On Pipeline Lateral Buckling: Lessons Learned and Current Design Challenges

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil A. Maschner ◽  
Basel Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Lateral Buckling ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Applied Loading ◽  
Direct Design ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Global Buckling

The subject of lateral buckling design in recent years has by necessity become increasingly more involved as pipeline projects have moved into more difficult environments where there is a need for optimized economic solutions with assured through-life reliability. The authors have had direct design responsibility and specialist involvement with a large number of projects covering a diverse range of environments, single or PIP systems, variable product characteristics and operating conditions, external applied loading type, and geographical installation limitations. These include shallow and deep water, large thin walled and small thick walled diameter pipes, flat to undulating hard to soft seabed, variable cohesive and non-cohesive surficial soil types and various other project considerations which have impacted on the chosen design solution. The purpose of this paper will be to highlight aspects of global buckling design associated with reliable in place systems and conversely those aspects associated with integrity risks to the as-laid operational pipelines. A review of past project challenges along with a commentary as to the state of the art at the time gives an opportunity to evaluate risks and challenges being faced on current projects. Particularly, as it seeks to develop ever more cost effective designs with proven robustness but optimized safety margins for the installation and operation of HT/HP pipelines in marginal fields.

Design Challenges and Experience With Controlled Lateral Buckle Initiation Methods

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forbes Sinclair ◽  
Malcolm Carr ◽  
David Bruton ◽  
Tim Farrant
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Lateral Buckling ◽  
Weld Fatigue ◽  
Design Challenges

Subsea pipelines are increasingly being required to operate at higher temperatures and pressures. The natural tendency of such a pipeline is to relieve the resulting high axial stress in the pipe-wall by buckling. Uncontrolled buckling can have serious consequences for the integrity of a pipeline. An elegant and cost-effective design solution to this problem is to work with rather than against the pipeline by controlling the formation of lateral buckles along the pipeline. Controlled lateral buckling is a relatively new design option which has matured as more projects have adopted the approach. As with all new design techniques, knowledge and understanding has improved and evolved with design application, installation and operational experience. Methods used to control the formation of lateral buckles include snake lay, vertical upsets, localised weight reduction and local seabed imperfections. Selecting the right buckle initiation method for a flowline can be a complex issue which is influenced by the flowline type, operating conditions, environmental conditions and pipe-soil interaction. Detailed lateral buckling design is normally concerned with achieving reliable buckle formation, minimising the peak strains in the flowline (local buckling) and controlling through life girth weld fatigue. However, as lateral buckling design has progressed, other design challenges have become apparent, which must be considered during design. This paper discusses commonly used buckle initiation methods and focuses on the key design challenges associated with lateral buckling, in the light of feedback from operational experience of recently installed flowlines. Many of the design challenges are common to all initiation methods, such as pipe-soil interaction or girth weld fatigue. However, there are a number of issues which can be specific to a particular buckle control method or pipeline project, these can include sour service operating conditions or complex flow assurance implications. The paper highlights key information required for lateral buckling design and outlines typical test programmes performed to support the design process. Crucially, many of the flowline design issues identified in this paper have been identified as a result of lessons learnt from operational experience. This affirms the importance of rigorous visual inspection and survey to monitor the performance of flowlines during the first months and years after start-up.

Novel Pressure Adaptive Piston Cylinder Interface Design for Axial Piston Machines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanmukh Sarode ◽  
Lizhi Shang
Keyword(s):  
Interface Design ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Cylinder Block ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Piston Cylinder ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Axial Piston

Abstract The paper presents a novel concept of a pressure adaptive piston/cylinder interface design for a swashplate type axial piston machine that uses a pressurized groove around the bushing inside the cylinder block. This groove is connected to the pump displacement chamber and it uses pressure deformations of the bushing to improve the sealing function of the piston/cylinder lubricating interface. Such a design concept is based on a groove design that is easy to manufacture, thus resulting in a cost-effective design solution. The proposed piston/cylinder interface design is simulated using a multi-domain simulation model developed by the authors’ research team. The tool is particularly suitable for the analysis of the internal gap flows, being based on a fully coupled fluid structure thermal interaction model, which calculates the non-isothermal gap fluid behavior considering solid body deformations due to temperature and pressure effects. The proposed solution is compared in simulation with respect to a standard design of an axial piston pump. The results indicate that the proposed pressure adaptive piston/cylinder interface is able to improve the sealing function of the piston/cylinder interface at different operating conditions. Therefore, the proposed novel design can be seen as a possible method to increase the energy efficiency of the current designs of swash plate units.

Comparison of Design and Operational Behaviour of an Offshore Pipeline With Controlled Lateral Buckling

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael F. Solano ◽  
Bruno R. Antunes ◽  
Alexandre S. Hansen ◽  
Arek Bedrossian ◽  
Graeme Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Lateral Buckling ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Operational Behaviour

It is imperative to adopt some conservative premises in the engineering calculations undertaken during the design stage of an offshore pipeline susceptible to lateral buckling, in order to achieve a design with adequate levels of robustness and integrity throughout the pipeline’s design life. The conservatism can be attached to many uncertainties such as the pipe-soil interaction — interpreted as-soil friction factors — the seabed stiffness and profile and even the as laid lateral out-ofstraightness. Once in operation, these effects will come into play and the pipeline may behave slightly differently to that anticipated in design, depending on the relative strength of the natural uncertainties compared to the design features such as engineered buckling triggers. The over-riding intention in design is, of course, to enable the pipeline to withstand, with sufficient safety margins, the maximum stresses and strains anticipated to occur by realistic predictions in the design stage. In recent years, many kilometres of deepwater pipelines have been designed and installed along the Brazilian coast using the principle of controlled lateral buckling, in which engineered buckle triggers, such as sleepers and distributed buoyancy sections, are deployed at regular intervals along the pipeline. The purpose of these triggers it to initiate a sufficient number of benign buckles along the pipeline and thereby relax the compressive forces set up as a result of thermal expansion without violating safe limits on stress and strain in the pipelines. In addition to the engineered buckling sites, however, the natural seabed features and associated uncertainties will interact with the pipeline’s behaviour and create additional natural buckle sites. To anticipate these sites and discover their importance at the design stage is recognised as a real challenge, particularly as precise post-installed and in-operation surveys are not normally carried out with the intention of confirming such buckle sites and design assumptions. The work reported in this paper is a detailed comparison between the initial design and observed operational behaviour of an offshore HP/HT pipeline, mainly in terms of the engineered and natural buckles actually formed along the pipeline, the severity of these buckles and some conclusions concerning the effects of initial imperfections and pipe-soil interaction characteristics considered in detailed design. It is hoped that this rare feedback from real operating conditions on installed pipelines, will be of great interest to pipeline designers and lead to more efficient and better understood design processes and encourage Operators to undertake more regular and sophisticated surveys of operating and installed pipelines for the benefit of future projects.

Lateral Buckling of Deepwater Pipelines in Operation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yetzirah Urthaler ◽  
Ryan Watson ◽  
Jonathan Davis
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Lateral Buckling ◽  
Operating Environments ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Fe Model Calibration

Deepwater pipeline systems are regularly designed to operate under high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions. These operating environments typically mean that the systems are susceptible to Euler buckling, more commonly referred to as lateral buckling. An effective design solution, promoted by the SAFEBUCK JIP [1],[2] and now regularly adopted within the industry, is to accommodate the thermal expansion with planned buckle sites, thereby controlling the loads within the system. Traditionally, operators have spent a great deal of resources in designing, manufacturing and installing pipeline systems. However, it is equally important to demonstrate that the system is fit for service and that operational loads do not exceed the extreme design cases. In some instances, there have been a number of instances where lateral buckling has caused full bore rupture in offshore pipelines. In order to verify the long-term integrity of a pipeline system, it is essential to confirm the location, mode shape and amplitude of both the planned and rogue (unplanned) lateral buckles. This can be accomplished via pipeline surveys. Recent pipeline survey work was conducted on a pipeline system in the Gulf of Mexico. The data exhibited some areas of unexpected performance, which highlights the fact that operating uncertainty exists and that lateral buckling is an unstable phenomenon. The design Finite Element (FE) models were calibrated using the measured buckle shapes, and the fatigue life was estimated using recorded operational pressure and temperature data. The survey work performed has proven invaluable when assessing the long-term integrity of the pipeline system. This paper presents a review of the methods used for surveying a pipeline system in the Gulf of Mexico, a summary of the results obtained from the subsequent analysis and pipeline FE model calibration, as well as ‘lessons learned’ for future projects with similar design challenges.

Recent Experience in the Lateral Buckling Design of Medium to Large Diameter Pipelines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maša Branković ◽  
Benjamin Anderson ◽  
Edwin Shim ◽  
Hammam Zeitoun ◽  
Eu Jeen Chin
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Lateral Buckling ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Critical Buckling Force ◽  
Global Buckling ◽  
Design Solutions ◽  
Definition Of

In the last decade and a half, the pipeline industry has gained significant experience in both the design and operation of pipeline systems exposed to lateral buckling. JIPs, design guidelines and recommended practices such as SAFEBUCK (Reference [1]), HOTPIPE (Reference [2]) and DNV RP-F110 (Reference [3]), together with operational feedback have significantly contributed to the development of comprehensive methods to determine robust lateral buckling design solutions. Most of this knowledge has been gained from understanding the behaviour of HP/HT (high pressure/ high temperature) small, light diameter systems, which buckle more predictably at operating conditions well below design conditions. Medium to large diameter, concrete coated pipelines are generally considered to be less prone to lateral buckling by comparison (due to expected milder design conditions), however the consequence of their buckling is far more severe and can prove extremely difficult to control. Fundamentally, the knowledge acquired and general lateral buckling design methodologies developed for HP/HT systems can be applied for the design of larger, heavier pipelines, however there are a number of key differences in the behaviour of both systems which warrant special considerations. Key considerations include (a), effective axial force and critical buckling force development (impacting susceptibility and initiation considerations), (b) severe post-buckle response on-seabed (impacting the acceptance of uncontrolled buckling for definition of buckle trigger spacing and extents), and (c), the consequence of introducing buckle triggers. Additional design complexity is introduced for systems installed in shallow water, which are exposed to more severe metocean conditions than deepwater HP/ HT systems. This requires heavy concrete weight coating (CWC) for stabilisation, resulting in strain localisation at field joints, concrete stiffening effects and complex interaction with hydrodynamic loading, typically ‘competing against’ intuitive global buckling design. All of the above factors result in lateral buckling design solutions for medium to large diameter, concrete coated pipelines becoming rather challenging.

Reliability of Lateral Buckling Formation From Planned and Unplanned Buckle Sites

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rathbone ◽  
Mahmoud Abdel-Hakim ◽  
Gary Cumming ◽  
Knut To̸rnes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Lateral Buckling ◽  
Detailed Design ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Global Buckling ◽  
Subsea Pipelines ◽  
Design Stress

Global buckling for exposed HPHT (High Pressure / High Temperature) subsea pipelines is an important feature that needs to be assessed during detailed design. By safely triggering controlled buckles at predetermined locations and considering the potential for rogue buckles to be triggered by seabed or pipelay out-of-straightness features, a robust design solution can be obtained. This paper presents a methodology whereby quantitative risk assessment may be carried out on the reliability of lateral buckling initiation systems, considering the pipeline in its entirety, rather than considering each intended buckle individually. This method accounts for buckle interaction when calculating the post-buckle loads, and allows simple incorporation of potential rogue sites through vertical and/or horizontal out-of-straightness. The results of the risk assessment can be defined in terms of buckle formation reliability, and design stress/strain criteria.

CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coating ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

Infrared Emission Spectroscopy as a Reliability Tool

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Kim ◽  
S. Kayali
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Infrared Emission ◽  
Test System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Infrared Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Channel Temperature

Abstract In this paper, we report on a non-destructive technique, based on IR emission spectroscopy, for measuring the temperature of a hot spot in the gate channel of a GaAs metal/semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET). A submicron-size He-Ne laser provides the local excitation of the gate channel and the emitted photons are collected by a spectrophotometer. Given the state of our experimental test system, we estimate a spectral resolution of approximately 0.1 Angstroms and a spatial resolution of approximately 0.9 μm, which is up to 100 times finer spatial resolution than can be obtained using the best available passive IR systems. The temperature resolution (<0.02 K/μm in our case) is dependent upon the spectrometer used and can be further improved. This novel technique can be used to estimate device lifetimes for critical applications and measure the channel temperature of devices under actual operating conditions. Another potential use is cost-effective prescreening for determining the 'hot spot' channel temperature of devices under normal operating conditions, which can further improve device design, yield enhancement, and reliable operation. Results are shown for both a powered and unpowered MESFET, demonstrating the strength of our infrared emission spectroscopy technique as a reliability tool.

scholarly journals Food Security, Environmental Health, and the Economy in Mexico: Lessons Learned with the COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7470
Author(s):  
Rebeca Monroy-Torres ◽  
Ángela Castillo-Chávez ◽  
Erika Carcaño-Valencia ◽  
Marco Hernández-Luna ◽  
Alex Caldera-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Mesh Terms

The COVID-19 pandemic showed an impact mainly on the health of people and the economy of households. The levels of food security in the world’s households, especially in Mexico, have decreased. When people do not have food security, their health is compromised and they have financial problems; on the other hand, environmental deterioration has a link with food security. The purpose of this review is to analysis of the current situation in Mexico of food security, environmental health and economy, the main lessons learned in these areas and their proposals integrating public policies. A review was carried out in the main databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts y PAIS Index) with the following keywords and according to the MeSH terms: Food security, food insecurity, environmental health, public policies, environmental, production, integrating the word COVID-19 in English and Spanish. Only 44.5% of Mexican households presented food security. For food insecurity, 22.6% had moderate and severe food insecurity, while 32.9% had mild insecurity. Food insecurity and the health impacts of environmental origin (waste management during the coronavirus pandemic, water contaminated by bacteria, viruses, and toxins; air pollution) generates impacts on economic activity by not offering food that meets health regulations. Without the application of cost-effective measures and interventions for the prevention and control of patients with obesity, the direct costs for 2023 will amount to 9 million dollars, which worsens the household economy. Despite having laws and policies on the right to food, a healthy environment (water), and opportunities for economic growth, these human rights are not fulfilled. The conclusion is that it is necessary to use a health and agroecological model to promote public policies (health, environment, and economy) that aims to prevent the discussed issues, with multidisciplinary and intersectoral interventions (government, academia, researchers, civil society organizations, industry, and population). This upholds the human right that all people should enjoy an adequate, healthy environment and have access to high-quality food.

scholarly journals Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naef A. A. Qasem ◽  
Ramy H. Mohammed ◽  
Dahiru U. Lawal
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sludge Formation ◽  
Metals Removal

AbstractRemoval of heavy metal ions from wastewater is of prime importance for a clean environment and human health. Different reported methods were devoted to heavy metal ions removal from various wastewater sources. These methods could be classified into adsorption-, membrane-, chemical-, electric-, and photocatalytic-based treatments. This paper comprehensively and critically reviews and discusses these methods in terms of used agents/adsorbents, removal efficiency, operating conditions, and the pros and cons of each method. Besides, the key findings of the previous studies reported in the literature are summarized. Generally, it is noticed that most of the recent studies have focused on adsorption techniques. The major obstacles of the adsorption methods are the ability to remove different ion types concurrently, high retention time, and cycling stability of adsorbents. Even though the chemical and membrane methods are practical, the large-volume sludge formation and post-treatment requirements are vital issues that need to be solved for chemical techniques. Fouling and scaling inhibition could lead to further improvement in membrane separation. However, pre-treatment and periodic cleaning of membranes incur additional costs. Electrical-based methods were also reported to be efficient; however, industrial-scale separation is needed in addition to tackling the issue of large-volume sludge formation. Electric- and photocatalytic-based methods are still less mature. More attention should be drawn to using real wastewaters rather than synthetic ones when investigating heavy metals removal. Future research studies should focus on eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable materials and methods.

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