Gas Turbine Cogeneration—Principles and Practice

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Allen ◽  
J. M. Kovacik
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cogeneration System ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Energy Supply Systems

During the decade of the 1960s, industrial users recognized the gas turbine as a reliable prime mover for base load process applications. Gas turbine cogeneration systems were installed in various industries, including chemical, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and metals. Typically, the size of the cogeneration system considered, and thus the gas turbine size, was governed by the internal heat and power demands of the specific plant. More recently, worldwide concern with regard to the cost and efficient use of energy is providing continuing opportunities for gas turbine cogeneration systems. In some locations, legislation is being enacted to encourage the development of cogeneration to the benefit of the public. This legislation can increase the number of alternative methods in which a cogeneration system can be developed. This paper will briefly review cogeneration principles applicable to the development of gas turbine energy supply systems. The wide range of conditions that can be satisfied using gas turbine cogeneration systems will be introduced. Brief discussions of recent installations are presented, illustrating the actual applications of some of these concepts.

Robust Optimal Design of a Gas Turbine Cogeneration Plant Under Uncertain Energy Demands and Costs

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Yokoyama ◽  
Masashi Ohkura ◽  
Tetsuya Wakui
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Robust Optimal Design ◽  
Optimal Design Method ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Energy Supply Systems

In designing energy supply systems, designers should consider that energy demands and costs as parameters have some uncertainties, evaluate the robustness in system performances against the uncertainties, and design the systems rationally to heighten the robustness. A robust optimal design method of energy supply systems under only uncertain energy demands was revised so that it can be applied to systems with complex configurations and large numbers of periods for variations in energy demands. In addition, a method of comparing performances of two energy supply systems under only uncertain energy demands was proposed by utilizing a part of the revised robust optimal design method. In this paper, the revised robust optimal design method as well as the proposed performance comparison method are extended so that they can be applied to the robust optimal design and the performance comparison of energy supply systems under not only uncertain energy demands but also uncertain energy costs. Through a case study on a gas turbine cogeneration system for district energy supply, the validity and effectiveness of the extended optimal design method and features of the robust optimal design are clarified. In addition, the gas turbine cogeneration system is compared with a conventional energy supply system using the extended performance comparison method.

Economic Scales for First-Generation Biomass-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Combined Cycles Fueled From Energy Plantations

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Larson ◽  
C. I. Marrison
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

This paper assesses the scales at which commercial, first-generation biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle (BIG/GTCC) technology is likely to be most economic when fueled by plantation-derived biomass. First-generation BIG/GTCC systems are likely to be commercially offered by vendors beginning around 2000 and will be based on either pressurized or atmospheric-pressure gasification. Both plant configurations are considered here, with estimates of capital and operating costs drawn from published and other sources. Prospective costs of a farm-grown energy crop (switchgrass) delivered to a power plant are developed with the aid of a geographic information system (GIS) for agricultural regions in the North Central and Southeast US in the year 2000 and 2020. A simplified approach is applied to estimate the cost of delivering chipped eucalyptus from an existing plantation in Northeast Brazil. The “optimum” capacity (MWopt), defined as that which yields the minimum calculated cost of electricity (COEm), varies by geographic region due to differences in delivered biomass costs. With pressurized BIG/GTCC plants, MWopt is in the range of 230–320 MWe for the sites considered, assuming most of the land around the power plant is farmed for energy crop production. For atmospheric-pressure BIG/GTCC plants, MWopt ranges from 110 to 142 MWe. When a lower fraction of the land around a plant is used for energy farming, values for MWopt are smaller than these. In all cases, the cost of electricity is relatively insensitive to plant capacity over a wide range around MWopt.

The Cost and Evolution of Quality at Cipla Ltd., 1935–2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Muhammad H. Zaman ◽  
Tarun Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturer ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Early Adoption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Cost

This article examines the evolution of Indian pharmaceutical manufacturer Cipla toward producing drugs that met the quality standards of European and U.S. regulators. It employs new research in both Cipla's corporate archives and a wide range of oral histories. The article argues that, along with a long-standing corporate culture of self-reliance rooted in nationalism starting from the company's inception in 1935, major factors in Cipla's strategy from the 1960s through the early 2000s included the early adoption and continued use of quality-control technology, along with efforts to create global goodwill for affordable high-quality generic drugs during the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the early 2000s.

scholarly journals Characterization of a novel, low-cost, scalable vaporized hydrogen peroxide system for sterilization of N95 respirators and other COVID-19 related personal protective equipment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Dave ◽  
Katie Sue Pascavis ◽  
John Patterson ◽  
David Wallace ◽  
Abhik Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Fluid Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
N95 Respirators

AbstractDue to the virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen responsible for the respiratory disease termed COVID-19, there has been a significant increase in demand for surgical masks and N95 respirators in medical clinics as well as within communities operating during the COVID-19 epidemic. Thus, community members, business owners, and even medical personnel have resorted to alternative methods for sterilizing face coverings and N95 respirators for reuse. While significant work has shown that vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) can be used to sterilize N95 respirators, the cost and installation time for these sterilization systems limit their accessibility. To this end, we have designed and constructed a novel, cost-effective, and scalable VHP system that can be used to sterilize N95 respirators and other face coverings for clinical and community applications. N95 respirators inoculated with P22 bacteriophage showed a greater than 6-log10 reduction in viral load when sterilized in the VHP system for one 60-minute cycle. Further, N95 respirators treated with 20 cycles in this VHP system showed comparable filtration efficiency to untreated N95 respirators in a 50 to 200 nanometer particulate challenge filtration test. While a 23% average increase in water droplet roll-off time was observed for N95 respirators treated with 5 cycles in the sterilization, no breakdown in fluid resistance was detected. These data suggest that our VHP system is effective in sterilizing N95 respirators and other polypropylene masks for reuse. Relating to the present epidemic, deployment of this system reduces the risk of COVID-19 community transmission while conserving monetary resources otherwise spent on the continuous purchase of disposable N95 respirators and other face coverings. In summary, this novel, scientifically validated sterilization system can be easily built at a low cost and implemented in a wide range of settings.

Application of Thermoeconomics for CO2 Allocation for Net Power and Useful Heat in a Gas Turbine Cogeneration System

2016 ◽  
Vol 830 ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Guedes dos Santos ◽  
José Joaquim Conceição Soares Santos ◽  
Julio A.M. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Cost Assessment ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Thermal Plant ◽  
Cogeneration System ◽  
Environmental Consideration ◽  
Useful Heat ◽  
The Cost

Thermoeconomics is a discipline that connects Thermodynamics and Economics concepts, usually used for rational cost assessment of the final products of a thermal plant, by means of a model which describes the cost formation process of the overall system. Generally, exergy or monetary costs of the external resources are distributed to the final products. However, environmental consideration can be incorporated in the models to calculate the environmental costs, such as specific CO2 emission of each final product. This work aims at demonstrating how the thermoeconomic models can be adapted or modified in order to allocate the overall CO2 emission of a gas turbine cogeneration system to the final products (net power and useful heat), in order to determine the specific CO2 emission (g/kWh) of each product. This subject is an important step in the applications of Life Cycle Assessment in plants with two or more products and also to quantify the environmental cogeneration advantage. It also reveals that any thermoeconomic model can be adapted for allocation of the overall CO2 emissions or any other pollutant to the final products of a multi-product plant.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PREFERENCE OF PRIVATE HOSPITALS TO PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN OMAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikha Mohammed Ali Al-Balushi ◽  
M Firdouse Rahman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Periodic Inspection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose: The objectives of the study are to analyze the factors which influence patients to go to private hospitals against public hospitals of Oman and to analyze the expectations of patients from the integrated public hospitals in Oman.Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out with a well-defined questionnaire through which 251 survey samples were collected on a random sampling basis.Findings: The results of the study reveal that there is an association between the selection of hospital and services and the cost of the services offered in the hospital and it is found that the cost of services incurred makes an impact in the selection of hospital for medical treatment. The study also revealed that in private hospitals patients could easily approach anyone including the reception staff and all are helpful, and the private hospitals are equipped with modern equipment, and doctors treat patients in a friendly manner.Research limitations/Implications: The majority of the population taken for the study are aged above 20 years, and the samples were collected from selected regions of Oman, and wide range collection of samples from all the regions will help to improve the solution.Social implications: The study suggests that sufficient medicines should be provided in all the public health centers and periodic inspection should be conducted at regular intervals to improve the standards of the public health Centers and Government Hospitals concerning cleanliness, treatments and the front line services.Originality/Value: No study has examined the causes for the hospital selection delay in the construction projects of Oman, and it is a first-hand study of its kind and the results will be useful to the stakeholders.

Hearing the voice of the child: messages from research that expose gaps between theory, principle and reality

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Mervyn Murch
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Cultural Shift ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Information Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Voice

This chapter draws attention to the developing field of policy and practice-related research which seeks to take account of the views and experiences of children, with a focus on parental breakdown and separation. The overall research into a wide range of children's life experiences is developing fast, representing something of a cultural shift since the 1970s. Even before then, certain pioneering researchers, such as Royston Lambert and Spencer Millham, in their research in the 1960s for the Public Schools Commission, sought to sample the views of children. This led on to a number of other studies concerned with listening to children in educational and other professional services contexts. The chapter considers research conducted in the 1990s and early 2000s, before the full impact of modern information technology had been felt and prior to the availability of smart phones for children.

scholarly journals Economic Scales for First-Generation Biomass-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Combined Cycles Fueled From Energy Plantations

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Larson ◽  
Christopher I. Marrison
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

This paper assesses the scales at which commercial, first-generation biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle (BIG/GTCC) technology are likely to be most economic when fueled by plantation-derived biomass. First-generation BIG/GTCC systems are likely to be commercially offered by vendors beginning around 2000 and will be based on either pressurized or atmospheric-pressure gasification. Both plant configurations are considered here, with estimates of capital and operating costs drawn from published and other sources. Prospective costs of a farm-grown energy crop (switchgrass) delivered to a power plant are developed with the aid of a geographic information system (GIS) for agricultural regions in the North Central and Southeast US in the year 2000 and 2020. A simplified approach is applied to estimate the cost of delivering chipped eucalyptus from an existing plantation in Northeast Brazil. The “optimum” capacity (MWopt), defined as that which yields the minimum calculated cost of electricity (COEm), varies by geographic region due to differences in delivered biomass costs. With pressurized BIG/GTCC plants, MWopt is in the range of 230–320 MWs for the sites considered, assuming most of the land around the power plant is farmed for energy crop production. For atmospheric-pressure BIG/GTCC plants, MWopt ranges from 110 to 142 MWe. When a lower fraction of the land around a plant is used for energy farming, values for MWopt are smaller than these. In all cases, the cost of electricity is relatively insensitive to plant capacity over a wide range around MWopt.

scholarly journals Heat Transfer Effect on Micro Gas Turbine Performance for Solar Power Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6745
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A. Khader ◽  
Mohsen Ghavami ◽  
Jafar Al-Zaili ◽  
Abdulnaser I. Sayma
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

This paper presents an experimentally validated computational study of heat transfer within a compact recuperated Brayton cycle microturbine. Compact microturbine designs are necessary for certain applications, such as solar dish concentrated power systems, to ensure a robust rotodynamic behaviour over the wide operating envelope. This study aims at studying the heat transfer within a 6 kWe micro gas turbine to provide a better understanding of the effect of heat transfer on its components’ performance. This paper also investigates the effect of thermal losses on the gas turbine performance as a part of a solar dish micro gas turbine system and its implications on increasing the size and the cost of such system. Steady-state conjugate heat transfer analyses were performed at different speeds and expansion ratios to include a wide range of operating conditions. The analyses were extended to examine the effects of insulating the microturbine on its thermodynamic cycle efficiency and rated power output. The results show that insulating the microturbine reduces the thermal losses from the turbine side by approximately 11% without affecting the compressor’s performance. Nonetheless, the heat losses still impose a significant impact on the microturbine performance, where these losses lead to an efficiency drop of 7.1% and a net output power drop of 6.6% at the design point conditions.

Energy Supply Systems Based on Micro Gas Turbines for Industrial Applications

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Bach ◽  
Karl Erik Widell ◽  
Geert V. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Simple Cycle ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Energy Supply Systems ◽  
Steam Production

Abstract Denmark has a well-developed natural gas distribution grid and during the last decade a large number of decentralised CHP-plants (> 2000 MW total capacity) have been built around the country for industrial applications and district heating. The largest small scale CHP has an installed electrical capacity of 99 MW, while most of the plants have capacities from some hundred kW to 10 MW. The larger plants are all based on gas turbines while the smaller plants predominantly use lean-burn reciprocating engines. On the whole this development has been very successful and is supported by tax incitements for small power producers. Lean-burn engines have, however, some problems, e.g. with regard to UHC, so the emergence of small and micro-gas turbines from a number of producers offers an interesting possibility to extend the use of gas turbines down to the smaller plant sizes. Two cases have been investigated involving smaller industries with a process steam demand. The energy systems investigated are based on a 100 kW recuperated gas turbine (Turbec T100) and a 600 kW simple cycle gas turbine (Volvo Aero VT600). The steam and hot water is produced in a Waste Heat Recovery boiler (WHR). To obtain the sufficient steam production and sufficient steam quality it is necessary to use supplementary firing. The analysis shows that a recuperated gas turbine has no particular advantages for industrial steam production plants. The low exhaust temperature after the recuperator is not sufficient to produce steam of proper quality. When comparing a CHP plant with a natural gas fired steam boiler, it is found that a simple cycle gas turbine is more suitable for steam producing industrial energy supply systems. Even if the net electric efficiency is lower for a simple cycle gas turbine, one can get a quite high, marginal net electric efficiency of about 60% (LHV) when replacing a gas fired boiler with a steam producing industrial CHP-plant. The marginal net electric efficiency is based on comparing the actual CHP plant with an existing gas fired steam producing boiler with an efficiency of 90% (LHV). This is a very high net electric efficiency compared to a centralised power plant. The study shows that there is little doubt that CHP systems based on gas turbines are functional, efficient and environmentally friendly, but it is very difficult to achieve a satisfactory economy with the present relations between gas costs, electricity prices and gas turbine prices.

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