scholarly journals Evaluating the Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds to Hydrogen Embrittlement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ronevich ◽  
Chris San Marchi ◽  
Dorian K. Balch
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Toughness Testing ◽  
Steel Welds

Abstract Austenitic stainless steels are used extensively in hydrogen gas containment components due to their known resilience in hydrogen environments. Depending on the conditions, degradation can occur in austenitic stainless steels but typically the materials retain sufficient mechanical properties within such extreme environments. In many hydrogen containment applications, it is necessary or advantageous to join components through welding as it ensures minimal gas leakage, unlike mechanical fittings that can become leak paths that develop over time. Over the years many studies have focused on the mechanical behavior of austenitic stainless steels in hydrogen environments and determined their properties to be sufficient for most applications. However, significantly less data have been generated on austenitic stainless steel welds, which can exhibit more degradation than the base material. In this paper, we assess the trends observed in austenitic stainless steel welds tested in hydrogen. Experiments of welds including tensile and fracture toughness testing are assessed and comparisons to behavior of base metals are discussed.

ALZ 316

Alloy Digest ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Heat Treating

Abstract ALZ 316 is an austenitic stainless steel with good formability, corrosion resistance, toughness, and mechanical properties. It is the basic grade of the stainless steels, containing 2 to 3% molybdenum. After the 304 series, the molybdenum-containing stainless steels are the most widely used austenitic stainless steels. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-756. Producer or source: ALZ nv.

CARTECH 347

Alloy Digest ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Intergranular Corrosion ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Intermittent Heating ◽  
Technology Corporation ◽  
Carpenter Technology Corporation

Abstract CarTech 347 is a niobium+tantalum stabilized austenitic stainless steel. Like Type 321 austenitic stainless steel, it has superior intergranular corrosion resistance as compared to typical 18-8 austenitic stainless steels. Since niobium and tantalum have stronger affinity for carbon than chromium, carbides of those elements tend to precipitate randomly within the grains instead of forming continuous patterns at the grain boundaries. CarTech 347 should be considered for applications requiring intermittent heating between 425 and 900 °C (800 and 1650 °F). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-1339. Producer or source: Carpenter Technology Corporation.

scholarly journals Surface Modification of a Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel by Low-Temperature Nitriding

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1845
Author(s):  
Francesca Borgioli ◽  
Emanuele Galvanetto ◽  
Tiberio Bacci
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Modified Surface

Low-temperature nitriding allows to improve surface hardening of austenitic stainless steels, maintaining or even increasing their corrosion resistance. The treatment conditions to be used in order to avoid the precipitation of large amounts of nitrides are strictly related to alloy composition. When nickel is substituted by manganese as an austenite forming element, the production of nitride-free modified surface layers becomes a challenge, since manganese is a nitride forming element while nickel is not. In this study, the effects of nitriding conditions on the characteristics of the modified surface layers obtained on an austenitic stainless steel having a high manganese content and a negligible nickel one, a so-called nickel-free austenitic stainless steel, were investigated. Microstructure, phase composition, surface microhardness, and corrosion behavior in 5% NaCl were evaluated. The obtained results suggest that the precipitation of a large volume fraction of nitrides can be avoided using treatment temperatures lower than those usually employed for nickel-containing austenitic stainless steels. Nitriding at 360 and 380 °C for duration up to 5 h allows to produce modified surface layers, consisting mainly of the so-called expanded austenite or gN, which increase surface hardness in comparison with the untreated steel. Using selected conditions, corrosion resistance can also be significantly improved.

Zinc diffusion induced precipitation of σ-phase in austenitic stainless steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Nega Setargew ◽  
Daniel J. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Intermetallic Phase ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenite Matrix ◽  
Σ Phase ◽  
Intermediate Phases ◽  
Zinc Diffusion

Zinc diffusion-induced degradation of AISI 316LN austenitic stainless steel pot equipment used in 55%Al-Zn and Zn-Al-Mg coating metal baths is described. SEM/EDS analyses results showed that the diffused zinc reacts with nickel from the austenite matrix and results in the formation of Ni-Zn intermetallic compounds. The Ni-Zn intermetallic phase and the nickel depleted zones form a periodic and alternating layered structure and a mechanism for its formation is proposed. The role of cavities and interconnected porosity in zinc vapour diffusion-induced degradation and formation of Ni-Zn intermediate phases is also discussed. The formation of Ni-Zn intermediate phases and the depletion of nickel in the austenite matrix results in the precipitation of σ-phase and α-ferrite in the nickel depleted regions of the matrix. This reaction will lead to increased susceptibility to intergranular cracking and accelerated corrosion of immersed pot equipment in the coating bath. Zinc diffusion induced precipitation of σ-phase in austenitic stainless steels that we are reporting in this work is a new insight with important implications for the performance of austenitic stainless steels in zinc containing metal coating baths and other process industries. This new insight will further lead to improved understanding of the role of substitutional diffusion and the redistribution of alloying elements in the precipitation of σ-phase in austenitic stainless steels.

Effect of Rare Earth on the Inclusions and Pitting Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Yu Bo
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Anodic Polarization ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
Pitting Corrosion Resistance

The anodic polarization curves of 21Cr-11Ni austenitic stainless steels with various RE contents in 3.5% NaCl neutral solutions have been measured by electrochemical methods. The effect of RE on pitting corrosion resistance of 21Cr-11Ni stainless steels has been studied by the metallographic examination. The results show that sulfide and other irregular inclusions are modified to round or oval-shaped RE2O2S and RES after adding RE to 21Cr-11Ni stainless steesl. RE makes sulfide, and other irregular inclusions change to dispersed round or oval-shaped RE inclusions, effectively inhibits the occurrence of pitting corrosion, thereby enhancing the corrosion resistance of 21Cr-11Ni austenitic stainless steels.

The Successful Use of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Sea Water

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.E. Moller
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Pump Impeller ◽  
Ocean Science ◽  
Free Service ◽  
Selection Of

Moller, G.E., International Nickel Co., Inc., Torrance, Calif. Abstract Austenitic stainless steels are providing excellent trouble-free service in sea water for pumps, propellers, valves. and other marine equipment. propellers, valves. and other marine equipment. Occasionally, a failure occurs as the result of deep localized pitting in a crevice. Data are given showing that austenitic, ferritic. and martensitic stainless steels suffer pitting in crevices and under deposits in quiescent sea water. Austenitic stainless steels remain free from attack in high-velocity sea water. Low-purity ferritic and the martensitic stainless steels frequently pit in high-velocity sea water. Crevice corrosion can be controlled effectively with cathodic protection from iron, zinc. aluminum or magnesium galvanic anodes or impressed current cathodic protection by polarization to -0.6 v vs Calomel. Austenitic stainless steel performs well in many situations because it is a component of a multi-alloy assembly utilizing iron or steel. Examples from field experience arc given. Introduction During the past decade, there has been a growing use of austenitic stainless steel in marine equipment. Most applications have been successful but an unexpected failure has been observed occasionally. It is the purpose of this paper to describe when and how to use austenitic stainless steel with success. The selection of stainless steels appears to result from the engineering requirements of new, advanced, high-speed, high-reliability commercial, pleasure, and military craft. Ocean science and pleasure, and military craft. Ocean science and engineering, offshore oil production, fishing, and ocean mining are also contributing to the selection of stainless steels for sea-water applications. The increasing use of stainless steel in the marine environment is found in work-boat propellers, pump components, bow thrusters, valves, shafting pump components, bow thrusters, valves, shafting and shaft components, through-hull fittings, parts on data-gathering buoys, fasteners, and housings of oceanographic instruments. When austenitic stainless steel has given good, corrosion-free service, it is most often found to be used as a key component in a multi component, multi-alloy assembly or system receiving the benefit of built-in cathodic protection. For example, in Fig. 1 a cast Type 304 (Alloy Casting Institute CF-4) propeller is being used on a steel seagoing tugboat with zinc anodes attached to the rudder. Fig. 2 shows a cast ACI CE-30 power-plant sea-water circulation-pump impeller free power-plant sea-water circulation-pump impeller free of any corrosion after 6 years of service that was used in combination with an austenitic cast-iron suction bell and diffuser. SPEJ p. 101

Crack Growth Rates and Corrosion Fatigue of Austenitic Stainless Steels in High Chloride Solutions

2011 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Vichytil ◽  
G. Mori ◽  
Reinhard Pippan ◽  
M. Panzenböck ◽  
Rainer Fluch
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Corrosion Fatigue ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Propagation Rate ◽  
Corrosive Environment

Purpose: Applications for highly corrosive environments and cyclic loading are often made out of austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion fatigue and crack propagation behaviour has been studied to determine failure processes and damage mechanisms. Approach: CrNiMo stabilized austenitic stainless steel and CrMnN austenitic stainless steel in solution annealed and cold worked condition are compared. S/N curves and crack propagation rate curves are recorded in 43 wt% CaCl2solution at 120 °C, which resembles most severe potential service conditions. For comparison these experiments are also performed in inert glycerine. Additionally, the electrochemical behaviour of these materials has been studied. Findings: The CrMnN steels have excellent mechanical properties but are very susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in the test solution. The fatigue limit as well as the threshold for long crack growth are significantly reduced in corrosive environment. Moreover these steels exhibit a remarkable increase in the propagation rate, which is extremely pronounced in the near threshold region. This effect is enhanced by cold working. CrNiMo steels also show a reduction in the fatigue limit, but it is less pronounced compared to CrMnN steels. The threshold is significantly reduced in corrosive environment, but propagation rate is lower in corrosive environment compared to inert glycerine. Possible explanations of this surprising behaviour are discussed.

Safety Factor of Austenitic Stainless Steel Pressure Vessels With Strain-Strengthening

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Chen ◽  
Yang-Chun Deng ◽  
Xiao-Feng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Safety Factor ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Cryogenic Temperature ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Strain Strengthening

The yield strength of austenitic stainless steels can be increased significantly through the strain-strengthening process. In this study, we presented the basic principle of strain-strengthening and introduced two strain-strengthening processes of austenitic stainless steels, Avesta process at normal temperature and Ardeform process at cryogenic temperature, in which Avesta process was much easier to operate. The design safety factor of pressure vessels with different levels of strain strengthening by Avesta process was also investigated. It was recommended that the strain during Avesta strain-strengthening process should be limited within 5%.

scholarly journals Fracture Threshold Measurements of Hydrogen Precharged Stainless Steel Weld Fusion Zones and Heat Affected Zones

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Ronevich ◽  
Brian P. Somerday ◽  
Chris W. San Marchi ◽  
Dorian K. Balch
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fusion Zone ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Gas Tungsten Arc ◽  
Hydrogen Assisted Cracking ◽  
Point Bend ◽  
Subcritical Cracking

Austenitic stainless steels are used in hydrogen environments because of their generally accepted resistance to hydrogen embrittlement; however, hydrogen-assisted cracking can occur depending on the microstructures or composition of the stainless steel. One area that has not been well researched is welds and in particular heat affected zones. The goal of this work was to measure the subcritical cracking susceptibility of hydrogen precharged gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds in forged stainless steels (21Cr-6Ni-9Mn and 304L). Welds were fabricated using 308L filler metal to form 21-6-9/308L and 304L/308L weld rings, and subsequently three-point bend specimens were extracted from the fusion zone and heat affected zone and precharged in high-pressure hydrogen gas. Crack growth resistance curves were measured in air for the hydrogen precharged fusion zones and heat affected zones under rising-displacement loading, revealing significant susceptibility to subcritical cracking. Fracture thresholds of 304L/308L welds were lower than 21-6-9/308L welds which was attributed to higher ferrite fractions in 304L/308L since this phase governed the crack path. Fracture thresholds for the heat affected zone were greater than the fusion zone in 21-6-9/308L which is likely due to negligible ferrite in the heat affected zone. Modifications to the weld joint geometry through use of a single-J design were implemented to allow consistent testing of the heat affected zones by propagating the crack parallel to the fusion zone boundary. Despite low hydrogen diffusivity in the austenitic stainless steels, effects of displacement rates were observed and a critical rate was defined to yield lower-bound fracture thresholds.

Influence of Cutting Parameters on Surface Morphology of Austenitic Stainless Steel after Turning

2014 ◽  
Vol 657 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
M. Grzegorz Krolczyk ◽  
Stanisław Legutko ◽  
W. Radoslaw Maruda
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Turning Process ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Coated Carbide

The study presents the contribution in engineering of surfaces particularly in surface morphology of Austenitic Stainless Steels. The objective of the investigation was to determine the surface morphology of austenitic stainless steel after turning with coated carbide tool point. The investigation included geometrical parameters of SI for different cutting parameters in dry turning process of austenitic stainless steel. The study has been performed within a production facility during the production of electric motor parts and deep-well pumps.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document