Control Systems for Automotive Vehicle Fuel Economy: A Literature Review

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Type Systems ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Feedback Systems ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Loop Feedback ◽  
Hybrid Vehicle Control

This paper is a review of current research on applications of control systems and theory to achieve energy conservation in automotive vehicles. The development of internal combustion engine control systems that modulate fuel flow, air flow, ignition timing and duration, and exhaust gas recirculation is discussed. The relative advantages of physical and empirical models for engine performance are reviewed. Control strategies presented include optimized open-loop schedule type systems, closed-loop feedback systems, and adaptive controllers. The development of power train and hybrid vehicle control systems is presented, including controllers for both conventional transmissions and those employing flywheel energy storage.

Feedback and Mapping Control of Natural Gas Engines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Sorge
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Feedback Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
Loop Feedback ◽  
Closed Loop Feedback ◽  
The 19Th Century

Automatic controls have been used on all types of machinery since the first complicated machines became popular in the 19th century. Controls are used to maintain pressures, temperatures, operating speeds, flows and many other operating parameters. Natural gas engines have used a variety of controls for various purposes since the first natural gas engines were produced. This paper will discuss the history of mechanical controls used on natural gas engines and the introduction and application of electronic controls. The paper will discuss open loop (mapping) and closed loop (feedback) type controls and common applications of each. Mechanical control systems such as governors, fuel regulators, fuel mixing valves, thermostats, and turbocharger wastegates will be discussed and classified as open or closed loop controls. Electronic control systems such as governors, air/fuel ratio controls, detonation controls, and turbocharger controls will also be discussed and classified. This paper will also discuss state of the art controls which perform numerous functions to get desired performance, and can be communicated with remotely.

SOFC Stack Model for Integration Into a Hybrid System: Stack Response to Control Variables

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Whiston ◽  
Melissa M. Bilec ◽  
Laura A. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Negative Electrode ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Fuel Utilization ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Energy And Momentum

Due to the tight coupling of physical processes inside solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), efficient control of these devices depends largely on the proper pairing of controlled and manipulated variables. The present study investigates the uncontrolled, dynamic behavior of an SOFC stack that is intended for use in a hybrid SOFC-gas turbine (GT) system. A numerical fuel cell model is developed based on charge, species mass, energy, and momentum balances, and an equivalent circuit is used to combine the fuel cell's irreversibilities. The model is then verified on electrochemical, mass, and thermal timescales. The open-loop response of the average positive electrode-electrolyte-negative electrode (PEN) temperature, fuel utilization, and SOFC power to step changes in the inlet fuel flow rate, current density, and inlet air flow rate is simulated on different timescales. Results indicate that manipulating the current density is the quickest and most efficient way to change the SOFC power. Meanwhile, manipulating the fuel flow is found to be the most efficient way to change the fuel utilization. In future work, it is recommended that such control strategies be further analyzed and compared in the context of a complete SOFC-GT system model.

Performance Analysis of an Electric Turbocompounding System for a Hybrid Vehicle Diesel Engine

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanming Ding ◽  
Weilin Zhuge ◽  
Yangjun Zhang ◽  
Yong Yin ◽  
Shuyong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Full Load ◽  
Power Turbine

Waste heat recovery (WHR) is one of the main approaches to improve the internal combustion engine (ICE) overall efficiency and reduce emissions. The electric turbocompounding (ETC) technology is considered as a promising WHR technology for vehicle engines due to its compactness and light weight. In order to improve the overall fuel efficiency of the engine at practical operating conditions, the impacts of the implementation of the ETC system should be investigated not only at engine full load conditions, but also under practical driving cycles. In this paper, an ETC system was designed for a 4.75 L diesel engine, in which a power turbine was installed down-stream to the turbocharger turbine. A performance simulation model of the ETC engine was developed on the basis of the diesel engine model, which was validated against engine performance experimental data. The control strategies of the wastegate of turbocharger turbine, the wastegate of power turbine and the operating torque of generator were determined. The relative variation in BSFC was studied under full range of operating conditions, and results show that the maximum improvement of fuel economy is 6.7% at an engine speed of 1000 rpm and 70% of full load, in comparison with the baseline diesel engine. Main factors lead to the performance differences between the ETC engine and the baseline engine were analyzed. Furthermore, the performance of the ETC engine under the C-WTVC driving cycle was investigated. Results show that the implementation of the ETC system resulted in a 1.2% fuel consumption reduction under the C-WTVC driving cycle.

Compressor Instability: Stall, Surge and their Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 408-413
Author(s):  
N.C. Chattopadhyay ◽  
H.E.M. Zahidul Islam Eunus ◽  
Md. Imtiaz Ikram ◽  
Roohany Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Rotating Stall ◽  
Viscous Effects ◽  
Stable Operating ◽  
Surge Control ◽  
Local Breakdown

Every compressor has a stall line. In the vicinity of the stall line, the flow field is inherently unsteady due to the interactions between adjacent rows of blades, formation of small stall cells, flow separation and the viscous effects including shock-boundary layer interactions. These factors may aggravate to a state of local breakdown of flow or a total breakdown of flow or with a disastrous flow reversal. This paper starts with an overview on the previous researches about compressor stall and surge. Subsequently, it describes the effects of these instabilities in overall engine performance and design with/ without any control. The main objectives of this paper are to review the phenomenon of instability and methodology to suppress the rotating stall and surge by enlarging the stable operating range of compressor with the application of various control systems. This paper surveys research developments in this field and also tries to find an improved solution to increase the engine performance by applying various surge control strategies. Finally, the paper focuses on some recommendations towards a better design of compressor especially for aircraft power plant.

scholarly journals Innovative Control Strategies for the Diagnosis of Injector Performance in an Internal Combustion Engine via Turbocharger Speed

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Becciani ◽  
Luca Romani ◽  
Giovanni Vichi ◽  
Alessandro Bianchini ◽  
Go Asai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Control Units ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

In order to ensure a high level of performance and to comply with the increasingly severe limitations in terms of fuel consumption and pollution emissions, modern diesel engines need continuous monitoring of their operating conditions by their control units. With particular focus on turbocharged engines, which are presently the standard in a large number of applications, the use of the average and the instantaneous turbocharger speeds is thought to represent a valuable feedback of the engine behavior, especially for the identification of the cylinder-to-cylinder injection variations. The correct operation of the injectors and control of the injected fuel quantity allow the controller to ensure the right combustion process and maintain engine performance. In the present study, two different techniques are presented to fit this scope. The techniques are discussed and experimentally validated, leading to the definition of an integrated control strategy, which features the main benefits of the two, and is able to correctly detect the cylinder-to-cylinder injection variation and, consequently, properly correct the injection in each cylinder in order to balance the engine behavior. In addition, the possibility of detecting misfiring events was assessed.

Closed-Loop Feedback Control in Intelligent Wells: Application to a Heterogeneous, Thin Oil-Rim Reservoir in the North Sea

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.A.. A. Dilib ◽  
M.D.. D. Jackson ◽  
A. Mojaddam Zadeh ◽  
R.. Aasheim ◽  
K.. Årland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Loop Feedback ◽  
Closed Loop Feedback ◽  
Intelligent Wells ◽  
Oil Rim ◽  
Direct Feedback

Summary Important challenges remain in the development of optimized control strategies for intelligent wells, particularly with respect to incorporating the impact of reservoir uncertainty. Most optimization methods are model-based and are effective only if the model or ensemble of models used in the optimization captures all possible reservoir behaviors at the individual-well and -completion level. This is rarely the case. Moreover, reservoir models are rarely predictive at the spatial and temporal scales required to identify control actions. We evaluate the benefit of the use of closed-loop control strategies, on the basis of direct feedback between reservoir monitoring and inflow-valve settings, within a geologically heterogeneous, thin oil-rim reservoir. This approach does not omit model predictions completely; rather, model predictions are used to optimize a number of adjustable parameters within a general direct feedback relationship between measured data and inflow-control settings. A high-resolution sector model is used to capture reservoir heterogeneity, which incorporates a locally refined horizontal grid in the oil zone, to accurately represent the horizontal-well geometry and fluid contacts, and capture water and gas flow. Two inflow-control strategies are tested. The first is an open-loop approach, using fixed inflow-control devices to balance the pressure drawdown along the well, sized before installation. The second is a closed-loop, feedback-control strategy, using variable inflow-control valves that can be controlled from the surface in response to multiphase-flow data obtained downhole. The closed-loop strategy is optimized with a base-case model, and then tested against unexpected reservoir behavior by adjusting a number of uncertain parameters in the model but not reoptimizing. We find that closed-loop feedback control yields positive gains in net-present value (NPV) for the majority of reservoir behaviors investigated, and higher gains than the open-loop strategy. Closed-loop control also can yield positive gains in NPV even when the reservoir does not behave as expected, and in tested scenarios returned a near optimal NPV. However, inflow control can be risky, because unpredicted reservoir behavior also leads to negative returns. Moreover, assessing the benefits of inflow control over an arbitrarily fixed well life can be misleading, because observed gains depend on when the calculation is made.

scholarly journals An integrodifferential approach to modeling, control, state estimation and optimization for heat transfer systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Rauh ◽  
Luise Senkel ◽  
Harald Aschemann ◽  
Vasily V. Saurin ◽  
Georgy V. Kostin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Distributed Parameter ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
State Equations ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Spatially Distributed

Abstract In this paper, control-oriented modeling approaches are presented for distributed parameter systems. These systems, which are in the focus of this contribution, are assumed to be described by suitable partial differential equations. They arise naturally during the modeling of dynamic heat transfer processes. The presented approaches aim at developing finite-dimensional system descriptions for the design of various open-loop, closed-loop, and optimal control strategies as well as state, disturbance, and parameter estimation techniques. Here, the modeling is based on the method of integrodifferential relations, which can be employed to determine accurate, finite-dimensional sets of state equations by using projection techniques. These lead to a finite element representation of the distributed parameter system. Where applicable, these finite element models are combined with finite volume representations to describe storage variables that are—with good accuracy—homogeneous over sufficiently large space domains. The advantage of this combination is keeping the computational complexity as low as possible. Under these prerequisites, real-time applicable control algorithms are derived and validated via simulation and experiment for a laboratory-scale heat transfer system at the Chair of Mechatronics at the University of Rostock. This benchmark system consists of a metallic rod that is equipped with a finite number of Peltier elements which are used either as distributed control inputs, allowing active cooling and heating, or as spatially distributed disturbance inputs.

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