Wave Propagation of Water Hammer in Compound Tube

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kengo Takeda ◽  
Kazuaki Inaba ◽  
Kosuke Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Water Hammer ◽  
Junction Conditions ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wave Speeds ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
Simply Supported ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Sectional Shape

There are pipes with square or rectangular cross sectional shape rather than more common circular shape. Moreover, a part of the walls can be made of different materials or have different wall thicknesses. To estimate pressure wave propagation in such a channel, we examined water hammer phenomenon and measured wave speeds in rectangular tubes assembled with different wall materials and thicknesses by strain gages and pressure transducers. We newly proposed theoretical wave speeds based on the classical theory and the junction conditions of two walls: fixed, simply supported, and mixed supported. Circumferential strains on the wall can be estimated from the different forms derived by the different junction conditions. We confirmed that theoretical predictions with the simply supported conditions agreed with experimental wave speed in compound tubes, while wave speeds in ready-made square tubes with the same wall-thickness were close to those by the fixed conditions.

Factors Controlling the Change of Shape of Certain Nemertean and Turbellarian Worms

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. CLARK ◽  
J. B. COWEY
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ciliary Action ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Body Wall Musculature ◽  
Sectional Shape

1. Nemerteans and turbellarians have an inextensible fibre system around them in the form of a lattice of left- and right-handed spirals. The effect of this system on the change of shape on these worms has been analysed theoretically and compared with the observed behaviour of nine species of turbellarian and nemertean from widely differing habitats. 2. The following theoretical relationships have been studied: (a) Variation of the angle between the geodesics and the longitudinal axis of the worm during changes in length, and the role of the fibre system in limiting changes in length of the animal. (b) The change in cross-sectional shape during changes in length. (c) The extension of the fibres and the extensibility of the worms, assuming the fibres of the lattice to be elastic. 3. The species investigated conform with the theoretical predictions to varying degrees and have been grouped accordingly: (a) Geonemertes dendyi and Rhynchodemus bilineatus have low extensibilities and fit the prediction well. They are nearly circular in cross-section at all lengths as a result of their low extensibility and this is related to their terrestrial habit and need for water conservation. (b) Amphiporus lactifloreus, Lineus gesserensis and L. longissimus are moderately flattened in the relaxed position and have extensibilities between 6 and 10. They are marine crawling forms using cilia for locomotion and so must present a fairly large ciliated surface to the substratum. The fibre system does not limit contraction; the compression of the epithelial cells causes the observed extensibilities to fall a little short of the theoretical values. (c) Cerebratulus lacteus, Malacobdella grossa, Polycelis nigra and Dendrocoelum lacteum are very flattened forms and have very high theoretical extensibilities, but very low observed ones. The factors causing this are the thickness of the body-wall musculature (Cerebratulus), the limiting effect of longitudinal and circular reticulin fibres in the muscle layers, and the presence of dorso-ventral and diagonal muscles. Their flattened form is correlated with ecological factors (with swimming in Cerebratulus, with its parasitic life in the mantle of bivalves in Melacobdella) or with physical ones in turbellarians where a permanently flattened form is necessary for these worms to move by ciliary action.

scholarly journals Fluid Acoustic Properties of Improved Hydraulic Mufflers with Extended Necks

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-647
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Bin Deng
Keyword(s):  
Plane Wave ◽  
Resonance Frequency ◽  
Insertion Loss ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Expansion Chamber ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Conical Tube ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Sectional Shape

The acoustic properties of three improved hydraulic mufflers with extended necks are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The effect of length and slope of the conical tube, and the perforations on the extended tube is studied on the resonance frequency and the insertion loss. The plane wave approach is used for the constant and the variable area tubes, while Sullivan and Peat's method is applied for the perforation tube unit. Theoretical predictions are compared with experiments for these three different hydraulic noise suppressors, which are fabricated. It is shown that the resonance frequency and the insertion loss characteristics may be controlled by the length and the slope of the conical tube and perforation porosity of the extended tube without changing the expansion chamber volume. Finally, the effect of the cross-sectional shape of the expansion chamber is investigated.

Reference Stress Design Charts for Beam Structures

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-234
Author(s):  
A. Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Rate ◽  
Scaling Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Beam Structures ◽  
Simply Supported ◽  
Reference Stress ◽  
Design Charts ◽  
Structural Layout ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
Sectional Shape

Reference stresses and scaling factors are determined for some common beam structures and the results are presented in practical design charts. One set of charts treats the influence of cross-sectional shape and another set the influence of the structural layout. The approximations of the reference stress technique are discussed and the error in deformation rate is calculated for the structures. The reference stress method and the use of the design charts is demonstrated in the creep design of a simply supported uniformly loaded beam.

Flow Structure Near the Bow of a Two-Dimensional Body

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (04) ◽  
pp. 269-283
Author(s):  
Mark A. Grosenbaugh ◽  
Ronald W. Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bow Wave ◽  
Wave Elevation ◽  
Characteristic Oscillation ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Sectional Shape

Flow near a blunt ship's bow is experimentally investigated by studying the flow in front of horizontal, surface-piercing cylinders. A bore-like structure develops at the bow of a cylinder when it is immersed in a uniform stream. Observations indicate that the leading edge of this bow wave coincides with a point at which the main flow separates from the free surface. Experimental measurements of the location of the wavefront and the slope of the free surface at the wavefront are in fair agreement with existing theoretical predictions. Power spectra of the time records of the bow-wave elevation show a characteristic oscillation frequency at Froude numbers above a critical value. The bow-wave oscillation is a function of the cross-sectional shape of the two-dimensional body, the draft, and, to a lesser extent, the flow velocity. The inception of the oscillation depends on the Reynolds number, but the characteristic frequency is governed by inertial and gravitational forces.

On the cross-sectional shape of the cellulose crystallites in the tunicate Halocynthia papillosa

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-567
Author(s):  
J.-F. Revol ◽  
Y. Van Daele ◽  
F. Gaill
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Valonia Ventricosa ◽  
C Nmr

The only form of cellulose which could unequivocally be ascribed to the animal kingdom is the tunicin that occurs in the tests of the tunicates. Recently, high-resolution solid-state l3C NMR revealed that tunicin belongs to the Iβ form of cellulose as opposed to the Iα form found in Valonia and bacterial celluloses. The high perfection of the tunicin crystallites led us to study its crosssectional shape and to compare it with the shape of those in Valonia ventricosa (V.v.), the goal being to relate the cross-section of cellulose crystallites with the two allomorphs Iα and Iβ.In the present work the source of tunicin was the test of the ascidian Halocvnthia papillosa (H.p.). Diffraction contrast imaging in the bright field mode was applied on ultrathin sections of the V.v. cell wall and H.p. test with cellulose crystallites perpendicular to the plane of the sections. The electron microscope, a Philips 400T, was operated at 120 kV in a low intensity beam condition.

Automated 3D measurement of fiber cross section morphology in handsheets

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lorbach ◽  
Ulrich Hirn ◽  
Johannes Kritzinger ◽  
Wolfgang Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
3D Measurement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fiber Cross Section ◽  
Fiber Wall ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Cross Section Geometry

Abstract We present a method for 3D measurement of fiber cross sectional morphology from handsheets. An automated procedure is used to acquire 3D datasets of fiber cross sectional images using an automated microtome and light microscopy. The fiber cross section geometry is extracted using digital image analysis. Simple sample preparation and highly automated image acquisition and image analysis are providing an efficient tool to analyze large samples. It is demonstrated that if fibers are tilted towards the image plane the images of fiber cross sections are always larger than the true fiber cross section geometry. In our analysis the tilting angles of the fibers to the image plane are measured. The resulting fiber cross sectional images are distorted to compensate the error due to fiber tilt, restoring the true fiber cross sectional shape. We use an approximated correction, the paper provides error estimates of the approximation. Measurement results for fiber wall thickness, fiber coarseness and fiber collapse are presented for one hardwood and one softwood pulp.

Study of Correctly Expanded Sonic Jet with Air Tabs

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Prasad R ◽  
Thanigaiarasu S ◽  
Sembaruthi M ◽  
Rathakrishnan E
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Core ◽  
Convergent Nozzle ◽  
Jet Mixing ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
Constant Diameter ◽  
Sonic Jet ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Length Reduction

AbstractThe present numerical study is to understand the effect of air tabs located at the exit of a convergent nozzle on the spreading and mixing characteristics of correctly expanded sonic primary jet. Air tabs used in this study are two secondary jets issuing from constant diameter tubes located diametrically opposite at the periphery of the primary nozzle exit, normal to the primary jet. Two air tabs of Mach numbers 1.0 to 1.4, in steps of 0.1 are considered in this study. The mixing modification caused by air tabs are analysed by considering the mixing of uncontrolled (free) primary jet as a reference. Substantial enhancement in jet mixing is achieved with Mach 1.4 air tabs, which results in 80 % potential core length reduction. The total pressure profiles taken on the plane (YZ) normal to the primary jet axis, at various locations along the primary jet centreline revealed the modification of the jet cross sectional shape by air tabs. The stream-wise vortices and bifurcation of the primary jet caused by air tabs are found to be the mechanism behind the enhanced jet mixing.

Experimental investigation and optimization on field shaper structure parameters in magnetic pulse welding

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440542110148
Author(s):  
Yingzi Chen ◽  
Zhiyuan Yang ◽  
Wenxiong Peng ◽  
Huaiqing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Light Metal ◽  
Magnetic Pulse ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Magnetic Pulse Welding ◽  
Pulse Welding ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Welding System ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic pulse welding is a high-speed welding technology, which is suitable for welding light metal materials. In the magnetic pulse welding system, the field shaper can increase the service life of the coil and contribute to concentrating the magnetic field in the welding area. Therefore, optimizing the structure of the field shaper can effectively improve the efficiency of the system. This paper analyzed the influence of cross-sectional shape and inner angle of the field shaper on the ability of concentrating magnetic field via COMSOL software. The structural strength of various field shapers was also analyzed in ABAQUS. Simulation results show that the inner edge of the field shaper directly affects the deformation and welding effect of the tube. So, a new shape of field shaper was proposed and the experimental results prove that the new field shaper has better performance than the conventional field shaper.

Blast Wave Shaping by Altering Cross‐Sectional Shape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Williams ◽  
Martin J. Langenderfer ◽  
Gayla Olbricht ◽  
Catherine E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Blast Wave ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sectional Shape
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