Study on Combustion Performance of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blend

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nazri Mohd Ja’afar ◽  
Wan Zaidi Wan Omar ◽  
Muhammad Roslan Rahim ◽  
Ismail Azmi ◽  
Mohd Hisyam Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Profile ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Biodiesel Blend

The world today is adversely affected by the rapid growth of various industries which use fossil diesel fuel as a main source to power their respective industries. As such, these natural resources are increasingly reduced thus resulting in price increments. A study was conducted to find a way to develop alternative energy sources that are environmentally friendly and renewable. One of the potential sources of energy is palm oil. Therefore, this project is intended to look at the effect of combustion of biodiesel from palm oil which is carotino palm oil. This project will include the study of the physical characteristics of the fuel such as density, viscosity, and surface tension. In terms of combustion, it includes emissions during the combustion process, the temperature profile and the flame length. Several carotino biodiesel blends have been made, i.e. B0, B10, B20, B30, B40, B50, and B100 whereby each blend will be burned in the combustion chamber in three conditions which are at equivalent ratios of 0.6, 1, and 1.4. Temperature profile, gas emissions, and flame length for every combustion test will be recorded. An overall view from this test shows that B10 biodiesel blend shows a high potential to replace diesel due to its high energy content although the gaseous emissions are not the lowest.

scholarly journals COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE OF SYNGAS FROM PALM KERNEL SHELL IN A GAS BURNER

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmadib Yusoff @ Adnan ◽  
Muhammad Roslan Rahim ◽  
Mohammad Nazri Mohd. Jaafar ◽  
Norazila Othman ◽  
Mohd Shuisma Mohd Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Downdraft Gasifier ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Rich Condition ◽  
Gas Burner

Insufficient and various environmental issues of fossil fuels as the current world dominated energy is now becoming a serious global issue. The rapidly increasing demand for alternative energy sources has contributed to the steady growth of renewable energy. Owing to the fact of the abundant presence of palm kernel shell (PKS) as one of palm biomass wastes in South East Asia region, this paper investigates syngas produced from gasified PKS. The investigation is regarding its composition and combustion performance in a gas burner system. It covers emissions analysis, temperature profile and flame length. The produced syngas from downdraft gasifier was burned in the combustion chamber in air-rich and fuel-rich combustion conditions.  From the experiment, the results showed that the oxidation zone temperature of above 750°C for the downdraft gasifier is suitable for producing syngas. Produced syngas can be classified as pure-carbon monoxide (CO) syngas due to 94.9% CO content with no hydrogen (H2) content and low heating value (LHV) of 10.7 MJ/kg. The wall temperature profiles for burnt syngas produced via downdraft gasification was higher with longer pattern at fuel-rich condition, which signified higher energy of syngas produced from downdraft gasifier compared to fluidised bed gasifier.  The associated flame length was also longer at fuel-rich condition. Produced emission of 56 ppm NOX, 37 ppm CO and 1 ppm SO2 can still be considered as acceptable to human.  It can be concluded that syngas produced from PKS shown a high potential to serve as an alternative source of energy due to its high energy content.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Running on Blended Palm Oil

2013 ◽  
Vol 795 ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Iqbal ◽  
Z.A. Zainal ◽  
M. Mazlan ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
M.S. Salim
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Suitable Climate ◽  
New Energy

Rapid increasing of industrialization and motorization has led arising of petroleum and energy demand. This pursue a new energy blends to cater the depletion of fossil fuel and the environmental degradation condition. Malaysia is blessed, which has suitable climate to plant alternative fuel (palm oil) and become one of the largest exporters to the world. Palm oil in its refined form as cooking oil has high energy content which can be adopted as an alternative to the petroleum based fuel. This paper evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of refined palm oil (RPO) as a fuel to the diesel engine. Palm oil and its blends composition with 20%, 40%, 60% as well as pure palm oil (100%) and diesel were tested separately under various engine loads. Five series of tests data on each type of fuel were analyzed and compared. Moreover, by increasing the percentage of RPO in blends would lead a character of higher percentage in density and viscosity. Studied revealed that the small percentage of RPO composition promises a good thermal efficiency together with the emission released.

Combustion of Apple Juice Wastes in a Cyclone Combustor for Thermal Energy Generation (ES2009-90152)

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Virmond ◽  
Robson L. Schacker ◽  
Waldir Albrecht ◽  
Christine A. Althoff ◽  
Maurício de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Unburned Carbon ◽  
Cyclone Combustor ◽  
Combustion Tests

The solid waste generated from the apple juice industry (apple bagasse (AB)) was characterized as a fuel, and the potential for its utilization as an alternative energy source was assessed through its combustion in a pilot scale cyclone combustor. A comparative evaluation of the AB and sawdust (SD) properties, as well as of the emissions during the combustion tests, was performed. The high energy content of AB (lower heating value (LHV) equal to 21.09 MJ kg−1), dry and ash-free (daf) basis, which is 26.9% higher than the LHV of SD (16.62 MJ kg−1, daf), and combined with the high volatile matter content (85.36 wt %, daf) improve the ignition and burning of the solids. The emissions of CO, SO2, and NOx and the total organic carbon (TOC) were compared with guideline limits established by Brazilian and international legislation. AB generated much lower CO than sawdust in spite of almost half of excess air levels (13% compared with 26%) and met even the stringent limit of the German regulation for waste incineration. The unburned carbon percentages found in the ash resulted from SD and AB combustion tests were 0.24% and 0.96% in weight, respectively. The absence of sulfur in AB composition represents an advantage with nondetectable SO2. The average level of NOx emission with SD combustion was 242 mg N m−3 and met all the regulation limits. The average NOx emission with AB combustion though was 642 mg N m−3 and met the U.S. EPA regulation but was marginally higher than the Brazilian norm by 15%. TOC concentrations remained below the limits considered even though the TOC level was higher in the AB combustion test. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were not detected or were under the quantification limit of the equipment used in their analysis. Comparing the properties, the burning profiles of SD and AB, and the emissions from their combustion tests, it can be stated that the waste originating from the apple juice industry is suitable for direct combustion, constituting a renewable energy source for this industrial sector.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Pt-Based Binary and Ternary Alloy Electrocatalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dang Long Quan ◽  
Phuoc Huu Le
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carbon Supports ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Direct Methanol ◽  
Compact Design

The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is among the most promising alternative energy sources for the near future owing to its advantages of simple construction, compact design, high energy density, and relatively high energy-conversion efficiency. Typically, the electrodes in DMFC is comprised of a Pt-based catalysts supported on great potential of carbon materials such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), carbon black (CB), graphene, etc. It is desired to develop an electrode with high surface area, good electrical conductivity and suitable porosity to allow good reactant flux and high stability in the fuel cell environment. This chapter will provide recent advances in Pt-based binary and ternary electrocatalysts on carbon supports for high-performance anodes in DMFC. Through studying the effects of composition-, support-, and shape dependent electrocatalysts, further fundamental understanding and mechanism in the development of anode catalysts for DMFC will be provided in details.

scholarly journals A Study on Particulate Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine using a Mixture of Commercial Diesel and Biodiesel Based Palm-Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
Van Viet Pham
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Commercial Gasoline ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

Currently, oil and gas accounts for about 60 - 80% of the world's energy. According to scientists, with the current consumption rate, this source of energy will be exhausted in the next 40-50 years; Therefore, finding alternative energy sources has become the goal of many countries. In particular, the sources of energy friendly to the environment and renewable such as wind energy, solar energy, bioenergy ... are given top priority. Biodiesel is a liquid biofuel with similar properties and can be used as a substitute for conventional diesel oil. Testing and proceeding to apply B5 and B10 fuels to vehicles will reduce the amount of toxic emissions and replace exhausted petroleum and gas sources. This paper focuses on the KDE3500T engine test bed at 50% loading to analyze and assess the emission of particulate matter and oxidized organic compounds. With different mixing ratios between commercial gasoline of 0.05 S and palm oil biodiesel from 10% to 75%. Experimental results show that the particle emission concentration decreased by about 30% from B0 to B20 and increased by about 15% from B30 to B100. While carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone increased about 2.5 times from B0 to B30 and dropped abruptly at B50, however carbonyl concentration increased by about 28% when using B75 to B100.

scholarly journals BIOFUELS AS PROMISING FUELS

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladan Mićić ◽  
Pero Dugić ◽  
Zoran Petrović ◽  
Milorad Tomić
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Technical Issues

The use of fossil fuels results in global warming and pollution. In comparison with fossil fuels biofuels represent an eco-friendly, biodegradable, sustainable, cost-competitive and promising alternative energy source. They contain high energy content and do not contribute to greenhouse effect. Therefore, using cheap or renewable resources as the feedstock for biofuels production has a great potential in terms of a major contribution to future energy supply. The production and use of biofuels is already well established and a further promotion of these fuels such as lipid biofuels (bioethanol, pure plant oils and biodiesel) and gas biofuels (biomethane, biohydrogen) mainly depends on non-technical issues, such as policies and cost–effectiveness. Biofuels will definitely stay for the foreseeable future and still can continue to provide the earth and the human population with a relatively clean source of energy with several benefits such as economic benefits of providing employment and health benefits of reduced carbon emissions, leading to cleaner air. With increasing sophistication of technology and intense research and development done, one can safely infer that biofuel will become more appealing and applicable for use on a globally commercial level. As such, biofuel is acknowledged as the Earth’s future energy source. Until a newer and cleaner energy source is discovered, scientists will definitely persist in researching and enhancing biofuels to make them more cost-effective, while still being environmentally friendly.

scholarly journals PROSES TOREFAKSI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT UNTUK KANDUNGAN HEMISELULOSA DAN UJI KEMAMPUAN PENYERAPAN AIR

REAKTOR ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Irawan ◽  
Tubagus Riadz ◽  
Nurmalisa Nurmalisa
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Oxygen Condition ◽  
Higher Temperature

EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES TORREFACTION FOR HEMICELLULOCE CONTENT ANDWATER ABSORPTION TEST. Biomass is organic material resulting from the process ofphotosynthesis. Biomass can be produced directly as product or waste from the processing ofagricultural or plantation. Indonesia is a country that produces biomass in very large quantities. Oneof the largest biomass resulting from the proceessing of palm oil is oil palm empty fruit bunches(EFB). Basically, the EFB has a low energy content and easily absorbs water. With higher productionof palm oil, the EFB has potential as a good quality fuel and need early treatment to maintain thequality of the EFB. Torrefaction was one of thermal treatments with process temperature around200-350 ° C in the absence oxygen condition. By torrefaction, the EFB has a high energy content anddecrease the water absorption. With low water absorption, EFB will have benefit in the storage thathas high humidity such as Indonesia. The variables that varied for EFB torrefaction was thetemperature (250-350 ° C) and the holding time (15-60 minutes) to produce the high quality solid fuelfrom EFB. Analysis product in this study was proximate analysis, water absorption, and hemicelluloseand caloric value. The results showed that the higher temperature and longer time torrefaction hadhigher calorific value, the hemicellulose content decreased thereby increasing hydrophobicity. Also,the torrefaction EFB can increase the calorific value around 30%. Keywords: calorific value; empty fruit bunches (EFB); hemicellulose; hydrophobic; torrefaction AbstrakBiomassa merupakan material organik yang dihasilkan dari proses fotosintesis. Biomassa dapatdihasilkan secara langsung sebagai produk atau limbah dari pengolahan hasil pertanian atauperkebunan. Indonesia merupakan negara kaya akan biomasa dengan jumlah yang melimpah. Salahsatu biomassa dengan jumlah yang melimpah adalah limbah yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan bijikelapa sawit antara lain tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Pada dasarnya, TKKS memilikikandungan energi rendah serta mudah menyerap air. Dengan jumlah biomassa TKKS melimpahmaka perlu suatu metode untuk meningkatkan kualitas dari TKKS dengan melakukan pengolahanawal. Torefaksi merupakan salah satu metode pengolahan awal untuk peningkatan kualitas biomassadengan temperatur proses sekitar 200-350 o C tanpa adanya oksigen. Setelah mengalami prosestorefaksi maka TKKS akan memiliki kandungan energi tinggi serta kemampuan menyerap air rendah.Dengan kemampuan menyerap air rendah maka TKKS dapat disimpan dalam rentang waktu lamapada kondisi kelembaban tinggi seperti Indonesia. Adapun variasi dalam penelitian ini yaitutemperatur antara 250-350 o C serta waktu tahan torefaksi antara 15-60 menit. Adapun analisa produkTKKS torefaksi yaitu analisa proksimat, kemampuan menyerap air, kandungan hemiselulosa dannilai kalor. Pada percobaan ini memperlihatkan bahwa pada temperatur torefaksi lebih tinggi sertawaktu tahan torefaksi yang lama akan meningkatkan kandungan energi serta menurunkankemampuan menyerap air tapi menghilangkan massa TKKS lebih banyak. Pada percobaan inikandungan energi dari TKKS dapat meningkat sekitar 30%Kata kunci: nilai kalor; TKKS;hemiselulosa; hidropobik; torefaksi

An Emergent Trans-Asian Energy Nexus: Likely Costs and Possible Benefits

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 237-267
Author(s):  
Leanne Piggott
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Major Supplier

In this article, I state that the IEA predicts that global energy usage will continue to increase over the next twenty years by as much as 45%, driven largely by the emerging economies of North and South Asia. This assessment is most pertinent in relation to oil, which currently accounts for the largest share of global energy use due to the oil dependence of the transport sector. I point out that the major supplier of oil to the global market, West Asia’s Arabian/Persian Gulf, is also experiencing relatively high energy consumption growth, and the Gulf states have thus found themselves confronted with the paradox of needing to develop alternative energy sources for their own domestic use while requiring the world’s traditional dependence on oil to continue so that they can maintain their export revenues. To the extent that alternative energy sources are developed, the commerciality of the oil reserves of supplier states is made less secure. The article explains how the growth in oil consumption has also raised questions about the medium to long-term security of supply for Asian oil-importing states which have invested substantially in supply contracts and in acquiring equity in upstream production in the Gulf. I examine both the potential threats and benefits that might arise from this emerging trans-Asian oil nexus including the increasing dependence by Asian oil importers on supplies from an inherently unstable region, and the pursuit of alternate technologies by suppliers and consumers.

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICA, QUÍMICA E MÊCANICA DE PELLETS DE BAGAÇO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Lopes Amaral Costa ◽  
Humberto de Jesus Eufrade Junior ◽  
Emanuel Rangel Spadim ◽  
José Mauro Santana Da Silva ◽  
Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Density ◽  
E Mail

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICA, QUÍMICA E MÊCANICA DE PELLETS DE BAGAÇO DE CANA-DE- AÇÚCAR   ANA CAROLINA LOPES AMARAL COSTA1, HUMBERTO DE JESUS EUFRADE JUNIOR2, EMANUEL RANGEL SPADIM3, JOSÉ MAURO SANTANA DA SILVA4, SAULO PHILIPE SEBASTIÃO GUERRA5   1 Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária - 3780, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected] 2 Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária - 3780, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected] 3 Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária - 3780, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected] 4 Departamento de Ciências Ambientais. Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. João Leme dos Santos, km 110, CEP: 18052.780.  Bairro Itinga, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária - 3780, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected]   RESUMO: A bioenergia é uma das alternativas para diminuir a dependência de combustíveis fósseis da matriz energética mundial. Os pellets surgem como uma opção interessante para a produção de biomassa e o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, também, pode ser aproveitado na forma de pellets. Pellets é o nome dado ao produto resultante do processo de compressão aplicada a uma matéria prima, sendo que em muitos casos essa matéria prima é preparada previamente através do processo de secagem e moagem. O objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar a análise das propriedades: físicas - densidade, umidade, granulometria, diâmetro e comprimento, químicas – teor de carbono fixo, material volátil e cinzas, mecânicas -  durabilidade mecânica e o poder calorífico superior. Foram analisadas amostras de pellets provenientes de fazendas do Estado de São Paulo. As análises foram conduzidas no Laboratório Agroflorestal de Biomassa e Bioenergia (LABB/IPBEN) pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP), sendo esta biomassa uma fonte alternativa de energia com alto teor energético e baixa umidade   Palavras-chave: poder calorífico superior, biomassa, fontes alternativas de energia.   PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE PELLETS   ABSTRACT: Bioenergy is one of the alternatives to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels in the world energy matrix. Pellets appear like an attractive option for the production of biomass, and sugarcane can be used in the form of pellets. Pellets are the name given to the product that affects the process of applying a raw material, and in many cases, this material is prepared for the drying and grinding process. The objective of the research was to carry out an analysis of the properties: physical - density, granulometry, diameter and length, chemical - fixed carbon content, volatile matter and ashes, mechanics - mechanical use, and higher heating value. Samples of pellets from farms in the State of São Paulo were analyzed. Analyzes were conducted at the Agroforestry Laboratory of Biomass and Bioenergy (LABB / IPBEN) belonging to the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences (FCA / UNESP), and this biomass showed to be an alternative source of energy with high energy content and low moisture.    Keywords:  higher heating value, biomass, alternative energy source.

scholarly journals EDITORIAL

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 02
Author(s):  
J. V. C. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Engineering ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Near Future

The global economy lives a period of great apprehension regarding energy issues for the near future. The developed countries continue to have a steady growth and the emerging countries increase their rates of economic growth, which causes a continuing increase in global energy demand. In that context, RETERM calls the attention of the readers to the growing need for the search of alternative energy sources to the current oil based global economy. This effort certainly involves focus and work of the energy related scientific community, field in which Thermal Engineering is part of. There are several alternatives currently under consideration. The Department of Energy of the United States of America is currently seriously focused on research and development of alternative energy sources, mainly aiming the independence of external suppliers, such as nuclear energy and the hydrogen economy. Therefore, it is vital to any nation the allocation of financial resources to the development and technological control of new processes that lead to self-sufficiency in energy generation for internal consumption and economic growth. The fuel cell systems will be of critical importance in the possible hydrogen economy scenery for the near future, and they are at the forefront of the emerging technologies for electric power generation for stationary, mobile and portable applications. The high energy conversion efficiencies, extremely low onsite environmental pollution and noise are among their major advantages in comparison to other systems. However, there are major technological and economic hurdles to be overcome prior to their large scale practical implementation. Similarly to nuclear technology, in fuel cell technology it is observed that each research group develops its own know-how independently and with little exchange of information.In this fifth number, we continue to publish the best articles written in English language, presented at the 9th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Engineering and Sciences, ENCIT 2002, held in Caxambu, MG, from October 15th to 18th, 2002, that were selected by the Associate Technical Editors of RETERM, according to the scientific criteria of the journal. The idea is to increase the industrial and scientific impact of the research results presented in the Congress. Additional articles that have been submitted and reviewed in the regular RETERM publication process are also included in the current issue.

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