Metrics for Evaluating and Optimizing the Barrier and Time to Reverse Engineer a Product

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Harston ◽  
Christopher A. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Reverse Engineer ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Numerical Representations ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Do So

Reverse engineering, defined as extracting information about a product from the product itself, is a common industry practice for gaining insight into innovative products. Both the original designer and those reverse engineering the original design can benefit from estimating the time and barrier to reverse engineer a product. This paper presents a set of metrics and parameters that can be used to calculate the barrier to reverse engineer any product as well as the time required to do so. To the original designer, these numerical representations of the barrier and time can be used to strategically identify and improve product characteristics so as to increase the difficulty and time to reverse engineer them. As the metrics and parameters developed in this paper are quantitative in nature, they can also be used in conjunction with numerical optimization techniques, thereby enabling products to be developed with a maximum reverse engineering barrier and time — at a minimum development cost. On the other hand, these quantitative measures enable competitors who reverse engineer original designs to focus their efforts on products that will result in the greatest return on investment.

Metrics for Evaluating the Barrier and Time to Reverse Engineer a Product

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Harston ◽  
Christopher A. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Reverse Engineer ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Numerical Representations ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Do So

Reverse engineering, defined as extracting information about a product from the product itself, is a common industry practice for gaining insight into innovative products. Both the original designer and those reverse engineering the original design can benefit from estimating the time and barrier to reverse engineer a product. This paper presents a set of metrics and parameters that can be used to calculate the barrier to reverse engineer any product, as well as the time required to do so. To the original designer, these numerical representations of the barrier and time can be used to strategically identify and improve product characteristics so as to increase the difficulty and time to reverse engineer them. As the metrics and parameters developed in this paper are quantitative in nature, they can also be used in conjunction with numerical optimization techniques, thereby enabling products to be developed with a maximum reverse engineering barrier and time—at a minimum development cost. On the other hand, these quantitative measures enable competitors who reverse engineer original designs to focus their efforts on products that will result in the greatest return on investment.

CHIPSCANNER: Reverse Engineering Solution for Microchips at the Nanometer-Scale

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Klingfus ◽  
Kevin Burcham ◽  
Martin Rasche ◽  
Thomas Borchert ◽  
Niklas Damnik
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Image Capture ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Reverse Engineer ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Chipscanning is the high-resolution, large-area, SEM image capture of complete (or partial) IC devices. Images are acquired sequentially in matrix-array fashion over an area of interest and large image mosaics are created from the collection of smaller images. Chipscanning is of keen interest to those involved with component obsolescence, design verification, anti-counterfeiting, etc. Chipscanning, and subsequent processing of the images, can also be used to reverse engineer an IC device. The reverse engineering process can be broken down into three main tasks; sample preparation, data collection, and data processing. We present practical insight into the data collection and data processing tasks and discuss an instrument platform uniquely suited for imaging such devices.

Evaluation of Writing Assignments

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Anita Jokić
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Writing Assignments ◽  
Listening Skill ◽  
Job Application ◽  
Written Assignments ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Teacher’S Responsibilities ◽  
Do So

Teaching English as a foreign language is now one of the most important subjects in Croatian secondary schools since English is one of the three obligatory subjects at 'matura' - standardized tests which the seniors need to pass to graduate. Writing is one of the three parts of the EL exam, the other two being listening and reading. When learning a language, students start from listening skill, move on to speaking and reading and finally to most difficult skill to master: writing. Teaching and learning writing faces a lot of challenges since it requires a lot of time to practice and even more to evaluate and monitor progress. Teacher's responsibilities are to regularly provide opportunities to write, encourage students to learn from their mistakes and promote their success. In order to do so, students should be given clear instructions on evaluation/assessment and concise feedback. Since grading written assignments takes up a lot of time, the author proposes rubrics which can be used to assess various types of writing taught at secondary level (description of place/event/person, letters of complaint, job application, invitation, discursive/opinion/for-and-against essay etc.). Author suggests four fixed rubrics and subdivisions: Task completion, Cohesion / coherence, Grammar and Vocabulary. All rubrics and subdivisions are described in the paper. A survey was also conducted on a sample of 140 students and has given an insight into students’ opinion on importance of assessment and feedback and its influence on their progress.

The Challenge of Sustaining Peace

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Necla Tschirgi ◽  
Cedric de Coning
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Entire Spectrum ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Instrument ◽  
International Peacebuilding ◽  
Do So

While demand for international peacebuilding assistance increases around the world, the UN’s Peacebuilding Architecture (PBA) remains a relatively weak player, for many reasons: its original design, uneasy relations between the Peacebuilding Commission and Security Council, turf battles within the UN system, and how UN peacebuilding is funded. This chapter examines the PBA’s operations since 2005, against the evolution of the peacebuilding field, and discusses how the PBA can be a more effective instrument in the UN’s new “sustaining peace” approach. To do so, it would have to become the intergovernmental anchor for that approach, without undermining the intent that “sustaining peace” be a system-wide responsibility, encompassing the entire spectrum of UN activities in peace, security, development, and human rights.

scholarly journals Customisation and Desirable Characteristics of a Standard Method of Measurement for Building Works in Ghana

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Nani ◽  
Peter Edwards ◽  
Theophilus Adjei-Kumi ◽  
Edward Badu ◽  
Peter Amoah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Opinion Survey ◽  
British Standard ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Precision Industry ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

This paper reports a study that identified andcategorised the modifications to the 5thEdition of the British Standard Method ofMeasurement (SMM5) of building works inGhana. Typical modifications involved ‘costinsignificant items’, ‘minor labour items’,‘custom units of measurement’, ‘methodrelated items’, ‘combinable items’,‘subordinate items’, and ‘items of minorinformative impact’. It was also observed thatthe desirable characteristics/ qualities ofstandard methods of measurement (SMM) ofbuilding work were noteworthy, since theyprovide insight into the nature of a SMMrequired for the construction industry inGhana.The research reviewed available literature,various SMMs and bills of quantities (BQs).The relevance of the modifications andSMM characteristics identified wasconfirmed by a survey of the opinions ofprofessional quantity surveyors conductedthrough a carefully designed questionnaire.Inferences from the opinion survey formedthe basis for grouping both SMMmodifications found and the desired qualitiesof a SMM for Ghana.Survey respondents confirmed all theidentified modifications to the British SMM,except for the elimination of items of minorinformative impact. It was held that allinformation was relevant in measurement.Desirable characteristics of a SMM were ratedin decreasing order of relevance as: easylocation of items; cost significance; simplicity;thoroughness; ease of cost analysis; goodpractice; conciseness; adoptability; precision;industry practice; stakeholders’ opinion;custom classification; regional relevance; andinclusion of jargon. It was noted that therelevance of these characteristics may varyform one region to the other as a result oftechnological, cultural and legal differences.However, the desired SMM characteristicswere recommended as fundamental indeveloping an appropriate SMM for Ghana.

scholarly journals Designing for international law: The architecture of international organizations 1922–1952

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Miriam Bak McKenna
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physical Manifestation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Do So

Abstract Situating itself in current debates over the international legal archive, this article delves into the material and conceptual implications of architecture for international law. To do so I trace the architectural developments of international law’s organizational and administrative spaces during the early to mid twentieth century. These architectural endeavours unfolded in three main stages: the years 1922–1926, during which the International Labour Organization (ILO) building, the first building exclusively designed for an international organization was constructed; the years 1927–1937 which saw the great polemic between modernist and classical architects over the building of the Palace of Nations; and the years 1947–1952, with the triumph of modernism, represented by the UN Headquarters in New York. These events provide an illuminating allegorical insight into the physical manifestation, modes of self-expression, and transformation of international law during this era, particularly the relationship between international law and the function and role of international organizations.

Integrating Freeform and Feature-Based Fitting Methods

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. James de St. Germain ◽  
David E. Johnson ◽  
Elaine Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Surface Fitting ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Freeform Surface ◽  
Domain Expert ◽  
Coordinate Measurement ◽  
Reverse Engineer ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Cad Models ◽  
Feature Based

Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of defining and instantiating a model based on the measurements taken from an exemplar object. Traditional RE is costly, requiring extensive time from a domain expert using calipers and/or coordinate measurement machines to create new design drawings/CAD models. Increasingly RE is becoming more automated via the use of mechanized sensing devices and general purpose surface fitting software. This work demonstrates the ability to reverse-engineer parts by combining feature-based techniques with freeform surface fitting to produce more accurate and appropriate CAD models than previously possible.

Constraint-Based Reverse Engineering From Ultrasound Cross-Sections

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Menon ◽  
Ranjit Desai ◽  
Jay Buckey
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reverse Engineer ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Complex Topology

Abstract This paper extends the “cross-sectional” approach for reverse engineering, used abundantly in biomedical applications, to the mechanical domain. We propose a combination of “projective” and cross-sectional algorithms for handling physical artifacts with complex topology and geometry. In addition, the paper introduces the concept of constraint-based reverse engineering, where the constraint parameters could include one or more of the following: time, storage (memory, disk-space), network bandwidth, Quality of Service (output-resolution), and so forth. We describe a specific reverse-engineering application which uses ultrasound (tilt-echo) imaging to reverse engineer spatial enumeration (volume) representations from cross-sectional data. The constraint here is time, and we summarize how our implementation can satisfy real-time reconstruction for distribution of the volume data on the internet. We present results that show volume representations computed from static objects. Since the algorithms are tuned to satisfy time constraints, this method is extendable to reverse engineer temporally-varying (elastic) objects. The current reverse engineering processing time is constrained by the data-acquisition (tilt-echo imaging) process, and the entire reverse engineering pipeline has been optimized to compute incremental volume representations in the order of 3 seconds on a network of four processors.

Quantifying Design and Manufacturing Robustness Through Stochastic Optimization Techniques

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kazmer ◽  
Philip Barkan ◽  
Kosuke Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Process Variation ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Detailed Design ◽  
Process Dynamics ◽  
Molded Parts ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
End Use

Abstract Critical design decisions are often made during the detailed design stage assuming known material and process behavior. However, in net shape manufacturing processes such as stamping, injection molding, and metals casting, the final part properties depend upon the specific tool geometry, material properties, and process dynamics encountered during production. As such, the end-use performance can not be accurately known in the detailed design stage. Moreover, slight random variations during manufacture can inadvertently result in inferior or unacceptable product performance and reduced production yields. These characteristics make it difficult for the designer to select the tooling, material, and processing details which will deliver the desired functional properties, let alone achieve a robust design which is tolerant to process variation. This paper describes a methodology for assessing the design/manufacturing robustness of candidate designs at the detailed design stage. In the design evaluation, the fundamental sources of variation are explicitly modeled and the effects conveyed through the manufacturing process to predict the distribution of end-use part properties. This is accomplished by utilizing optimization of manufacturing process variables within Monte Carlo simulation of stochastic process variation, which effectively parallels the industry practice of tuning and optimizing the process once the tool reaches the production floor. The resulting estimates can be used to evaluate the robustness of the candidate design relative to the product requirements and provide guidance for design and process modifications before tool steel is cut, as demonstrated by the application of the methodology for dimensional control of injection molded parts.

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