scholarly journals Mechanoresponsive scatterers for high-contrast optical modulation

Nanophotonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghwi Cho ◽  
Haomin Chen ◽  
Jonghwa Shin ◽  
Seokwoo Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
External Stimuli

Abstract Smart chromatic materials with optical transmittances that can be modified by light scattering upon external stimuli are attracting extensive interest because of their appealing applications in smart windows, privacy protection, electronic displays, etc. However, the development of these scatterers, which are mostly activated by electric fields, is hindered by their intrinsic energy consumption, slow responses, and poor stability. Recently, mechanoresponsive scatterers based on a strain-driven reconfiguration of the surface or internal structure have emerged, featuring fast responses and a simple composition/fabrication. Because there is no energy consumption to maintain the transparency/opacity, this novel scheme for scatterers holds great promise to break the existing bottleneck. This article presents recent advances in the development of mechanoresponsive scatterers and compares different structural design strategies. The scatterers are categorized into 2D, 3D, and other types according to the dimensions of their functioning structures. The fabrication methods, mechanisms, and relationships between the structural parameters and optical modulating performances are discussed for each category. Next, the potential applications of these scatterers are outlined. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the mainstream 2D and 3D categories are summarized, followed by a perspective on future research directions.

scholarly journals A critical review on the development and performance of polymer/graphene nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifeng Chen ◽  
Hu Weimin ◽  
Dejiang Li ◽  
Shaona Chen ◽  
Zhongxu Dai
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Graphene Nanocomposites ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Solution Blending ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
New Type ◽  
And Performance

AbstractGraphene (graphene) is a new type of two-dimensional inorganic nanomaterial developed in recent years. It can be used as an ideal inorganic nanofiller for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites because of its high mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity and plentiful availability (from graphite). In this review, the preparation methods of graphene/polymer nanocomposites, including solution blending, melt blending and in situ polymerization, are introduced in order to study the relationship between these methods and the final characteristics and properties. Each method has an influence on the final characteristics and properties of the nanocomposites. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. In addition, a variety of nanocomposites with different properties, such as mechanical properties, electronic conductivity, thermal conductivity and thermal properties, are summarized comprehensively. The potential applications of these nanocomposites in conductive materials, electromagnetic shielding materials, photocatalytic materials and so on, are briefly presented. This review demonstrates that polymer/graphene nanocomposites exhibit superior comprehensive performance and will be applied in the fields of new materials and novel devices. Future research directions of the nanocomposites are also presented.

Review of Brake-by-Wire System Used in Modern Passenger Car

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangyao Yu ◽  
Xiaohui Liu ◽  
Zejin Xie ◽  
Yi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Brake Pedal ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Wire System

As an important component in brake systems, the Brake-by-Wire system has attracted great attention recently with the development of emerging energy vehicle and modern passenger cars. The main feature of the Brake-by-Wire system, in contrast to the conventional braking system, is the elimination of the dependence of the vacuum booster on engine vacuum through decoupling of the brake pedal and the brake actuator. The influences from road surface to the driver’s brake feeling can also be eliminated by employment of a brake pedal simulator. The Brake-by-Wire system can greatly improve the automotive safety performance of modern passenger cars, including response time, control capability and stability. As much as the system shows great promise, drawbacks should be addressed as well. For example, design theories on system structure, reliable control strategies, high energy consumption, the modeling of global Brake-by-Wire non-linear dynamic system, poor working conditions and high maintenance costs are major concerns. This paper aims to provide a timely and comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art Brake-by-Wire system used in modern passenger cars. Variety of major components are compared in order to get a more reliable and lower energy consumption system, which includes actuators, pedal simulators and backup brake systems. Researches on control strategies as well as future research direction of Brake-by-Wire system are also discussed.

scholarly journals Individual Split Au Square Ring for Surface Enhanced Raman and Hyper-Raman Scattering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
RuXin ZHang ◽  
Chaoling Du ◽  
Lu Sun ◽  
Wang XuRong ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Sensitivity Factor ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Potential Applications

Abstract In this paper, individual split Au square rings were numerically proposed as novel substrates for surface enhanced Raman and hyper-Raman scattering (SERS and SEHRS) simultaneously. The peak wavelengths of their localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) are revealed to fall in the near-infrared and visible light region, respectively, which are able to be finely tuned to match well with the wavelengths of the incident laser and hyper Raman scattered light beams. Their SEHRS and SERS performances along with electromagnetic (EM) field distributions are numerically investigated by finite element method. With the enhancement of near electric-fields generated by LSPRs, the maximum SEHRS and SERS enhancement factors are demonstrated to reach 1.22×1012 and 108, respectively. Meanwhile, the corresponding SERS based refractive-index (RI) sensitivity factor reaches as high as 258nm/RIU and 893nm/RIU, at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, respectively. The proposed structure is believed to hold great promise both for developing SEHRS, SERS and SERS based RI sensing substrates, which shows strong potential applications in nano sensing and enhanced Raman scattering.

Recent advances in triphenylamine-based electrochromic derivatives and polymers

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 3001-3018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Ju Yen ◽  
Guey-Sheng Liou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electrochromic Materials ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Potential Applications

Triphenylamine-containing electrochromic materials with great potential applications in low energy-consumption displays, light-adapting mirrors in vehicles, and smart windows have experienced an exponential growth of research interests. In this review, the newly developed triphenylamine-based derivatives and polymers are reviewed and elaborated.

scholarly journals A Review of Smart Lubricant-Infused Surfaces for Droplet Manipulation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
Zhentao Hao ◽  
Weihua Li
Keyword(s):  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Responsive Materials ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Droplet Manipulation ◽  
External Stimuli

The nepenthes-inspired lubricant-infused surface (LIS) is emerging as a novel repellent surface with self-healing, self-cleaning, pressure stability and ultra-slippery properties. Recently, stimuli-responsive materials to construct a smart LIS have broadened the application of LIS for droplet manipulation, showing great promise in microfluidics. This review mainly focuses on the recent developments towards the droplet manipulation on LIS with different mechanisms induced by various external stimuli, including thermo, light, electric, magnetism, and mechanical force. First, the droplet condition on LIS, determined by the properties of the droplet, the lubricant and substrate, is illustrated. Droplet manipulation via altering the droplet regime realized by different mechanisms, such as varying slipperiness, electrostatic force and wettability, is discussed. Moreover, some applications on droplet manipulation employed in various filed, including microreactors, microfluidics, etc., are also presented. Finally, a summary of this work and possible future research directions for the transport of droplets on smart LIS are outlined to promote the development of this field.

A Review of Drug Side Effect Identification Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 3096-3104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Deng ◽  
Yige Sun ◽  
Tianyi Zhao ◽  
Yang Hu ◽  
Tianyi Zang
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drug Side Effects ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Network Methods ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The One ◽  
Approved Drugs

Drug side effects have become an important indicator for evaluating the safety of drugs. There are two main factors in the frequent occurrence of drug safety problems; on the one hand, the clinical understanding of drug side effects is insufficient, leading to frequent adverse drug reactions, while on the other hand, due to the long-term period and complexity of clinical trials, side effects of approved drugs on the market cannot be reported in a timely manner. Therefore, many researchers have focused on developing methods to identify drug side effects. In this review, we summarize the methods of identifying drug side effects and common databases in this field. We classified methods of identifying side effects into four categories: biological experimental, machine learning, text mining and network methods. We point out the key points of each kind of method. In addition, we also explain the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Finally, we propose future research directions.

The application of virtual reality in health professions� digital education: a narrative review (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Tudor Car ◽  
Bhone Myint Kyaw ◽  
Josip Car
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Health Professions Education ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Potential Applications

BACKGROUND Digital technology called Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly employed in health professions’ education. Yet, based on the current evidence, its use is narrowed around a few most applications and disciplines. There is a lack of an overview that would capture the diversity of different VR applications in health professions’ education and inform its use and research. OBJECTIVE This narrative review aims to explore different potential applications of VR in health professions’ education. METHODS The narrative synthesis approach to literature review was used to analyse the existing evidence. RESULTS We outline the role of VR features such as immersion, interactivity and feedback and explain the role of VR devices. Based on the type and scope of educational content VR can represent space, individuals, objects, structures or their combination. Application of VR in medical education encompasses environmental, organ and micro level. Environmental VR focuses on training in relation to health professionals’ environment and human interactions. Organ VR educational content targets primarily human body anatomy; and micro VR microscopic structures at the level of cells, molecules and atoms. We examine how different VR features and health professional education areas match these three VR types. CONCLUSIONS We conclude by highlighting the gaps in the literature and providing suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals A Review of Dynamic Balancing for Robotic Mechanisms

Robotica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Wei ◽  
Dan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Dynamic Balancing ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

SUMMARYThe authors summarize the main dynamic balancing methods of robotic mechanisms in this paper. The majority of dynamic balancing methods have been presented, and there may be other dynamic balancing methods that are not included in this paper. Each of the balancing methods is reviewed and discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented and compared. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of recent research in balancing. The authors hope that this study can provide an informative reference for future research in the direction of dynamic balancing of robotic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Indremo ◽  
Richard White ◽  
Thomas Frisell ◽  
Sven Cnattingius ◽  
Alkistis Skalkidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nationwide Register Study

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnoses between 2001 and 2016 as well as data on the coverage in the NPR. We regarded gender confirming medical intervention (GCMI) as one proxy for a clinically valid diagnosis and calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for receiving GCMI for increasing number of registered GD diagnoses. We assessed crude and coverage-adjusted time trends of GD during 2004–2015 with a Poisson regression, using assigned sex and age as interaction terms. The PPV for receiving GCMI was 68% for ≥ 1 and 79% for ≥ 4 GD-diagnoses. The incidence of GD was on average 35% higher with the definition of ≥ 1 compared to the definition of ≥ 4 diagnoses. The incidence of GD, defined as ≥ 4 diagnoses increased significantly during the study period and mostly in the age categories 10–17 and 18–30 years, even after adjusting for register coverage. We concluded that the validity of a single ICD code denoting clinical GD in the Swedish NPR can be questioned. For future research, we propose to carefully weight the advantages and disadvantages of different register-based definitions according to the individual study’s needs, the time periods involved and the age-groups under study.

scholarly journals Dynamic Manipulation of THz Waves Enabled by Phase-Transition VO2 Thin Film

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Chang Lu ◽  
Qingjian Lu ◽  
Min Gao ◽  
Yuan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Optical Methods ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
Current State ◽  
Insulator Metal Transition ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Fs Laser ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Thz Applications ◽  
Thz Waves

The reversible and multi-stimuli responsive insulator-metal transition of VO2, which enables dynamic modulation over the terahertz (THz) regime, has attracted plenty of attention for its potential applications in versatile active THz devices. Moreover, the investigation into the growth mechanism of VO2 films has led to improved film processing, more capable modulation and enhanced device compatibility into diverse THz applications. THz devices with VO2 as the key components exhibit remarkable response to external stimuli, which is not only applicable in THz modulators but also in rewritable optical memories by virtue of the intrinsic hysteresis behaviour of VO2. Depending on the predesigned device structure, the insulator-metal transition (IMT) of VO2 component can be controlled through thermal, electrical or optical methods. Recent research has paid special attention to the ultrafast modulation phenomenon observed in the photoinduced IMT, enabled by an intense femtosecond laser (fs laser) which supports “quasi-simultaneous” IMT within 1 ps. This progress report reviews the current state of the field, focusing on the material nature that gives rise to the modulation-allowed IMT for THz applications. An overview is presented of numerous IMT stimuli approaches with special emphasis on the underlying physical mechanisms. Subsequently, active manipulation of THz waves through pure VO2 film and VO2 hybrid metamaterials is surveyed, highlighting that VO2 can provide active modulation for a wide variety of applications. Finally, the common characteristics and future development directions of VO2-based tuneable THz devices are discussed.

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