The Role of Hygiene and Sanitation to the Escherichia coli Contamination in Drinking Water in Depok City, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Drinking water is a vital aspect in human life. The quality of drinking water should be monitored to ensure public from any health effects caused by contaminated water. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the indicators of fecal contamination should not be present in drinking water (0 cfu/100 ml). However, poor hygiene and sanitation contributes to E. coli contamination in drinking water, particularly in developing countries. AIM: We investigated the household hygiene and sanitation factors and the relationship with E. coli detection in the household drinking water. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was conducted to collect the data from three districts in the Depok city, that is, Sawangan, Bojongsari, and Cipayung. A total of 300 houses and the corresponding drinking water samples were collected during August–September 2019. E. coli was determined as microbiological indicator using total plate count method. RESULTS: The results showed that E. coli was detected in 174 (58%) of household water samples. The water container condition (OR = 2,60; CI 95%: 1.18–5.71) and the hand washing practice with soap (OR = 1,65; CI 95%: 1.04–2.62) were significantly correlated with the presence of E. coli in the water samples. CONCLUSIONS: The condition of the water container was the most dominant factors which contributed to E. coli content in the household drinking water.

The Study of Islamic Law About The Deceased Muslim and Its Cultural Symbols in Sumpur Kudus, West Sumatera, Indonsia

Every living thing dies. The death of a person leaves an obligation for the living to perform some rituals for the deceased. The rituals have been regulated in such a way according to Islamic Sharia (law). Nevertheless, the practices could not be separated from the local traditions and customs. Their influences can be seen through various symbols used in the rituals for the deceased, as found in Sumpur Kudus, West Sumatra. The community has been using many symbols in carrying out the various rituals for the dead, such as kain unduang-unduang (a kind of white cloth stretched above the grave), parian (a bamboo tree that is used as a water container), payuang panji (an umbrella protecting the dead body along the way to the grave) and daun sicerek (a plant used for fragrance). The people stated that, in general, these symbols contain a deep affection of the living towards the deceased. The type of the study was field research with a qualitative approach. The data was gathered by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation study. The analysis was done descriptively by data reduction, display, and verification (drawing conclusion). The result showed that the Sumpur Kudus community is a Muslim community that does not ignore Islamic law in the organization of their deceased. These symbols serve as tools to show affection of the living towards the deceased. The symbols do not only serve as symbols of affection, but they are also laden with the belief that contain transcendental values.

A Review on Internet of Things Based Humidifier for Mushroom Cultivation

In this study, grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) was cultivated in indoor controlled environment to seeking out the possible Risks of contamination and ways of treatment to avoid the contamination. For this, mushroom was cultivated in providing artificial humidifying and Ventilation system to ensure optimum humidity (80-90%) and fresh air Recirculation in different ways of treatment. The ways of treatment were Included as in position of humidifier, frequency of humidifying, plastic Cork of bags opening part and cleaning of humidifier water container. Maximum percentages of bag contamination (2.5-25.30%), cap Contamination (5.6-30.75%), stalk contamination (4.75-23.25%) and root Contamination (2.6-18.45%) were found in front to front humidifier Position, long humidifying with long interval frequency, without plastic Cork, without cleaning and bi- monthly cleaning of humidifier water Container treatment but no diseases and pest infection was found. Whereas, Very low percentages of contamination (0.1-0.5%) were found in Surrounding humidifying position, short humidifying duration with short Interval frequency, with plastic cork and weekly cleaning of humidifier Water container treatment.

Efisiensi Daya Listrik Pada Dispenser Dengan Jenis Merk Yang Berbeda Menggunakan Inverator

Dispenser adalah salah satu alat rumah tangga yang menggunakan listrik untuk dapat memanaskan elemen pemanas dan menjalankan mesin pendinginnya. Dispenser ada yang menggunakan prinsip kerja dengan elemen pemanas dan mesin pendingin (compressor). Dispenser atau tempat air minum adalah salah satu peralatan listrik atau elektronik yang didalamnya terdapat heater sebagai komponen utamanya, heater berfungsi untuk memanaskan air yang ada pada tabung penampung, heater umunya memiliki daya sekitar 200-300 Watt. Penggunaan Inverator telah beredar di pasaran dan digunakan oleh setiap rumah tangga, bisnis, industri maupun perkantoran di Indonesia. Berdasarkan perbandingan efisiensi daya dan daya penggunaan listrik sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan inventor pada rumah tangga dan memiliki selisih antara Sebelum Pemakain Inventor daya aktif pada merek A sebesar 532 Watt, pada merek sebesar B 563 Watt, pada merek C sebesar 329 Watt dan Sesudah Pemakain Inventor daya aktif pada merek A sebesar 517 Watt, pada merek sebesar B 560 Watt, pada merek C sebesar 548 Watt. The dispenser is a household appliance that uses electricity to heat the heating element and run the cooling machine. There are dispensers that use a working principle with a heating element and a cooling machine (compressor). The dispenser or drinking water container is one of the electrical or electronic equipment in which there is a heater as its main component, the heater functions to heat the water in the storage tube, the heater generally has a power of around 200-300 Watts. The use of Inverator has been circulating in the market and is used by every household, business, industry and office in Indonesia. Based on the comparison of power efficiency and power use of electricity before and after using the inventor in the household and the difference between Before Use Inventor, active power in brand A is 532 Watts, for brands B 563 Watts, on brand C is 329 Watts and After Use Inventor power is active in brand A of 517 Watts, in brands of B 560 Watts, in brand C of 548 Watts.

Deposition of Iter Vacuum Vessel Dust Inside the Pressure Suppression System During a Loss of Coolant Accident: Experimental and Numerical Analyses

This paper deals with an experimental and numerical analysis of the deposition of ITER dust simulant inside a reduced scale Vacuum Vessel Pressure Suppression System (VVPSS) of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). This research, funded by the ITER Organization, aims to analyse the dust deposition in a water container relevant for the ITER VVPSS, the dust removal by means of robotised apparatuses and their decontamination efficiency. The experimental rig, built at the Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering (DICI) of the University of Pisa (Italy), is described and the results of a preliminary experimental test are illustrated, underlining that 2 and 82% of dust mass was strongly and lightly bound to the water container surfaces, respectively, and 16 % were not deposited in the water tank. Furthermore, three numerical analyses were carried out implementing a model of the experimental rig in the Enel Code for Analysis of Radionuclide Transport (ECART) to determine the relevance of different parameters on the deposition, resuspension and removal of dust. The numerical simulations allowed to specify dust mass deposition on the different rig components, revealing a strong dust retention (about 66%) in the first part of the injection piping in case of coarse granulometry. Finest lognormal dust distribution was instead able to reach the water container (about 90%). Moreover, the numerical simulations permitted to define more precisely the test matrix and to analyse the experimental results.

Prevalence of coliform bacterial contamination in cat drinking water in households in Thailand

Background and Aim: Bacterial contamination of drinking water is a leading cause of gastrointestinal infections. Cats may be at risk of water contamination from feces due to poor sanitation and hygiene. The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate the prevalence of coliform bacteria in cat drinking water and (2) identify possible risk factors leading to contamination. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five drinking water samples were collected from water containers used by cats (median age [range]: 5 years [8 months-15 years]) at their home. Using a sterile syringe, 50 mL water was collected directly from water containers. The water samples were stored in coliform enhancement media for 24 h and then submitted for bacterial culture. Results: The prevalence of fecal coliform contamination of cat drinking water was 67.27% (37/55; 95% confidence interval: 53.29-79.32%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of coliform bacterial contamination of drinking water by age or gender of the cat or by water container type. However, bacterial contamination differed significantly between shorthaired cats and longhaired cats when comparing Escherichia coli (9/44 [20.45%] vs. 8/11 [72.72%], p<0.001) and Enterobacter spp. (16/44 [36.36%] vs. 9/11 [81.82%], p=0.007). For water that had been in a container longer than 12 h, there were significantly more contaminated tap water samples (16/19 [84.21%]) than contaminated processed water samples (9/17 [52.94%], p=0.047). Conclusion: Coliform contamination in cat drinking water is common and occurs more often in households with longhaired cats. Drinking water for cats should be changed every 12 h, especially for households using tap water.

The Use of Sodium Hypochlorite at Point-of-Use to Remove Microcystins from Water Containers

Most conventional water treatment plants are not sufficiently equipped to treat both intracellular and extracellular Microcystins in drinking water. However, the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite in removing Microcystin in containers at the point-of-use is not yet known. This study aimed to assess point-of-use water container treatment using bleach or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and to assess the health problems associated with microcystins. Thirty-nine percent (29 of 74) of the total selected households were randomly selected to receive and treat their stored container water with sodium hypochlorite. The level of microcystin in the container water was measured after 30 min of contact with sodium hypochlorite. Microcystin concentrations in both the blooming and decaying seasons were higher (mean 1.10, 95% CI 0.46–1.67 µg/L and mean 1.14, 95% CI 0.65–1.63 µg/L, respectively) than the acceptable limit of 1 µg/L in households that did not treat their water with NaOCl, whilst in those that did, there was a significant reduction in the microcystin concentration (mean 0.07, 95% CI 0.00–0.16 µg/L and mean 0.18, 95% CI 0.00–0.45 µg/L). In conclusion, sodium hypochlorite treatment decreased microcystin s to an acceptable level and reduced the related health problems.

Study and Development of Temperature and Humidity Controller for Spreat Culti

Consumable sprouts are considered as very popular foods because of many benefits and nutrients. Since the sprouts can be easily prepared according to various recipes, the needs of consumers are increased. However, growing the sprouts in open areas is complicated and the sprouts must be closely cared. The production costs are high. Moreover, the factors of the growths of the sprouts (e.g. environment, water quantity, humidity, temperature, pest and climate) cannot be controlled. These affect growing the sprouts. The sprouts should not also be contaminated with germs and viruses from planting materials. Therefore, the purposes of this research study are to study and to develop the temperature and relative humidity control devices for growing the sprouts in order to automatically control the temperature and humidity inside the device. According to the experimental results, it was found that the appropriate temperatures were 26 - 30 degree Celsius. The suitable humidities were 90 - 95% RH. The device consisted of the seven components as follows: 1) the control system, 2) the temperature and relative humidity sensors, 3) the ultrasonic humidifier, 4) the water container, 5) the fan for increasing the humidity, 6) the fan for decreasing the humidity and 7) the sprouting shelves. By comparing the experimental results with that of general planting methods, the growing time was reduced for 37%. The used water quantity was lowered for 50 times. The sprouts could grow equally. The temperatures and humidities could be controlled as required by the sprouts.

Utilization of slaughterhouse by-products: a current scenario in Dhaka city

Slaughter-houses are the places from where people get the meat for consumption, but the time is to utilize the by-products to increase the GDP’s rate from livestock. A field survey was conducted regarding usage of the by-products of slaughterhouses and/or meat selling centers in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Data were collected from total 60 slaughterhouses and/or meat selling centers randomly from different part of Dhaka city consisting 20 large animal (cattle, buffalo), 20 small animal (goat, sheep) and 20 poultry bird (chicken, duck) slaughterhouses and/or meat selling centers. Following slaughtering process huge amount of different by-products are also produced that have good economic and nutritive value. The results revealed that edible by-products such as head trimmings, brain, tongue, heart, stomach, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney and tail were used by 100% as human food. Inedible by-products had diversified uses but to some extent they were also rejected. However, no one of the inedible by-products was fully rejected. Among the inedible by-products the hides had a great industrial value. Poultry by-products like blood, intestines and feather wastes were generally found to utilize as fish feed. Most slaughterhouses were found to maintain moderate to poor hygienic conditions where very few maintained good condition. Almost two-third (61.67%) slaughterhouses were used water container as water supply followed by hose pipe (33.33%) and tape water (5%) for cleaning purpose. It can be concluded that by-products are valuable materials but due to lack of management and industrial mind slaughterhouses of the Dhaka city cannot utilize those materials. Therefore, proper usages of by-products can run a new prospective business in Bangladesh. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2020, 6(4): 809-816

Larvae of the blow fly Caiusa testacea (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as egg predators of Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae)

We investigated the impact of dipteran predators on eggs in foam nests of the Common Hour-glass Tree Frog Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) in central Sri Lanka. Foam nests (n=24) of P. cruciger were examined at their natural breeding habitats and infected (n=8) and uninfected spawns (n=16) were identified. Emerging tadpoles were collected in a water container hung under each spawn and the average number of tadpoles (N) hatched from infected spawns (N=0) was compared with that of uninfected spawns (N=354 ± 67). Three severely infected spawns were brought to the laboratory and the fly larvae were reared until they metamorphosed to adults. Morphological and molecular identification of the flies confirmed them as belonging to Caiusa testacea Senior-White, 1923 of the family Calliphoridae. The infected spawns were completely destroyed and an estimated average of 400 P. cruciger eggs per spawn were lost. The results revealed a high impact of Caiusa testacea on egg and embryo mortality of P. cruciger.