A Simplified Algorithm for Count Rate Processing in Radiation Monitors That Address Statistical Fluctuations and Spurious Counts

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswamohan Nanda ◽  
Voleti Madhavi ◽  
S. V. Suguna Devi ◽  
R. Balachandran
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Noise Pattern ◽  
Statistical Fluctuations ◽  
True Value ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Radiation Monitors ◽  
C Program

Abstract While processing the signals from radiation detectors, for finding the true mean-count-rate, algorithms with hybrid pulse collection methodology have been proposed and used over the years. An algorithm based on this technique with a new methodology of adoption and implementation including spurious rejection is proposed here. It enables a specified and controllable error when the mean-count-rate remains within certain predefined limits from its true value. Effort is made to optimize the response time of prediction at low count rates preserving the optimum possible relative-standard-deviation (RSD). Chi-squared test is utilized for verifying the counting system to check if the observed fluctuations are consistent with the expected statistical fluctuations. A C-program code has been developed to test the algorithm. An observed set of detector outputs are given as input to the program and the corresponding Output is analyzed. A comparative study between the proposed method and floating-mean method is presented for the same set of observations. A typical short-lived high voltage (HV) induced spurious noise pattern is fed as input to the program verifying limited-spurious rejection capability of the algorithm. An embedded C program was written for microcontroller implementation of the algorithm. Case-study of a neutron roentgen equivalent man (REM) counter is presented for evaluating response time for various ranges of operation with calculation of RSD at these ranges. This general-purpose algorithm can enhance the read-out accuracy of radiation monitors used for radiation safety applications.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of a Pectin Membrane-Based Optical pH Sensor for Fish Freshness Monitoring

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uswatun Hasanah ◽  
Mita Setyowati ◽  
Rustam Efendi ◽  
Muslem Muslem ◽  
Nor Diyana Md Sani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Ph Sensor ◽  
Sensor Response ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Optical Ph Sensor

In a simple and instant procedure for detecting fish freshness, a hydrogel and hydrophilic pectin matrix membrane was used successfully as an optical pH sensor by immobilizing the chromoionophore ETH 5294 (CI), which is very selective and sensitive for the membrane. The Pe/CI optical pH sensor exhibited excellent linearity between pH 5 and pH 9, with a sensor response time of 5 min and reproducibility of 1.49% relative standard deviation (RSD). The sensor showed response stability for 15 days and a response reduction of 8.6%. The sensor’s capability was demonstrated by the detection of fish freshness for 17 days at 4 °C.

scholarly journals Development in Vulkan: a domain-specific approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 181-204
Author(s):  
Vladimir Frolov ◽  
Vadim Sanzharov ◽  
Vladimir Galaktionov ◽  
Alexander Shcherbakov
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Code Generation ◽  
Source Code ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Architectural Patterns ◽  
C Program

In this paper we propose a high-level approach to developing GPU applications based on the Vulkan API. The purpose of the work is to reduce the complexity of developing and debugging applications that implement complex algorithms on the GPU using Vulkan. The proposed approach uses the technology of code generation by translating a C++ program into an optimized implementation in Vulkan, which includes automatic shader generation, resource binding, and the use of synchronization mechanisms (Vulkan barriers). The proposed solution is not a general-purpose programming technology, but specializes in specific tasks. At the same time, it has extensibility, which allows to adapt the solution to new problems. For single input C++ program, we can generate several implementations for different cases (via translator options) or different hardware. For example, a call to virtual functions can be implemented either through a switch construct in a kernel, or through sorting threads and an indirect dispatching via different kernels, or through the so-called callable shaders in Vulkan. Instead of creating a universal programming technology for building various software systems, we offer an extensible technology that can be customized for a specific class of applications. Unlike, for example, Halide, we do not use a domain-specific language, and the necessary knowledge is extracted from ordinary C++ code. Therefore, we do not extend with any new language constructs or directives and the input source code is assumed to be normal C++ source code (albeit with some restrictions) that can be compiled by any C++ compiler. We use pattern matching to find specific patterns (or patterns) in C++ code and convert them to GPU efficient code using Vulkan. Pattern are expressed through classes, member functions, and the relationship between them. Thus, the proposed technology makes it possible to ensure a cross-platform solution by generating different implementations of the same algorithm for different GPUs. At the same time, due to this, it allows you to provide access to specific hardware functionality required in computer graphics applications. Patterns are divided into architectural and algorithmic. The architectural pattern defines the domain and behavior of the translator as a whole (for example, image processing, ray tracing, neural networks, computational fluid dynamics and etc.). Algorithmic pattern express knowledge of data flow and control and define a narrower class of algorithms that can be efficiently implemented in hardware. Algorithmic patterns can occur within architectural patterns. For example, parallel reduction, compaction (parallel append), sorting, prefix sum, histogram calculation, map-reduce, etc. The proposed generator works on the principle of code morphing. The essence of this approach is that, having a certain class in the program and transformation rules, one can automatically generate another class with the desired properties (for example, the implementation of the algorithm on the GPU). The generated class inherits from the input class and thus has access to all data and functions of the input class. Overriding virtual functions in generated class helps user to carefully connect generated code to the other Vulkan code written by hand. Shaders can be generated in two variants: OpenCL shaders for google “clspv” compiler and GLSL shaders for an arbitrary GLSL compiler. Clspv variant is better for code which intensively uses pointers and the GLSL generator is better if specific HW features are used (like hardware ray tracing acceleration). We have demonstrated our technology on several examples related to image processing and ray tracing on which we get 30-100 times acceleration over multithreaded CPU implementation.

scholarly journals Development, Validation, and Routine Application of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Coupled with a Single Mass Detector for Quantification of Itraconazole, Voriconazole, and Posaconazole in Human Plasma

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 3408-3413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Baietto ◽  
Antonio D'Avolio ◽  
Giusi Ventimiglia ◽  
Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa ◽  
Marco Siccardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
True Value ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Mass Detector ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Method

ABSTRACT We have developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with a mass detector to quantify itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole using quinoxaline as the internal standard. The method involves protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Mean accuracy (percent deviation from the true value) and precision (relative standard deviation percentage) were less than 15%. Mean recovery was more than 80% for all drugs quantified. The lower limit of quantification was 0.031 μg/ml for itraconazole and posaconazole and 0.039 μg/ml for voriconazole. The calibration range tested was from 0.031 to 8 μg/ml for itraconazole and posaconazole and from 0.039 to 10 μg/ml for voriconazole.

scholarly journals Multi Simulation Platform for Time Domain Diffuse Optical Tomography: An Application to a Compact Hand-Held Reflectance Probe

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Ferocino ◽  
Antonio Pifferi ◽  
Simon Arridge ◽  
Fabrizio Martelli ◽  
Paola Taroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Breast Imaging ◽  
Optical Tomography ◽  
Diffuse Optical Tomography ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Simulation Platform ◽  
Photon Count ◽  
Optical Properties Of Tissue

Time Domain Diffuse Optical Tomography (TD-DOT) enables a full 3D reconstruction of the optical properties of tissue, and could be used for non-invasive and cost-effective in-depth body exploration (e.g., thyroid and breast imaging). Performance quantification is crucial for comparing results coming from different implementations of this technique. A general-purpose simulation platform for TD-DOT clinical systems was developed with a focus on performance assessment through meaningful figures of merit. The platform was employed for assessing the feasibility and characterizing a compact hand-held probe for breast imaging and characterization in reflectance geometry. Important parameters such as hardware gating of the detector, photon count rate and inclusion position were investigated. Results indicate a reduced error (<10%) on the absorption coefficient quantification of a simulated inclusion up to 2-cm depth if a photon count rate ≥ 106 counts per second is used along with a good localization (error < 1 mm down to 25 mm-depth).

Dynamic Response of a Feedback Thermoresistive Electrical Substitution Pyranometer

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. S. Freire ◽  
G. S. Deep ◽  
P. C. Lobo ◽  
A. M. N. Lima ◽  
J. S. Rocha Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Wheatstone Bridge ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Offset Voltage ◽  
True Value ◽  
Instrument Response ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Electronic Amplifier

Calorimetric pyranometers use plane black thermal sensors which absorb solar radiation. If a thermoresistive transducer (sensor-detector combination) is used, the temperature measured is nearer the true value than for thermoelectric transducers. More importantly, the measurement of electrical power is much more accurate than the measurement of temperature. In commercial platinum (thermoresistive), thin film thermometers, the substrate produces transducer time constants an order of magnitude larger than for the best thermoelectric transducers. Use of an electronic amplifier with the thermoresistive sensor, forming one arm of a Wheatstone bridge and arranged in a negative feedback configuration, can reduce the overall response time considerably. Theoretical formulations of instrument response, taking into account the amplifier input offset voltage, are presented and the response time is estimated.

scholarly journals METHOD FOR ASSESSING OF RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS IN DESIGNING OF FAILURERESISTANT REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (61) ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
P. Shvahirev ◽  
◽  
O. Lopakov ◽  
V. Kosmachevskiy ◽  
V. Salii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Operating Systems ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Time System ◽  
Real Time System ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
External Events

For many years, real-time OS-based applications have been used in embedded special-purpose systems. Recently they have been used everywhere, from on-board control systems for aircraft, to household appliances. The development of multiprocessor computing systems usually aims to increase either the level of reliability or the level of system performance to values that are inaccessible or difficult to implement in traditional computer systems. In the first case, the question of the availability of special means of ensuring the fault tolerance of computer systems arises, the main feature (and advantage) of which is the absence of any single resource, failure of which leads to a fatal failure of the entire system. The use of a real-time operating system is always associated with equipment, with an object and with events occurring at an object. A real-time system, as a hardware-software complex, includes sensors that record events at an object, input / output modules that convert sensor readings into a digital form suitable for processing these readings on a computer, and finally, a computer with a program that responds to events occurring at the facility. The RTOS is focused on processing external events. It is this that leads to fundamental differences (compared with general-purpose OS) in the structure of the system as well as in the functions of the kernel and in the construction of the input-output system. The RTOS can be similar in its user interface to general-purpose operating systems, but it is completely different in its structure. In addition, the use of RTOS is always specific. If users (not developers) usually perceive a general-purpose OS as a ready-made set of applications, then the RTOS serves only as a tool for creating a specific hardware-software complex in real time. Therefore, the widest class of users of RTOS is the developers of real-time complexes, people designing control and data collection systems. When designing and developing a specific real-time system, the programmer always knows exactly what events can occur at the facility, and he knows the critical terms for servicing each of these events. We call a real-time system (SRV) a hardware-software complex that responds in predictable times to an unpredictable stream of external events. The system must have time to respond to the event that occurred at the facility, during the time critical for this event. The critical time for each event is determined by the object and by the event itself, and, of course, it can be different, but the response time of the system must be predicted (calculated) when creating the system. Lack of response at the predicted time is considered an error for real-time systems. The system must have time to respond to simultaneously occurring events. Even if two or more external events occur simultaneously, the system must have time to respond to each of them during time intervals critical for these events. In this study, as part of a network fault-tolerant technology, the RTOS becomes a special type of control software that is used to organize the operation of embedded applications, which are characterized by limited memory resources, low productivity and the requirements of a guaranteed response time (T<4 μs), high level availability and availability of auto-monitoring facilities.

scholarly journals VALIDASI METODE ANALISIS LOGAM Na, K, Mg dan Ca PADA AIR TUA (BITTERN) MENGGUNAKAN MICROWAVE PLASMA-ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETER (MP-AES)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Dian Septiani Pratama ◽  
Purna Pirdaus ◽  
Rinawati Rinawati ◽  
Sophia L. Sagala ◽  
Ifan Suhelmi R. Suhelmi
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
True Value ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Atomic Emission Spectrometer

<p>Abstrak<br />Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh metode analisis dan unjuk kerja metode analisis logam mayor (Na, K, Mg dan Ca) dalam air tua(bittern) menggunakan Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer. Diketahui bahwa karakteristik air tua memiliki matriks kompleks yang disebabkan oleh tingginya mineral anorganik yang terkandung didalamnya. Oleh karenanya, metode analisis yang digunakan menerapkan larutan standar multi elemen mendekati matriks air tua. Karakteristik kinerja dari metode ini ditentukan dengan uji larutan standar multielement (Na, K, Mg dan Ca), dan unspiked sampel. Selektivitas, linearitas, akurasi, presisi, deteksi dan batas kuantifikasi dari hasil analisis yang diperoleh kemudian dievaluasi. Efek matriks yang signifikan tidak teridentifikasi untuk semua elemen yang dianalisis. Linearitas (r) metode analisis untuk elemen Na, K, Mg dan Ca berkisar antara 0,9955 - 0,9998. Hasil uji akurasi menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada penyimpangan dari nilai benar untuk semua elemen yang dianalisa. Presisi yang disajikan dalam relative standard deviation (%RSD) untuk analisa Na, K, Mg dan Ca berturut-turut adalah: 1,491; 2,702; 2,678; dan 1,923. Sedangkan batas deteksi untuk parameter Na, K, Mg, dan Ca berturut-turut adalah: 0,184; 0,070; 0,219 dan 0,005 mg/l dengan batas kuantifikasi 0,613; 0,230; 0,730 dan 0,017mg/l. Hasil validasi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa metode yang diusulkan selektif dan sesuai untuk untuk analisis air tua.<br />Kata kunci : validasi metode analisis, air tua, logam (Na, K, Mg, Ca), MP-AES.</p><p><br />Abstract<br />This research aims to obtain analysis method for mayor elements (Na, K, Mg, and Ca) in bittern using Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (MP-AES) and to assess the validity of the obtained method. It is known that sea bittern characteristic has complex matrix for its high concentration of the inorganic materials. Therefore assessment of the validity of the analytical method for mayor element is important. The performance characteristics of the method were established by multi-elements-standard-solution assay (Na, K, Mg and Ca), in which samples were un-spiked. Selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection and quantification limit of the method were evaluated in the study. Matrix effects were not significantly identified for the studied elements. Linearity of selected concentration range for Na, K, Mg and Ca varied from 0.9955- 0.9998. No deviation of true value for all elements was observed in the accuracy test. Meanwhile, precision values of the method (%RSD) were 1.491; 2.702; 2.678; and 1.923, respectively for Na, K, Mg and Ca. The method developed in the present study indicated the detection limits for Na, K, Mg and Ca were 0,184; 0,070; 0,219 dan 0,005 mg/l, respectively, with quantification limits of 0,613; 0,230; 0,730 dan 0,017mg/l. The results of the validation method showed that the proposed method is selective and feasible for sea bittern analysis using MP-AES. Keywords: Method validation, Bittern, Na, K, Mg, Ca, MP-AES.</p>

scholarly journals Novel Reference Molecules for Quantitation of Genetically Modified Maize and Soybean

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1077-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Kuribara ◽  
Yoichiro Shindo ◽  
Takeshi Matsuoka ◽  
Ken Takubo ◽  
Satoshi Futo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Gm Maize ◽  
True Value ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract New quantitation methods based on a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique were developed for 5 lines of genetically modified (GM) maize, including MON810, Event176, Bt11, T25, and GA21, and a GM soy, Roundup Ready. Oligonucleotide DNA, including specific primers and fluorescent dye, labeled probes, were designed for PCRs. Two plasmids were constructed as reference molecules (RMs) for the detection of GM maize and GM soy. The molecules contain the DNA sequences of a specific region found in each GM line, universal sequences used in various GM lines, such as cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and nopaline synthase terminator, and the endogenous DNA sequences of maize or soy. By using these plasmids, no GM maize and GM soy were required as reference materials for the qualitative and quantitative PCR technique. Test samples containing 0, 0.10, 0.50, 1.0, 5.0, and 10% GM maize or GM soy were quantitated. At the 5.0%level, the bias (mean–true value) ranged from 2.8 to 19.4% and the relative standard deviation was &lt;5.2%. These results show that our method involving the use of these plasmids as RMs is reliable and practical for quantitation of GM maize and GM soy.

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