scholarly journals Concentrations of Magnesium, Calcium and Potassium in Drinking Water; A Comparison between Tap Water and Bore Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Wang Jing Ling ◽  
Siti Marwanis Anua ◽  
Nurzafirah Mazlan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
The Difference

Minerals content in drinking water are essential for human health. Hence, this cross sectional study aims to determine the concentration of minerals in tap water and bore water consumed among staffs and students of School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus. Utilising convenience sampling method, 32 respondents were recruited into this study who agreed for home visit and completed the questionnaires. Based on availability of water samples at home (raw, boiled and filtered), 22 tap water and 10 bore water were collected into 200 ml sampling bottle, in triplicate. Concentration of minerals (magnesium, calcium and potassium) in water samples were analysed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). There was higher concentration of magnesium, calcium and potassium in tap water compared to bore water but the difference was statistically significance for calcium only (p=0.007). No significant differences were found in all minerals for both tap water and bore water after filtration or boiling. Concentration of minerals from filtered water samples was found to be higher in galvanised steel pipes compared to polyvinyl chloride. In conclusion, water samples provided by respondents were safe for drinking and cooking as the mineral contents for consumption are below the maximum value of Drinking Water Quality Standard.

ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING TAP WATER IN KHANTY-MANSIYSK AND SALEKHARD

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-167
Author(s):  
V.V. Lapenko ◽  
L.N. Bikbulatova ◽  
E.M. Ternikova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Geochemical Environment

Water is very important for humans, as it is a solvent for metabolic products. Moreover, it is necessary for metabolism, biochemical and transport processes. The elemental status in persons depends on the geochemical environment and consumption of bioelements with food and water. The aim of the paper is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of chemical composition of drinking tap water in Khanty-Mansiysk and Salekhard. Materials and Methods. The chemical composition of 100 samples of drinking tap water was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis. All in all, there were 50 samples from Khanty-Mansiysk and 50 samples from Salekhard. The results were compared with Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.1.4.1074-01. Results. Drinking tap water in Salekhard contains a significantly higher concentration of iron, which is much above the maximum allowable concentration, if compared to water samples in Khanty-Mansiysk (p=0.03). In the cities under consideration, the water undergoes high-quality reagent-free treatment. However, the deterioration of the water supply networks in Salekhard is 3 times as high as in Khanty-Mansiysk. Calcium and magnesium concentration in water samples from Khanty-Mansiysk is 5.6 and 3.9 times lower than the MAC; in water samples from Salekhard calcium concentration is 6.3 (p=0.008) and magnesium concentration 4.6 (p<0.001) times lower than the MAC. Conclusion. The consumption of ultra-fresh drinking water leads to low intake of bioelements, which are a part of enzymes contributing to the human antioxidant defense and can result in manifestation of cardiovascular diseases. This is especially true for Salekhard with very soft drinking water and high iron concentration, which excess can exhibit prooxidant properties. Keywords: tap water, bioelements, northern region, antioxidants. Вода является важнейшим соединением для человека: необходима в качестве растворителя продуктов метаболизма и протекания обменных, биохимических и транспортных процессов. Элементный статус организма человека зависит от геохимического окружения и поступления биоэлементов с пищей и водой. Цель. Провести комплексную оценку химического состава водопроводной воды городов Ханты-Мансийск и Салехард. Материалы и методы. Методами атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии, спектрофотометрии и капиллярного электрофореза проанализирован химический состав 100 проб водопроводной воды: по 50 из Ханты-Мансийска и Салехарда. Результаты сравнивали с СанПиН 2.1.4.1074-01. Результаты. В водопроводной воде Салехарда установлена превышающая ПДК и достоверно более высокая концентрация железа сравнительно с водой Ханты-Мансийска (р=0,03). При условии качественной безреагентной водоподготовки в изучаемых городах это обусловлено изношенностью водопроводных сетей в Салехарде, более чем в 3 раза превышающей этот показатель в Ханты-Мансийске. Концентрация кальция и магния в воде Ханты-Мансийска в 5,6 и 3,9 раза ниже ПДК; в воде Салехарда – в 6,3 (р=0,008) и 4,6 (р<0,001) раза ниже ПДК соответственно. Заключение. Употребление ультрапресной питьевой воды на фоне очень малого поступления с водой биоэлементов, входящих в состав ферментов антиоксидантной защиты организма человека, может привести к манифестации кардиоваскулярных заболеваний. Это особенно актуально для г. Салехарда с очень мягкой питьевой водой с повышенным содержанием железа, избыток которого может проявлять прооксидантные свойства. Ключевые слова: водопроводная вода, биоэлементы, северный регион, антиоксиданты.

Detection of Coliform, faecal Coliform And Total Bacterial Count From Drinking Water Of Varanasi (U.P.) India

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Kumar Singh ◽  
Anand Prakash Singh ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Hand Pump

In India source of drinking water at Varanasi city for common people are tap water, well, hand pump, Ganga river and stored tank water collected from bore well. All water samples were studied to assess their bacteriological characteristics and suitability for potable purposes. A cross-sectional epidemiological method was adopted to investigate the drinking water of six different sites of Varanasi city. The bacteriological examination of water samples included the most probable number of presumptive coliforms, faecal coliforms, and total bacterial count. The results showed that the total coliform count was detected in all the site. In all the methods coliforms presence was indicated. Maximum number of coliform observed in all the seasons, were from river and well water followed by hand pump, tap water and stored tank. The most common group of indicator organisms used in water quality monitoring are coliforms. These organisms are representative of bacteria normally present in the intestinal tract of mammals including human. Contamination of water may occur through different way like sewage disposal in the river, seepage of bathing near sites, fecal excreta of human, bird and other animals. Improving and expanding the existing water treatment and sanitation systems are more likely to provide good, safe and sustainable sources of water in the long term.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Quality: Physical and Chemical Evaluation of Tap and Packaged Waters from Eight Local Government Areas in Lagos, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kafeelah Yusuf ◽  
Abdurafiu Majolagbe ◽  
Mutiu Sowemimo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Introduction The inadequacy of pipe borne water supplies in urban centers is a growing problem. In recent years, packaged waters became major sources of drinking water in the households and at work. Aim This study aimed at evaluates the physical and chemical quality of packaged water sold in some part of Lagos Metropolis. Compare the quality with that of tap water; and check compliance with respect to national and international regulatory standards. Materials and Methods Thirty tap water and fifty seven packaged water samples of different types were selected by random sampling and analysed for trace metals using atomic absorption spectrometry; Total hardness was measured titrimetically; pH, electrical conductivity and anions were measured using meters. Results and Conclusion The results showed that the concentrations of trace metals and anions in both tap and packaged waters were below the drinking water threshold values stipulated by national and international agencies, with the exception of the nitrate (NO3-), where 11 % and 20 % respectively of the bottled and sachet water samples investigated exceeded the USEPA standard of 10 mg L-1. This finding may result from the geological formations through which the ground water flows and substances dissolving from either natural sources or from household plumbing systems. This study concludes that the systematic monitoring by drinking water authorities of water quality is essential and the enforcement agencies in the state (NAFDAC and the Ministry of Health) need to get the producers of 'packaged water' to comply with the national drinking water guidelines.

scholarly journals Assessment of Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Drinking Water from Source to Household Tap Connection in Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonfa Duressa ◽  
Fassil Assefa ◽  
Mulissa Jida
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drinking Water Standards

In Ethiopia, access to improved water supply and sanitation has been very low and hence majority of the communicable diseases are associated with unsafe and inadequate water supply. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of water from sources to household connection in Nekemte town. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to March 2016. Water samples were collected in triplicates from selected 30 sampling points from source, disinfection point, main distribution system tank, and household taps. All samples were analysed for bacteriological, chemical, and physical quality parameters using standard procedures. The results showed that temperature, pH, turbidity, total dissolved substances, and electrical conductivity of the water samples were varied between 16.9 and 22°C, 6.8–7.0, nil-12 NTU, 50–70 mg/l, and 40–46 µS/cm, respectively. Phosphate and nitrate concentrations of the water samples also ranged between 0.65 and 1 mg/l and 2.2–6.5 mg/l, respectively. Free residual chlorine concentration in the majority of the water samples was less than 0.5 mg/l. All samples were positive for total coliform with counts ranging from 12 to 120 CFU/100 ml, whereas faecal coliforms were detected in only 37% of tap water samples. In general, the majority of the tested parameters were within the permissible range of both the WHO and Ethiopian drinking water standards. However, Fe, Mn, faecal coliforms, total coliforms, and temperature did not conform to both WHO and Ethiopian drinking water standards. Based on the results, we can conclude that water quality deterioration was both at the sources and in the supply networks. Hence, proper drainage, sewage disposal systems, and sufficient disinfection of water with chlorine are of prime importance to deliver safe drinking water to the residents of Nekemte town.

Sea Sponge as a Low Cost Biosorbent for Solid Phase Extraction of Some Heavy Metal Ions and Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 1689-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslıhan Karatepe ◽  
Mustafa Soylak
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Separation And Preconcentration ◽  
Preconcentration Method

Abstract A new, easy, sensitive, and environmentally friendly separation and preconcentration method was developed to determine Cu(II), Fe(III), Pb(II), and Ni(II) at trace levels by use of a column filled with sea sponge without any complexing reagent, and atomic absorption spectrometry. The influences of analytical parameters, such as pH of the solutions, type of eluent, volume of sample, solution and eluent flow rates, and diverse ions, were examined for the quantitative recoveries of the analyte ions. The metal ions were eluted from the column by using 2 M HNO3. Accurate results were found for spiked samples after applying the preconcentration method. The LOD values were found to be between 1.5 and 5.6 μg/L based on three times the SD of the blanks. The method has been successfully applied to determine Cu(II), Fe(III), Pb(II), and Ni(II) ions in tap water samples, mineral water samples, and a certified reference material.

scholarly journals The Role of Hygiene and Sanitation to the Escherichia coli Contamination in Drinking Water in Depok City, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 641-644
Author(s):  
Bambang Wispriyono ◽  
Lia Arsyina ◽  
Iqbal Ardiansyah ◽  
Laura D. Pratiwi ◽  
Ririn Arminsih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Container

BACKGROUND: Drinking water is a vital aspect in human life. The quality of drinking water should be monitored to ensure public from any health effects caused by contaminated water. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the indicators of fecal contamination should not be present in drinking water (0 cfu/100 ml). However, poor hygiene and sanitation contributes to E. coli contamination in drinking water, particularly in developing countries. AIM: We investigated the household hygiene and sanitation factors and the relationship with E. coli detection in the household drinking water. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was conducted to collect the data from three districts in the Depok city, that is, Sawangan, Bojongsari, and Cipayung. A total of 300 houses and the corresponding drinking water samples were collected during August–September 2019. E. coli was determined as microbiological indicator using total plate count method. RESULTS: The results showed that E. coli was detected in 174 (58%) of household water samples. The water container condition (OR = 2,60; CI 95%: 1.18–5.71) and the hand washing practice with soap (OR = 1,65; CI 95%: 1.04–2.62) were significantly correlated with the presence of E. coli in the water samples. CONCLUSIONS: The condition of the water container was the most dominant factors which contributed to E. coli content in the household drinking water.

Perceived social support and burden of care of male and female caregivers of patient with schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Nishant Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Burden Of Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a high familial, social and economic burden. Schizophrenia is also associated with a high level of disability which may create impediments on the social and economic areas of the patients as well as on their respective family networks. Families with schizophrenia may encounter problems such as impairment of health and well being of other family members, restriction of social activities of the family members and shrinking of support from the social network. Aims: The present study examined the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 60 (30 male and 30 female) caregivers of the patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia as per ICD-10-DCR. Results and Conclusion: This study revealed that male caregivers perceived more social support and less burden of care as compared to female caregivers. Key words: Gender, social support, burden

Hepatitis A Seroprevalence Among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran During 2016-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 748-751
Author(s):  
Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi ◽  
Neda Alijani ◽  
Mohammadreza Salehi ◽  
Omid Dadras ◽  
SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prevention Method

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of exposure to hepatitis A by means of serologic markers in chronic hepatitis B patients, with the secondary aim of finding the best prevention method for hepatitis A infection in susceptible groups of our setting. Methods: During the period between 2016 and 2017, we recruited 403 hepatitis B patients aged more than 14 years and regularly attending the infectious diseases clinic at a referral university hospital, Tehran, Iran. A blood sample was collected from all the patients and tested for hepatitis A IgG. The data was analyzed by SPSS v.19. Results: Although none of the patients had previously received hepatitis A vaccine, the results for serologic level of hepatitis A IgG, demonstrated positive results in 379 (94%) cases. The mean age of patients with negative and positive IgG was 29.17 and 42.46 years, respectively; the difference was statistically significant (P≤0.001). The majority of seronegative patients were young adults aged < 25 years and 25 to 35 years (P <0.001). Conclusion: Seroprevalence of hepatitis A in chronic HBV patients in Iran is high. As HBV infected patients younger than 35 years could be seronagative for HAV infection, evaluation of these patients for HAV infection and vaccination of seronegative patients would be a reasonable approach.

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