Review of Brake-by-Wire System Used in Modern Passenger Car

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangyao Yu ◽  
Xiaohui Liu ◽  
Zejin Xie ◽  
Yi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Brake Pedal ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Wire System

As an important component in brake systems, the Brake-by-Wire system has attracted great attention recently with the development of emerging energy vehicle and modern passenger cars. The main feature of the Brake-by-Wire system, in contrast to the conventional braking system, is the elimination of the dependence of the vacuum booster on engine vacuum through decoupling of the brake pedal and the brake actuator. The influences from road surface to the driver’s brake feeling can also be eliminated by employment of a brake pedal simulator. The Brake-by-Wire system can greatly improve the automotive safety performance of modern passenger cars, including response time, control capability and stability. As much as the system shows great promise, drawbacks should be addressed as well. For example, design theories on system structure, reliable control strategies, high energy consumption, the modeling of global Brake-by-Wire non-linear dynamic system, poor working conditions and high maintenance costs are major concerns. This paper aims to provide a timely and comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art Brake-by-Wire system used in modern passenger cars. Variety of major components are compared in order to get a more reliable and lower energy consumption system, which includes actuators, pedal simulators and backup brake systems. Researches on control strategies as well as future research direction of Brake-by-Wire system are also discussed.

scholarly journals The Control of Venetian Blinds: A Solution for Reduction of Energy Consumption Preserving Visual Comfort

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Nicoletti ◽  
Cristina Carpino ◽  
Mario A. Cucumo ◽  
Natale Arcuri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Building Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
Solar Control ◽  
Reduction Of Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Simulations

Glazing surfaces strongly affect the building energy balance considering heat losses, solar gains and daylighting. Appropriate operation of the screens is required to control the transmitted solar radiation, preventing internal overheating while assuring visual comfort. Consequently, in the building design phase, solar control systems have become crucial devices to achieve high energy standards. An operation based on well-defined control strategies can help to reduce cooling energy consumption and ensure appropriate levels of natural lighting. The present study aims at investigating the effect of smart screening strategies on the energy consumption of a test building designed in the Mediterranean climate. With the aim of automatically setting the inclination of venetian blind slats, the necessary equations are analytically found out and applied. Equations obtained are based on the position of the sun with respect to the wall orientation. In the case of a cloudy day or an unlit surface, empirical laws are determined to optimize the shielding. These are extrapolated through energy simulations conducted with the EnergyPlus software. Finally, using the same software, the actual benefits obtained by the method used are assessed, in terms of energy and CO2 emissions saved in a test environment.

Research Progress on Rapid Curing of Cement-Bonded Particleboard

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 188-191
Author(s):  
Wei Min Chen ◽  
Xin Gong Li ◽  
Qi Fei Ling
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Cold Pressing ◽  
Research Status ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
High Energy Consumption

With lots of maintenance equipments needed and high energy consumption, the traditional cold pressing process for cement-bonded particleboard has long production cycle. For the recent years, Scholars at home and abroad have made great progress in the research on fast curing process for cement-bonded particleboard, this paper summarizes the process and research status of fast curing technology for cement-bonded particleboard and propose research direction in order to provide reference for fast curing process of cement-bonded particleboard.

scholarly journals Mechanoresponsive scatterers for high-contrast optical modulation

Nanophotonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghwi Cho ◽  
Haomin Chen ◽  
Jonghwa Shin ◽  
Seokwoo Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
External Stimuli

Abstract Smart chromatic materials with optical transmittances that can be modified by light scattering upon external stimuli are attracting extensive interest because of their appealing applications in smart windows, privacy protection, electronic displays, etc. However, the development of these scatterers, which are mostly activated by electric fields, is hindered by their intrinsic energy consumption, slow responses, and poor stability. Recently, mechanoresponsive scatterers based on a strain-driven reconfiguration of the surface or internal structure have emerged, featuring fast responses and a simple composition/fabrication. Because there is no energy consumption to maintain the transparency/opacity, this novel scheme for scatterers holds great promise to break the existing bottleneck. This article presents recent advances in the development of mechanoresponsive scatterers and compares different structural design strategies. The scatterers are categorized into 2D, 3D, and other types according to the dimensions of their functioning structures. The fabrication methods, mechanisms, and relationships between the structural parameters and optical modulating performances are discussed for each category. Next, the potential applications of these scatterers are outlined. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the mainstream 2D and 3D categories are summarized, followed by a perspective on future research directions.

scholarly journals Sandwich Structures for Energy Absorption Applications: A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4731
Author(s):  
Faris Tarlochan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Sandwich Structures ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
High Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Absorbers

It is crucial that proper engineering structures are designed as energy absorbers for high dynamic loading situations, such as accidents, blasts, or impacts. The role of such structures is to absorb the high kinetic energy as strain energy through irreversible deformation of the structure. Many types of energy absorbers were designed for different dynamic high strain rate applications. One of these structures are sandwich structures. The aim of this review paper is to provide a general review on the type of sandwich structures that have been designed as energy absorbers and their performance in crashworthiness and blast related applications. The focus is on the type of core structures being used, namely foam and architected cores. It was found from the review that sandwich structures are viable candidates for such applications not only because of their light weight, but also due to the high-energy absorption capabilities. The work presented in this review paper shows that the data from the literature on this topic are vast and do not converge to any particular sandwich structure design. This presents the potential future research direction in designing sandwich structures, which have wider application at different scales.

scholarly journals Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Kilani-Morakchi ◽  
Houda Morakchi-Goudjil ◽  
Karima Sifi
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Botanical Pesticide ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Agricultural Use

In the context of the major crop losses, pesticides will continue to play a key role in pest management practice in absence of practical and efficient alternatives; however, increasing awareness regarding environmental and human health impacts of conventional pesticides as well as the development of resistance and cross-resistance reduced their availability and promoted the search for alternative control strategies and reduced-risk pesticides. Among the various alternatives, a drastic re-emergence of interest in the use of plant-derived compounds, called allelochemicals, was noted and demand for an organic product is rising. Currently, azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid derived from the neem seed of the Indian neem tree [Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)], is one of the prominent biopesticides commercialized and remains the most successful botanical pesticide in agricultural use worldwide. Azadirachtin is a powerful antifeedant and insect growth disruptor with exceptional low residual power and low toxicity to biocontrol agents, predators, and parasitoids. This review summarizes the state of the art on key azadirachtin insecticidal activities and risk assessment, identifies knowledge gaps that could serve as the basis for future research direction and highlights limitation in agricultural use and the development of novel strategies by the use of nanotechnology to control its release rate and improve its stability and sustainability.

scholarly journals Membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment: principles, challanges and future research directions

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Roil Bilad
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dynamic Filtration

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have recently become widely accepted as an advanced technology for treatment of domestic and industrial wastewaters. The objective of this review is to provide overview on MBR technology for wastewater treatment application. It includes discussions on the fundamental, core problems (membrane fouling), recent effective development approach (dynamic filtration systems) and future research direction of MBRs. Since MBRs integrate a conventional activated sludge process with membrane filtration, and both fundamental aspects are discussed first. Later, a comprehensive discussion about membrane fouling, the main problems in MBR, is provided, including fouling control strategies. The discussion on the MBR membranes and relation between membrane properties and MBR performance is also provided. This review also includes one of the most promising MBR technologies that specifically design to manage membrane fouling: dynamic filtration systems. Lastly, insight into an approach to address MBRs challenges and recent research and developments are provided.

scholarly journals EXAMINATION OF COOLING SYSTEMS IN MACHINE TOOLS REGARDING SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND CONTROL STRATEGIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 4563-4568
Author(s):  
C. Steiert ◽  
◽  
Ju. Weber ◽  
J. Weber ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
System Configurations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Machine Structure

Abstract When analyzing machine tools it is observable that despite sufficient cooling capacity thermo-elastic deformation of the machine structure is badly compensated due to heat input. The reason is the missing adaption of coolant and heat input into the system structure during the process, resulting in insufficient productivity and quality. In this paper, various system configurations are shown that can be used to achieve both adequate thermal performance and a reduction in energy consumption.

ECONOMIC GROWTH ANALYSIS: A STUDY ON MALAYSIAN MARKET

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaily Maizan Abdul Manaf ◽  
Shuhada Mohamed Hamidi ◽  
Nur Shafini Mohd Said ◽  
Siti Rapidah Omar Ali ◽  
Nur Dalila Adenan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Economic performance of a country is mostly determined by the growth and any other internal and external factors. In this study, researchers purposely focused on Malaysian market by examining the relationship between export, inflation rate, government expenditure and foreign direct investment towards economic growth in Malaysia by applying the yearly data of 47 years from 1970 to 2016 using descriptive statistics, regression model and correlation method analysis. By applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method, the result suggests that export, government expenditure and foreign direct investment are positively and significantly correlated with the economic growth. However, inflation rate has negative and insignificant relationship with the economic growth. The outcome of the study is suggested to be useful in providing the future research direction towards the economic growth in Malaysia. Keywords: economic growth; export; inflation rate; government expenditure

Separation of Biologically Active Compounds by Membrane Operations

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Zhu ◽  
Renbi Bai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Separation Technology ◽  
Pressure Driven

Background: Bioactive compounds from various natural sources have been attracting more and more attention, owing to their broad diversity of functionalities and availabilities. However, many of the bioactive compounds often exist at an extremely low concentration in a mixture so that massive harvesting is needed to obtain sufficient amounts for their practical usage. Thus, effective fractionation or separation technologies are essential for the screening and production of the bioactive compound products. The applicatons of conventional processes such as extraction, distillation and lyophilisation, etc. may be tedious, have high energy consumption or cause denature or degradation of the bioactive compounds. Membrane separation processes operate at ambient temperature, without the need for heating and therefore with less energy consumption. The “cold” separation technology also prevents the possible degradation of the bioactive compounds. The separation process is mainly physical and both fractions (permeate and retentate) of the membrane processes may be recovered. Thus, using membrane separation technology is a promising approach to concentrate and separate bioactive compounds. Methods: A comprehensive survey of membrane operations used for the separation of bioactive compounds is conducted. The available and established membrane separation processes are introduced and reviewed. Results: The most frequently used membrane processes are the pressure driven ones, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). They are applied either individually as a single sieve or in combination as an integrated membrane array to meet the different requirements in the separation of bioactive compounds. Other new membrane processes with multiple functions have also been developed and employed for the separation or fractionation of bioactive compounds. The hybrid electrodialysis (ED)-UF membrane process, for example has been used to provide a solution for the separation of biomolecules with similar molecular weights but different surface electrical properties. In contrast, the affinity membrane technology is shown to have the advantages of increasing the separation efficiency at low operational pressures through selectively adsorbing bioactive compounds during the filtration process. Conclusion: Individual membranes or membrane arrays are effectively used to separate bioactive compounds or achieve multiple fractionation of them with different molecule weights or sizes. Pressure driven membrane processes are highly efficient and widely used. Membrane fouling, especially irreversible organic and biological fouling, is the inevitable problem. Multifunctional membranes and affinity membranes provide the possibility of effectively separating bioactive compounds that are similar in sizes but different in other physical and chemical properties. Surface modification methods are of great potential to increase membrane separation efficiency as well as reduce the problem of membrane fouling. Developing membranes and optimizing the operational parameters specifically for the applications of separation of various bioactive compounds should be taken as an important part of ongoing or future membrane research in this field.

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