Laboratory Assessment of a Headband-Mounted Sensor for Measurement of Head Impact Rotational Kinematics

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin M. Huber ◽  
Declan A. Patton ◽  
Kathryn L. Wofford ◽  
Susan S. Margulies ◽  
D. Kacy Cullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Sensor Performance ◽  
Rotational Kinematics ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Kinematic Measures ◽  
Coupling Error

Abstract Head impact sensors measure head kinematics in sports, and sensor accuracy is crucial for investigating the potential link between repetitive head loading and clinical outcomes. Many validation studies mount sensors to human head surrogates and compare kinematic measures during loading from a linear impactor. These studies are often unable to distinguish intrinsic instrumentation limitations from variability caused by sensor coupling. The aim of the current study was to evaluate intrinsic sensor error in angular velocity in the absence of coupling error for a common head impact sensor. Two Triax SIM-G sensors were rigidly attached to a preclinical rotational injury device and subjected to rotational events to assess sensor reproducibility and accuracy. Peak angular velocities between the SIM-G sensors paired for each test were correlated (R2 > 0.99, y = 1.00x, p < 0.001). SIM-G peak angular velocity correlated with the reference (R2 = 0.96, y = 0.82x, p < 0.001); however, SIM-G underestimated the magnitude by 15.0% ± 1.7% (p < 0.001). SIM-G angular velocity rise time (5% to 100% of peak) correlated with the reference (R2 = 0.97, y = 1.06x, p < 0.001) but exhibited a slower fall time (100% to 5% of peak) by 9.0 ± 3.7 ms (p < 0.001). Assessing sensor performance when rigidly coupled is a crucial first step to interpret on-field SIM-G rotational kinematic data. Further testing in increasing biofidelic conditions is needed to fully characterize error from other sources, such as coupling.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of a Lower Limb Multi Joint Angle Sensor Using CYTOP Fiber: Influence of Light Source Wavelength and Angular Velocity Compensation

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Avellar ◽  
Arnaldo Leal-Junior ◽  
Carlos Marques ◽  
Anselmo Frizera
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Angular Error ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Angle Sensor ◽  
Sensor Performance ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Curvature Sensor

This paper presents the analysis of an intensity variation polymer optical fiber (POF)-based angle sensor performance, i.e., sensitivity, hysteresis and determination coefficient ( R 2 ), using cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP) fiber. The analysis consisted of two approaches: influence of different light source central wavelengths (430 nm, 530 nm, 660 nm, 870 nm and 950 nm) and influence of different angular velocities ( 0.70 rad/s, 0.87 rad/s, 1.16 rad/s, 1.75 rad/s and 3.49 rad/s). The first approach aimed to select the source which resulted in the most suitable performance regarding highest sensitivity and linearity while maintaining lowest hysteresis, through the figure of merit. Thereafter, the analysis of different angular velocities was performed to evaluate the influence of velocity in the curvature sensor performance. Then, a discrete angular velocity compensation was proposed in order to reduce the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of responses for different angular velocities. Ten tests for each analysis were performed with angular range of 0 ∘ to 50 ∘ , based on knee and ankle angle range during the gait. The curvature sensor was applied in patterns simulating the knee and ankle during the gait. Results show repeatability and the best sensor performance for λ = 950 nm in the first analysis and show high errors for high angular velocities ( w = 3.49 rad/s) in the second analysis, which presented up to 50 % angular error. The uncompensated RMSE was high for all velocities ( 6.45 ∘ to 12.41 ∘ ), whereas the compensated RMSE decreased up to 74 % ( 1.67 ∘ to 3.62 ∘ ). The compensated responses of application tests showed maximum error of 5.52 ∘ and minimum of 1.06 ∘ , presenting a decrease of mean angular error up to 30 ∘ when compared with uncompensated responses.

Laboratory assessment of a head impact sensor for youth soccer ball heading impacts using an anthropomorphic test device

2021 ◽  
pp. 175433712110631
Author(s):  
Declan A Patton ◽  
Colin M Huber ◽  
Ethan C Douglas ◽  
Thomas Seacrist ◽  
Kristy B Arbogast
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Soccer Ball ◽  
Youth Soccer

Recent advances in technology have enabled the development of instrumented equipment, which estimate the head impact kinematics of athletes in vivo. One such headband-mounted impact sensor is the SIM-G (Triax Technologies, Norwalk, CT, USA), which has been previously used to investigate the biomechanics of soccer heading by human subjects. Previous studies have evaluated the accuracy of the SIM-G for pure rotation and pendulum, impulse hammer and drop rig impacts. The current study used a soccer ball heading model to evaluate the accuracy of the SIM-G. A soccer ball was projected at the head of an anthropomorphic test device (ATD) representing a 10-year-old to replicate the heading maneuver at various impact sites, angles and speeds previously identified in youth soccer. Linear regression revealed that the SIM-G sensor overestimated the peak angular velocity and linear acceleration recorded by the ATD headform by approximately 44% and 105%, respectively. Tests in which the ball directly contacted the SIM-G sensor resulted in the largest peak linear accelerations. Glancing impacts were significantly associated with a decrease in percentage error of the SIM-G sensor peak angular velocity data relative to the ATD reference data. While it may not demonstrate accuracy in estimating the magnitudes of head impacts, the SIM-G remains a useful tool to provide estimates of head impact exposure for soccer players.

Differences in Human Cervical Spine Kinematics for Active and Passive Motions of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Subject Groups

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Rutledge ◽  
Tamara Reid Bush ◽  
Joseph Vorro ◽  
Mingfei Li ◽  
Lisa DeStefano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Lateral Flexion ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Objective Standard ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Kinematic Measures ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects

Most musculoskeletal disorders of the head and neck regions cannot be identified through imaging techniques; therefore clinician-conducted assessments (passive motions) are used to evaluate the functional ability of these regions. Although active motions do not require interaction with a clinician, these movements can also provide diagnostic indicators of dysfunction. The purpose of this research was to determine whether kinematic measures differed between active and passive movements of participants in symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Data obtained on cervical lateral flexion range of motion (ROM), coupled axial rotation, and the angular velocity of lateral flexion were statistically analyzed and demonstrated differences between active and passive motions for symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Active motions had higher angular velocities (P< .001) and larger ROMs, with greater lateral flexions (P< .05). The asymptomatic group produced a larger average lateral flexion of 7.9° at an average angular velocity of 2 deg/s greater than the symptomatic group. Trends with regard to group assignment were the same for active and passive motions. This work demonstrates the potential for using kinematic measures of active and passive motions to develop an objective standard for diagnoses of cervical dysfunction and supports validity of the clinician-based analysis to distinguish between participant groups.

The Analysis of Proprioception Alteration during First Five Months after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (84) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma Jurevičienė ◽  
Albertas Skurvydas ◽  
Juozas Belickas ◽  
Giedra Bušmanienė ◽  
Dovilė Kielė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Research  background  and  hypothesis.  Proprioception  is  important  in  the  prevention  of  injuries  as  reduced proprioception  is  one  of  the  factors  contributing  to  injury  in  the  knee  joint,  particularly  the  ACL.  Therefore, proprioception appears not only important for the prevention of ACL injuries, but also for regaining full function after ACL reconstruction.Research aim. The aim of this study was to understand how proprioception is recovered four and five months after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Research methods. The study included 15 male subjects (age – 33.7 ± 2.49 years) who had undergone unilateral ACL reconstruction with a semitendinosus/gracilis (STG) graft in Kaunas Clinical Hospital. For proprioceptive assessment, joint position sense (JPS) was measured on both legs using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex), at knee flexion of 60° and 70°, and at different knee angular velocities of 2°/s and 10°/s. The patients were assessed preoperatively and after 4 and 5 months, postoperatively.Research results. Our study has shown that the JPS’s (joint position sense) error scores  to a controlled active movement is significantly higher in injured ACL-deficient knee than in the contralateral knee (normal knee) before surgery and after four and five months of rehabilitation.  After 4 and 5 months of rehabilitation we found significantly lower values in injured knees compared to the preoperative data. Our study has shown that in injured knee active angle reproduction errors after 4 and 5 months of rehabilitation were higher compared with the ones of the uninjured knee. Proprioceptive ability on the both legs was  independent of all differences angles for target and starting position for movement. The knee joint position sense on both legs depends upon the rate of two different angular velocities and the mean active angle reproduction errors at the test of angular velocity slow speed was the highest compared with the fast angular velocity. Discussion and conclusions. In conclusion, our study shows that there was improvement in mean JPS 4 and 5 months after ACL reconstruction, but it did not return to normal indices.Keywords: knee joint, joint position sense, angular velocity, starting position for movement.

Finite difference code for velocity and surface traction of a Fluid between Two Eccentric Spheres

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2960-2971
Author(s):  
M.Abdel Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Field ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Finite Difference ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Outer Sphere ◽  
Equation Of Motion ◽  
Annular Region ◽  
Surface Traction ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Axis Passing

The Numerical study of the flow of a fluid in the annular region between two eccentric sphere susing PHP Code isinvestigated. This flow is created by considering the inner sphere to rotate with angular velocity 1  and the outer sphererotate with angular velocity 2  about the axis passing through their centers, the z-axis, using the three dimensionalBispherical coordinates (, ,) .The velocity field of fluid is determined by solving equation of motion using PHP Codeat different cases of angular velocities of inner and outer sphere. Also Finite difference code is used to calculate surfacetractions at outer sphere.

Scission and Healing in a Spinning Elastomeric Cylinder at Elevated Temperature

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 602-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Wineman ◽  
J. A. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Material System ◽  
Elastomeric Material ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Macromolecular Network ◽  
Temperature Responses

When an elastomeric material is subject to sufficiently high temperature, macromolecular network junctions can undergo time-dependent scission and re-crosslinking (healing). The material system then consists of molecular networks with different reference states. A constitutive framework, based on the experimental work of Tobolsky, is used to determine the evolution of deformation of a solid rubber cylinder spinning at constant angular velocity at an elevated temperature. Responses based on underlying neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin, and Arruda-Boyce models, were solved numerically and compared. Different amounts of healing were studied for each case. For neo-Hookean molecular networks, there may be a critical finite time when the radius grows infinitely fast and the cylinder “blows up.” This time depends on the angular velocity and the rate of re-cross linking. In addition, no solution was possible for angular velocities above a critical value, even without the effects of scission. Such anomalous behavior does not occur for Mooney-Rivlin or Arruda-Boyce network response.

The Relationship between Consistency of Propulsive Cycles and Maximum Angular Velocity during Wheelchair Racing

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong “Tai” Wang ◽  
Konstantinos Dino Vrongistinos ◽  
Dali Xu
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Wheelchair Propulsion ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Wheelchair Athletes ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The purposes of this study were to examine the consistency of wheelchair athletes’ upper-limb kinematics in consecutive propulsive cycles and to investigate the relationship between the maximum angular velocities of the upper arm and forearm and the consistency of the upper-limb kinematical pattern. Eleven elite international wheelchair racers propelled their own chairs on a roller while performing maximum speeds during wheelchair propulsion. A Qualisys motion analysis system was used to film the wheelchair propulsive cycles. Six reflective markers placed on the right shoulder, elbow, wrist joints, metacarpal, wheel axis, and wheel were automatically digitized. The deviations in cycle time, upper-arm and forearm angles, and angular velocities among these propulsive cycles were analyzed. The results demonstrated that in the consecutive cycles of wheelchair propulsion the increased maximum angular velocity may lead to increased variability in the upper-limb angular kinematics. It is speculated that this increased variability may be important for the distribution of load on different upper-extremity muscles to avoid the fatigue during wheelchair racing.

Investigation on Energy Absorption Characteristics of PVB Laminated Windshield Subject to Human Head Impact

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 956-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Han Liu ◽  
Meng Yi Zhu ◽  
Yue Ting Sun ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
Dong Yun Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Laminated Glass ◽  
Absorption Property ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Impact Position ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Absorption Characteristics

In this paper, energy absorption characteristics of PVB laminated windshield subject to human head impact are studied. SHPB method is carried out to obtain the constitutive relationships of PVB laminated glass in dynamic behavior. With the SHPB results embedded, finite element simulation is used to study the dynamic behavior of PVB laminated windshield. In particular, energy absorption characteristics are investigated. Two parameters for measuring the energy absorption property of windshield are suggested, i.e. loss of head velocity and HIC value and a parametric study is carried out to see the effect of impact velocity and impact position. Results can shed lights on the research of energy absorption capability of PVB laminated windshield.

scholarly journals Profil izokinetickej sily extenzorov a flexorov kolena u mladých futbalových hráčov

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Tomáš Malý ◽  
František Zahálka ◽  
Lucia Malá ◽  
Jaroslav Teplan
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Eccentric Contraction ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Concentric Contraction ◽  
Angular Velocities

Th e aim of the study was to present isokinetic strength profi le of knee fl exors and extensors during concentric contraction in young soccer players. Particularly in knee fl exors was evaluated also strength during eccentric contraction. Research group was state from young soccer players U17 category (n=19, age=16,4±0,3 years). All of them are the participant of highest junior soccer league. Isokinetic strength was evaluated by isokinetic dynamometr Cybex Humac Norm in following angular velocities: 30, 60 and 120°/s in eccentric contraction and 60, 180, 240 and 300 °/s in concentric contraction. Th e results did not revealed signifi cant diff erences at three diff erent speed levels of knee fl exors’ strength during eccentric contraction (p>0,05). Regarding the concentric contraction we found signifi cant diff erences for strength production depending on angular velocity for both knee extensors and fl exors (p<0,01). Knee fl exors generated more strength during eccentric contraction compared to concentric contraction. Th e strength profi les developed in the present study can assist in the establishment of baseline data in young soccer players or for comparison values with other researchers.

scholarly journals Fertilizer deposition as a function of angular velocity and inclination of the helical dosing mechanism

2022 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-235
Author(s):  
Gabriel G. Zimmermann ◽  
Samir P. Jasper ◽  
Daniel Savi ◽  
Leonardo L. Kmiecik ◽  
Lauro Strapasson Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Process Control ◽  
Statistical Process Control ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Statistical Process ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Angular Velocities

ABSTRACT The establishment of grain crops in Brazil is an important industrial process in the agricultural chain, requiring the correct deposition of granular fertilizer over the sowing furrow and more efficient, precise, and sustainable assessments in the operation, which can be achieved with the statistical process control. This study aimed to assess the effect of the angular velocity on different inclinations of the helical metering mechanism on the granular fertilizer deposition. An automated electronic bench was used to assess the deposition quality of granular fertilizers considering different angular velocities (1.11, 1.94, and 2.77 m s-1) and longitudinal and transverse inclinations (+15, +7.5, 0, −7.5, and −15°), with the helical doser by overflow. Flow data were collected and submitted to descriptive statistics and statistical process control. The metering mechanism showed expected variations, with acceptable performance under process control. The values of the flow rates of the granular fertilizer increased as velocity increased, standing out longitudinal inclinations of +7.5 and +15°, providing higher fertilizer depositions.

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