Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recovery and Recycling in Turkey

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Tumkor ◽  
John W. Sutherland ◽  
Vishesh V. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Product Recovery ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Candidate Country ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Take Back ◽  
Environmentally Responsible ◽  
Current Product

Discarded electrical and electronic equipment contains valuable materials, low value parts, and hazardous substances. There is a growing concern regarding the management of end-of-use equipment owing to the environmental concerns associated with discarding used devices. Electronic waste or scrap consumes valuable landfill space and may ultimately contaminate groundwater sources. In addition, replacing discarded components with new components typically consumes valuable virgin material resources. With the advent of the WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive, used electrical and electronic products are now being recovered in Turkey as a European Union (EU) candidate country, and several companies in Turkey have begun to recover latent value through disassembly and reuse/recycling of materials and components. To remain competitive, these companies must implement economical and environmentally responsible recovery processes. There are a number of research challenges associated with product recovery. This paper describes the current product recovery infrastructure in Turkey, and discusses future trends and drivers for successful product take-back.

scholarly journals Environmental decay and the illegal market in e-waste from a European perspective: current problems and future directions

10.17345/1086 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Dalla Gasperina
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
The Eu

In the last decade, the growth in electronics production and consumption has been coupled with an increase in the illegal export of electrical and electronic waste (or “e-waste”) beyond the borders of the European Union (EU). Shipped to illegal recycling facilities in less industrialized countries, e-waste is a severe threat to the integrity of local environments and a potential source of ecosystem and biodiversity loss. Although the extent of the damage caused by e-waste pollution is unknown, scientific studies have warned of the perils of hazardous substances, which are released during primitive e-waste recycling activities in countries such as China, Ghana and Nigeria.  Drawing insights from the scientific literature, this paper illustrates how the problem of e-waste pollution is intrinsically linked to the issue of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation. In particular, it argues that much greater attention should be paid to the EU Directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) and to the proposals to recast the two Directives because of their potential to enhance environmental protection globally. Nonetheless, underpinning this scrutiny is the contention that shortcomings in the EU legal framework on e-waste could ultimately affect the environment and biodiversity of less industrialized states. 

scholarly journals E-Waste Generation and Management Practices in Dehradun, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S12) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
State Government ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Environment And Health

The advancement in the electrical and electronic equipment and change in technology increases the demand of electronics appliances in the developing countries. People purchase electronic goods due to new features and capabilities. A lot more people sold or discard the older equipment’s without the knowledge of useful life which leads to enormous used electronic equipment called electronic waste (E-waste). In the developing countries like India which ranked fifth in producing e-waste globally, due to the lack of enough infrastructure and improper management practice. The present study evaluates the knowledge, management, dispose practices of e-waste and hazardous substances generated by the citizens of Dehradun, India in year 2019. An online questionnaire on 300 respondents based on calculating the sample size requirement was done in mid of year 2019.The outcome of the study show case the effect of e-waste generated by different income base groups with the inventory used by citizens in one year. Total number of heavy metals and plastics generated by household appliances and ICT and consumer electronics were also measured. The result showed up the need of awareness and urgent requirement of the serious issues of E-waste. The state government must involve without waiting for the upcoming adverse effects on environment and health risks to human lives.

scholarly journals The Emerging Environmental and Public Health Problem of Electronic Waste in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veenu Joon ◽  
Renu Shahrawat ◽  
Meena Kapahi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Strict Enforcement

Background. Monumental progress has been made in the area of information and communication technology, leading to a tremendous increase in use of electronic equipment, especially computers and mobile phones. The expansion of production and consumption of electronic equipment along with its shorter life span has led to the generation of tremendous amounts of electronic waste (e-waste). In addition, there is a high level of trans-boundary movement of these devices as second-hand electronic equipment from developed countries, in the name of bridging the digital gap. Objectives. This paper reviews e-waste produced in India, its sources, composition, current management practices and their environmental and health implications. Fixing responsibility for waste disposal on producers, establishment of formal recycling facilities, and strict enforcement of legislation on e-waste are some of the options to address this rapidly growing problem. Discussion. The exponential growth in production and consumption of electronic equipment has resulted in a surge of e-waste generation. Many electronic items contain hazardous substances including lead, mercury and cadmium. Informal recycling or disposing of such items pose serious threat to human health and the environment. Conclusions. Strict enforcement of waste disposal laws are needed along with the implementation of health assessment studies to mitigate inappropriate management of end-of-life electronic wastes in developing countries. Competing Interests. The authors declare no financial competing interests.

scholarly journals Environmental decay and the illegal market in e-waste from a European perspective: current problems and future directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Dalla Gasperina
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
The Eu

In the last decade, the growth in electronics production and consumption has been coupled with an increase in the illegal export of electrical and electronic waste (or “e-waste”) beyond the borders of the European Union (EU). Shipped to illegal recycling facilities in less industrialized countries, e-waste is a severe threat to the integrity of local environments and a potential source of ecosystem and biodiversity loss. Although the extent of the damage caused by e-waste pollution is unknown, scientific studies have warned of the perils of hazardous substances, which are released during primitive e-waste recycling activities in countries such as China, Ghana and Nigeria.  Drawing insights from the scientific literature, this paper illustrates how the problem of e-waste pollution is intrinsically linked to the issue of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation. In particular, it argues that much greater attention should be paid to the EU Directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) and to the proposals to recast the two Directives because of their potential to enhance environmental protection globally. Nonetheless, underpinning this scrutiny is the contention that shortcomings in the EU legal framework on e-waste could ultimately affect the environment and biodiversity of less industrialized states. 

scholarly journals Estimating Recycling Return of Integrated Circuits Using Computer Vision on Printed Circuit Boards

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2808
Author(s):  
Leandro H. de S. Silva ◽  
Agostinho A. F. Júnior ◽  
George O. A. Azevedo ◽  
Sergio C. Oliveira ◽  
Bruno J. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Printed Circuit

The technological growth of the last decades has brought many improvements in daily life, but also concerns on how to deal with electronic waste. Electrical and electronic equipment waste is the fastest-growing rate in the industrialized world. One of the elements of electronic equipment is the printed circuit board (PCB) and almost every electronic equipment has a PCB inside it. While waste PCB (WPCB) recycling may result in the recovery of potentially precious materials and the reuse of some components, it is a challenging task because its composition diversity requires a cautious pre-processing stage to achieve optimal recycling outcomes. Our research focused on proposing a method to evaluate the economic feasibility of recycling integrated circuits (ICs) from WPCB. The proposed method can help decide whether to dismantle a separate WPCB before the physical or mechanical recycling process and consists of estimating the IC area from a WPCB, calculating the IC’s weight using surface density, and estimating how much metal can be recovered by recycling those ICs. To estimate the IC area in a WPCB, we used a state-of-the-art object detection deep learning model (YOLO) and the PCB DSLR image dataset to detect the WPCB’s ICs. Regarding IC detection, the best result was obtained with the partitioned analysis of each image through a sliding window, thus creating new images of smaller dimensions, reaching 86.77% mAP. As a final result, we estimate that the Deep PCB Dataset has a total of 1079.18 g of ICs, from which it would be possible to recover at least 909.94 g of metals and silicon elements from all WPCBs’ ICs. Since there is a high variability in the compositions of WPCBs, it is possible to calculate the gross income for each WPCB and use it as a decision criterion for the type of pre-processing.

scholarly journals Design for Circularity Guidelines for the EEE Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3923
Author(s):  
Anton Berwald ◽  
Gergana Dimitrova ◽  
Thijs Feenstra ◽  
Joop Onnekink ◽  
Harm Peters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Stakeholder Collaboration ◽  
Weee Recycling ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Different Levels

The increased diversity and complexity of plastics used in modern devices, such as electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), can have negative impacts on their recyclability. Today, the main economic driver for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling stems from metal recovery. WEEE plastics recycling, on the other hand, still represents a major challenge. Strategies like design ‘for’, but also the much younger concept of design ‘from’ recycling play a key role in closing the material loops within a circular economy. While these strategies are usually analysed separately, this brief report harmonises them in comprehensive Design for Circularity guidelines, established in a multi-stakeholder collaboration with industry leaders from the entire WEEE value chain. The guidelines were developed at the product and part levels. They are divided in five categories: (1) avoidance of hazardous substances; (2) enabling easy access and removal of hazardous or polluting parts; (3) use of recyclable materials; (4) use of material combinations and connections allowing easy liberation; (5) use of recycled materials. These guidelines are the first harmonised set to be released for the EEE industry. They can readily serve decision-makers from different levels, including product designers and manufacturers as well as policymakers.

Modeling Consumer Decisions on Returning End-of-Use Products Considering Design Features and Consumer Interactions: An Agent Based Simulation Approach

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardeshir Raihanian Mashhadi ◽  
Behzad Esmaeilian ◽  
Sara Behdad
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Waste Stream ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Agent Based Simulation ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Consumer Decisions ◽  
Take Back ◽  
The Impact

As electronic waste (e-waste) becomes one of the fastest growing environmental concerns, remanufacturing is considered as a promising solution. However, the profitability of take back systems is hampered by several factors including the lack of information on the quantity and timing of to-be-returned used products to a remanufacturing facility. Product design features, consumers’ awareness of recycling opportunities, socio-demographic information, peer pressure, and the tendency of customer to keep used items in storage are among contributing factors in increasing uncertainties in the waste stream. Predicting customer choice decisions on returning back used products, including both the time in which the customer will stop using the product and the end-of-use decisions (e.g. storage, resell, through away, and return to the waste stream) could help manufacturers have a better estimation of the return trend. The objective of this paper is to develop an Agent Based Simulation (ABS) model integrated with Discrete Choice Analysis (DCA) technique to predict consumer decisions on the End-of-Use (EOU) products. The proposed simulation tool aims at investigating the impact of design features, interaction among individual consumers and socio-demographic characteristics of end users on the number of returns. A numerical example of cellphone take-back system has been provided to show the application of the model.

scholarly journals Collecting Small-Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Poland—How Can Containers Help in Disposal of E-Waste by Individuals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12422
Author(s):  
Piotr Nowakowski ◽  
Sandra Kuśnierz ◽  
Julia Płoszaj ◽  
Patrycja Sosna
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Waste Container

The effectiveness of e-waste collection depends on organizational and social factors. Individuals should have easy access to collection points and be aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. This article investigates the availability, usability, and occurring irregularities of the container collection of small-waste electrical and electronic equipment. The study explores the attitude and behavior of individuals when disposing of small-waste equipment in the South of Poland. The results show that ninety-five percent of supermarkets’ managers responsible for waste management find a growing interest in the disposal of small e-waste by individuals. An increasing number of collection containers encourages residents to dispose of small-waste appliances. More than eighty-three percent of respondents are aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. Additional information campaigns addressed to residents are required to prevent mixing electrical and electronic waste with other waste and to encourage the disposal of small e-waste. The intention to dispose of small e-waste was declared by only thirty-two percent of respondents. Containers with discarded easy breakable items, such as lamps, should be removed more frequently. The collection containers’ noticeability is evaluated by individuals as of average difficulty. The containers in supermarkets have simple designs and labels indicating the category of waste for disposal. The containers installed in residential areas have attractive designs and advertising slogans. The individuals expect the containers should be available in more locations that are easily accessible from households. The results of this study should be helpful for local authorities, waste collection companies, and waste electrical and electronic organizations, to support design, location selection, and information campaigns for small e-waste container collections.

Design and development of a fuzzy credibility-based reverse logistics network with buyback offers: A case study

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110452
Author(s):  
Masoud Amirdadi ◽  
Farzad Dehghanian ◽  
Jamal Nahofti Kohneh
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Product Recovery ◽  
Logistics Network ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Reverse Logistics Network ◽  
Mashhad City ◽  
Recovery Approach

The ever-growing stream of waste production has become a critical issue for many metropolitan areas. An effective strategy to address this problem has been the concept of reverse logistics (RL). This paper seeks to develop an appropriate product recovery approach for electronic waste generated in an urban area. Consequently, we have proposed an integrated fuzzy RL model with buyback (BB) offers based on the condition of used-products (UPs) at the time of return. However, this strategy contains a significant challenge, which derives from unpredictability surrounding the return rate of UPs due to its dependency on multiple external factors. Hence, a novel fuzzy probability function is developed to approximate UPs’ chance of return. Besides that, the mathematical RL network’s inherent uncertainty prompted us to employ the fuzzy credibility-based method in the model. Afterward, the model’s objectives are locating and allocating collection centres to customer zones, determining flow between facilities and finding the optimal amount of gathered UPs and BB offers. Finally, we applied the model to a case study concerning product recovery in Mashhad city, Iran, and the results have proven its validity and utility.

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