scholarly journals Preparing for New Modes of Pipeline Operation in the People’s Republic of China

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Dahai ◽  
Andrew Wike
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Advanced Training ◽  
Training Center ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

There are more than 7,000km of crude oil transmission pipelines, and more than 8,000km of natural gas transmission pipelines in the People’s Republic of China. Although there are few product pipelines in China today, the growth of this industry is anticipated, fueled by the rapid development of the economy in China. The China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau is the largest pipeline operator in China, accounting for more than 6,000km of crude oil and natural gas pipelines. The Langfang-based Staff and Workers College (known simply as the Pipeline College) is a unit of the China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau. Students at the Pipeline College include full-time engineering students, and short-term trainees. In general, the short-term trainees are management and operator level staff who attend the Pipeline College for more advanced training. Having a lack of effective training tools, it was almost impossible for the Pipeline College to provide a really effective training experience, particularly in actual pipeline operations. In 1996, the Pipeline College developed plans to embrace advanced training tools in order to increase the effectiveness of the training courses it offered. The focus was in two areas: pipeline operations; and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) set-up and maintenance. To achieve an effective training environment for pipeline operations, a simulation training system was set-up using commercially available pipeline simulation software from Stoner Associates; the PLC training is based on Allen-Bradley equipment. The operations training center computer systems were configured to accommodate ten trainees simultaneously running their own independent training sessions. The first training courses delivered by the Pipeline College using their new tools were presented in the summer of 1997. This paper briefly chronicles the development of the pipeline industry in China as a background to the operation of the Pipeline College. The training center hardware and software configurations are described in some detail. The paper describes the Pipeline College’s first experiences of using these advanced training tools, and their plans for the future development of the training center.

Impact of Canadian Regulatory Changes on Cross-Border Trade

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
R. Priddle
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Reference Price ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Gas Markets

In the year following oil deregulation Canada's crude oil productive capacity grew by 5%, but production was unchanged due to a lack of pipeline capacity, the effects of prorationing and a lack of price flexibility. While Canadian oil demand remained stable, exports of crude oil increased by one-third and imports by one-half. Export prices followed world trends with light crude oil export prices declining from $C 40/bl to $C 15 in July 1986. Natural gas exports were down by 17% in the first nine months of the 1986 contract year. This period coincides with the implementation of the Agreement on Natural Gas Markets and Prices, but was also a period marked by declines in US gas prices, declining US gas demand, and significant changes in US gas industry regulation. Prices for gas exports by licence have been renegotiated and some short-term interruptible sales have been made. Export prices approached those for interprovincial sales, which typically offered a better load factor. Licence holders have been able to average export prices over all sales under a licence to satisfy the minimum export price requirement in relation to the domestic reference price. As a result, since the Agreement of 31 October 1985, all renegotiated prices for exports of gas by licence have been approved. The factors having the most impact on gas exports by licence appear to be the 6% decline in US gas demand, limitations on pipeline access during the period of transition in US pipeline regulation, priority given by US pipelines to managing lower-48 take-or-pay obligations, and the changing role of US pipelines to being transporters rather than merchants of gas to the detriment of some Canadian gas export contracts. Exports by licence were at a level of 42% of authorized volumes for most of 1986. Volume authorizations were therefore, not an impediment to exports by licence. There was no volume restriction for short-term exports by order. Gas exports by short-term interruptible order faced US pipeline access restrictions but were affected by the domestic reference price floor. Short-term interruptible exports grew rapidly after the Agreement, peaking in January 1986 and then declined as US competitive prices fell below comparable Canadian domestic prices. Short-term interruptible exports have accounted for only 3% of total exports in the first nine months of the current contract year. Canada's disappointing 1985–6 gas export performance was attributable to weak US gas markets, changing US market structures, and delayed US regulatory change. Although there has been some impact on short-term interruptible sales, the overall decline in gas exports was not significantly relatable to Canadian gas export regulation.

Parents as Teachers of Children with Autism in the Peoples' Republic of China

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-81
Author(s):  
Kathleen S. Puckett ◽  
Kathleen M. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Training Center ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Human And Social Capital

AbstractIn the People's Republic of China, many children with autism are excluded from government supported schools and parents are expected to deliver educational services. Parent training centers offer short term solutions by providing information regarding autism and instructional methods to parents of children with autism. In order to further refine teaching services, one training center encouraged parents to indicate which topics in a curriculum were important to them. Participants were 55 parents of children with autism ages 3–8, who completed a questionnaire in which they identified referral services received, needs and concerns for further training, and attitudes towards collaboration. Results indicated that parents' most important needs were centered on developing their children's communication skills and a desire to collaborate with teachers, and that they received very few initial referral services. Findings are discussed in the context of human and social capital for parents of children with autism in the People's Republic of China.

Analyzing the financial and economic momentum as a result of changes in the interest rate

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1656-1673
Author(s):  
V.V. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
The Interest Rate

Subject. The article discusses financial and economic momenta. Objectives. I determine financial and economic momenta as the interest rate changes in Russia. Methods. The study is based on a systems approach and the method of statistical analysis. Results. The Russian economy was found to strongly depend on prices for crude oil and natural gas, thus throwing Russia to the outskirts of the global capitalism, though keeping the status of an energy superpower, which ensures a sustainable growth in the global economy by increasing the external consumption and decreasing the domestic one. The devaluation of the national currency, a drop in tax revenue, etc. result from the decreased interest rate. They all require to increase M2 and the devalued retail loan in RUB, thus rising the GDP deflator. As for positive effects, the Central Bank operates sustainably, replenishes gold reserves and keeps the trade balance (positive balance), thus strengthening its resilience during a global drop in crude oil prices and the COVID-19 pandemic. The positive effects were discovered to result from a decreased in the interest rate, rather than keeping it low all the time. Conclusions and Relevance. As the interest rate may be, the financial and economic momentum in Russia depends on the volatility of the price for crude oil and natural gas. Lowering the interest rate and devaluing the national currency, the Central Bank preserves the resource structure of the Russian economy, strengthens its positions within the global capitalism and keeps its status of an energy superpower, thus reinforcing its resilience against a global drop in oil prices.

Impact of crude oil price on the socio-political environment of global countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-122
Author(s):  
Johnson Clement Madathil ◽  
Velmurugan P. S
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Crude Oil Price ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Political Impact ◽  
New Energy

Crude oil is known to have an impact on people’s life of both producers and consumers of crude oil countries. A producer country’s socio-political impact will be different from a consumer country’s socio-political impact. This paper aims to show that crude oil price has a socio-political impact on global countries through descriptive analysis. The study found that there were similarities in the movement of crude oil price and change in GDP of both India and United States and further Russia and Venezuela have had crude oil impact on their respective GDP’s, which has made them take policy reforms. The paper identifies changes in the policy framework due to influence of crude oil price and eventual changes in existing socio-political environment. Taking oil producing countries such as Russia and Venezuela as examples, this paper suggests that policy reforms are the key to having a stable socio-political environment. Russia shows us that having a flexible monetary policy can keep the budget dependence on crude oil reduced in the short term. On the other hand, for oil consuming countries, having a stable supply and moving to new energy sources is the key to tackle the influence of crude oil price on the socio-political environment of global countries.

A comprehensive approach to the formation of anti-corruption behavior of the internal affairs bodies employees in the professional development system

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-217
Author(s):  
Oksana Mironkina
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Advanced Training ◽  
Basic Training ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Corruption Prevention

Methods of training in advanced training groups formed from the staff of personnel divisions of the MIA of Russia, which involve the use of anti-corruption education at different stages of professional activity are discussed in the article. A comprehensive approach to the formation of anti-corruption behavior, which allows using various forms of training of police officers in their relation is described. The effectiveness of this approach in the system of professional development was shown. A comprehensive approach allows the training process to pay attention to the needs and difficulties in the field of corruption prevention without spending time on basic training information. Several stages in the organization and content of training are considered. Each of them corresponds to different stages of professional development of specialists of personnel divisions of internal affairs bodies. Described in detail every stage is aimed at a separate audience and has its own value. The possibilities of anti-corruption education are presented, starting with the selection of personnel for service in the internal affairs bodies and ending with the preparation for dismissal. The anti-corruption educational activities carried out at the present time are analyzed. Methods of intensifying each of them and the possibilities of optimal inclusion in the developed complex of content and forms are determined. The proposed approach can be used for majority posts. It is not limited to human resources units. In addition, the developed methodological material can be used by students in the course of their professional activities in the field after studying at advanced training courses.

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