-NMR) spectra. The results showed that an optimum oxirane oxygen content (OOC) value was obtained by using mol ratio of 1: 5: 2 at 150 minutes.

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Fabrication Technologies and Applications of Graphene-based co-polymeric Nano-composites: its challenges and Future works

Nanoscience &Nanotechnology-Asia ◽

10.2174/2210681209666191204111725 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 09 ◽

Author(s):

Pratik Chhapia ◽

Harshad Patel

Keyword(s):

Review Paper ◽

Polymeric Coating ◽

Nano Composites ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Electrical And Optical Properties ◽

In Situ Techniques ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Ink Jet ◽

Enhanced Conductivity

: Graphene based co-polymeric Nano-composites explored and trending in various applications as ascribing to its enhanced conductivity and controlled modification with wide specific surface areas. With the number of advantages of co-polymeric coating on Graphene or Graphene sheets and their derivatives, Graphene based co-polymeric Nano-composites fabricated by various techniques (deposition, ink jet, electro spinning, spin coating, in-situ techniques, etc.) and different conducting co-polymers show its exceptional chemical, mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Therefore, in the today’s world with greater quantities of various properties of co-polymer with Graphene based Nano-composites with enhanced stability, selectivity and sensitivity have been formed. In this review paper, we have particularly focused on recent advancing in fabrication of different technologies with the help of Graphene based co-polymeric Nano-composites and its various trending and future applications. Finally, on the personal standpoint; the key challenges of Graphene based co-polymeric Nano-composites are mentioned in hope to shed a light on their potential future prospects.

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Seawater Absorption and Adhesion Properties of Hydrophobic and Superhydrophobic Thermoset Epoxy Nanocomposite Coatings

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11020272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 272

Author(s):

Ayman M. Atta ◽

Mohamed H. El-Newehy ◽

Meera Moydeen Abdulhameed ◽

Mohamed H. Wahby ◽

Ahmed I. Hashem

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Salt Spray ◽

Adhesion Properties ◽

In Situ Modification ◽

Long Time ◽

Seawater Environment ◽

Thermoset Epoxy ◽

The Cost

The enhancement of both thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy materials using nanomaterials becomes a target in coating of the steel to protect it from aggressive environmental conditions for a long time, with reducing the cost. In this respect, the adhesion properties of the epoxy with the steel surfaces, and its proper superhyrophobicity to repel the seawater humidity, can be optimized via addition of green nanoparticles (NPs). In-situ modification of silver (Ag) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) NPs with oleic acid (OA) was carried out during the formation of Ag−OA and CaCO3−OA, respectively. The epoxide oleic acid (EOA) was also used as capping for Ca−O3 NPs by in-situ method and epoxidation of Ag−OA NPs, too. The morphology, thermal stability, and the diameters of NPs, as well as their dispersion in organic solvent, were investigated. The effects of the prepared NPs on the exothermic curing of the epoxy resins in the presence of polyamines, flexibility or rigidity of epoxy coatings, wettability, and coatings durability in aggressive seawater environment were studied. The obtained results confirmed that the proper superhyrophobicity, coating adhesion, and thermal stability of the epoxy were improved after exposure to salt spray fog for 2000 h at 36 °C.

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Understanding Selectivity in CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol for MoP Nanoparticle Catalysts Using In Situ Techniques

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11010143 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 143

Author(s):

Melis S. Duyar ◽

Alessandro Gallo ◽

Samuel K. Regli ◽

Jonathan L. Snider ◽

Joseph A. Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Formation Rate ◽

Methanol Conversion ◽

Transition Metal Catalysts ◽

Colloidal Synthesis ◽

X Ray ◽

In Situ Techniques ◽

Methanol Formation ◽

Diffuse Reflectance Infrared ◽

Formate Intermediate

Molybdenum phosphide (MoP) catalyzes the hydrogenation of CO, CO2, and their mixtures to methanol, and it is investigated as a high-activity catalyst that overcomes deactivation issues (e.g., formate poisoning) faced by conventional transition metal catalysts. MoP as a new catalyst for hydrogenating CO2 to methanol is particularly appealing for the use of CO2 as chemical feedstock. Herein, we use a colloidal synthesis technique that connects the presence of MoP to the formation of methanol from CO2, regardless of the support being used. By conducting a systematic support study, we see that zirconia (ZrO2) has the striking ability to shift the selectivity towards methanol by increasing the rate of methanol conversion by two orders of magnitude compared to other supports, at a CO2 conversion of 1.4% and methanol selectivity of 55.4%. In situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and in situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD) indicate that under reaction conditions the catalyst is pure MoP in a partially crystalline phase. Results from Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy coupled with Temperature Programmed Surface Reaction (DRIFTS-TPSR) point towards a highly reactive monodentate formate intermediate stabilized by the strong interaction of MoP and ZrO2. This study definitively shows that the presence of a MoP phase leads to methanol formation from CO2, regardless of support and that the formate intermediate on MoP governs methanol formation rate.

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In-situ synthesis of Fe2O3/rGO using different hydrothermal methods as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE ◽

10.1515/rams-2020-0046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 477-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhuang Liu ◽

Haiyang Fu ◽

Bo Gao ◽

Yixuan Wang ◽

Kui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Reduced Graphene Oxide ◽

Anode Materials ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

In Situ Synthesis ◽

Cycle Performance ◽

Reduced Graphene

AbstractThis paper studies in-situ synthesis of Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) anode materials by different hydrothermal process.Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis has found that different processes can control the morphology of graphene and Fe2O3. The morphologies of Fe2O3 prepared by the hydrothermal in-situ and oleic acid-assisted hydrothermal in-situ methods are mainly composed of fine spheres, while PVP assists The thermal in-situ law presents porous ellipsoids. Graphene exhibits typical folds and small lumps. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis results show that Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is generated in different ways. Also, the material has good crystallinity, and the crystal form of the iron oxide has not been changed after adding GO. It has been reduced, and a characteristic peak appears around 25°, indicating that a large amount of reduced graphene exists. The results of the electrochemical performance tests have found that the active materials prepared in different processes have different effects on the cycle performance of lithium ion batteries. By comprehensive comparison for these three processes, the electro-chemical performance of the Fe2O3/rGO prepared by the oleic acid-assisted hydrothermal method is best.

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Selected In Situ Hybridization Methods: Principles and Application

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26133874 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (13) ◽

pp. 3874

Author(s):

Dominika Veselinyová ◽

Jana Mašlanková ◽

Katarina Kalinová ◽

Helena Mičková ◽

Mária Mareková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Situ Hybridization ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Probe Design ◽

Rapid Progress ◽

In Situ Techniques ◽

Different Types ◽

Laboratory Procedures ◽

The Individual

We are experiencing rapid progress in all types of imaging techniques used in the detection of various numbers and types of mutation. In situ hybridization (ISH) is the primary technique for the discovery of mutation agents, which are presented in a variety of cells. The ability of DNA to complementary bind is one of the main principles in every method used in ISH. From the first use of in situ techniques, scientists paid attention to the improvement of the probe design and detection, to enhance the fluorescent signal intensity and inhibition of cross-hybrid presence. This article discusses the individual types and modifications, and is focused on explaining the principles and limitations of ISH division on different types of probes. The article describes a design of probes for individual types of in situ hybridization (ISH), as well as the gradual combination of several laboratory procedures to achieve the highest possible sensitivity and to prevent undesirable events accompanying hybridization. The article also informs about applications of the methodology, in practice and in research, to detect cell to cell communication and principles of gene silencing, process of oncogenesis, and many other unknown processes taking place in organisms at the DNA/RNA level.

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