Cryomacroscopy in 3D: A Device Prototype for the Study of Cryopreservation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoed Rabin ◽  
Justin S. G. Feig ◽  
Alexander C. Williams ◽  
Christopher C. Lin ◽  
Chandrajit Thaokar
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
New Device ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Cryopreservation Techniques ◽  
Long Term Preservation

This study presents a new device prototype for visualization of physical effects associated with large-scale cryopreservation—the preservation of tissues at very low temperatures. Cryopreservation represents the only method for long-term preservation of biomaterials. While techniques for cryopreservation of single cells and small tissue structures are well established, cryopreservation techniques for bulky tissues and organs are still at the developmental stage. Critical to the success of cryopreservation is the control of ice formation—the cornerstone of cryoinjury. One of the most promising techniques for large-scale cryopreservation is known as vitrification, where the crystal phase is suppressed, and the biological material is trapped in a glassy-like state (vitreous in Latin means glassy) [1].

scholarly journals Practical Remote Workflow Solutions for Complex Digital Projects: Opportunities in a Pandemic

Collections ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 155019062110527
Author(s):  
J.A. Pryse
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Political ◽  
Workflow Model ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Pilot Phase ◽  
Digital Videos ◽  
On Line ◽  
Systematic Solution ◽  
Long Term Preservation

The spread of COVID-19 has created numerous challenges in the field of archive management. Limited in-house office space, furloughs of personnel, and inconsistency, has highlighted the potential for the Carl Albert Congressional Research and Studies Center Archives (Center) to develop and implement improved accessibility measures to thousands of linear feet of material. Addition ally, the Center has found unique opportunities to collaborate with multiple academic institutions to propose large-scale digitization program exhibitions using the Center’s remote workflow model. One of the largest, most complex collections the Center has worked with during this time is the Political Commercial Collection (the Collection), which holds 119,000 film, audio, and videotape recordings of commercials aired between 1936 and present. It is the largest collection of political commercials in the world. The Center has developed a working pilot digitization project that has currently resulted in access to 16,000 digital videos for public researchers and over 10,000 available for on-line streaming during the pilot phase between April 16, 2020, and December 1, 2020. This paper presents the practical application of the Center’s simplified “Linear Reciprocity Workflow Model” to provide a systematic solution for digital and long-term preservation of complex collections. The Center has proven that limited personnel and reduced resources need not interrupt continued access to archival repositories.

scholarly journals Lost in migration: document quality for batch conversion to PDF/A

2018 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Erwin Suri ◽  
Mohamed El-Saad
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Batch Processing ◽  
Digital Archives ◽  
Adobe Acrobat ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Text Document ◽  
File Formats ◽  
Long Term Preservation

PurposeChanges in file format specifications challenge long-term preservation of digital documents. Digital archives thus often focus on specific file formats that are well suited for long-term preservation, such as the PDF/A format. Since only few customers submit PDF/A files, digital archives may consider converting submitted files to the PDF/A format. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe authors evaluated three software tools for batch conversion of common file formats to PDF/A-1b: LuraTech PDF Compressor, Adobe Acrobat XI Pro and 3-HeightsTMDocument Converter by PDF Tools. The test set consisted of 80 files, with 10 files each of the eight file types JPEG, MS PowerPoint, PDF, PNG, MS Word, MS Excel, MSG and “web page.”FindingsBatch processing was sometimes hindered by stops that required manual interference. Depending on the software tool, three to four of these stops occurred during batch processing of the 80 test files. Furthermore, the conversion tools sometimes failed to produce output files even for supported file formats: three (Adobe Pro) up to seven (LuraTech and 3-HeightsTM) PDF/A-1b files were not produced. Since Adobe Pro does not convert e-mails, a total of 213 PDF/A-1b files were produced. The faithfulness of each conversion was investigated by comparing the visual appearance of the input document with that of the produced PDF/A-1b document on a computer screen. Meticulous visual inspection revealed that the conversion to PDF/A-1b impaired the information content in 24 of the converted 213 files (11 percent). These reproducibility errors included loss of links, loss of other document content (unreadable characters, missing text, document part missing), updated fields (reflecting time and folder of conversion), vector graphics issues and spelling errors.Originality/valueThese results indicate that large-scale batch conversions of heterogeneous files to PDF/A-1b cause complex issues that need to be addressed for each individual file. Even with considerable efforts, some information loss seems unavoidable if large numbers of files from heterogeneous sources are migrated to the PDF/A-1b format.

scholarly journals Mapping the collaterome for precision cerebrovascular health: Theranostics in the continuum of stroke and dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1449-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S Liebeskind
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Arterial Inflow ◽  
Cerebrovascular Health ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Long Term Preservation

Precision cerebrovascular health or individualized long-term preservation of the brain and associated blood vessels, is predicated on understanding, diagnosing, and tailoring therapies for people at risk of ischemic injury associated with stroke and vascular dementia. The associated imaging patterns are sculpted by the protective effect of the collaterome, the innate compensatory ability of the brain and vasculature to offset hypoperfusion when antegrade or normal arterial inflow pathways are compromised. Theranostics or rational and synchronous use of diagnostic studies in tandem with specific therapies to optimally guide patient outcomes in ischemic brain disorders may capitalize on the pivotal role of the collaterome. Understanding the functional impact of the collaterome across populations of individuals would advance translational science on the brain, while questions with immediate clinical implications may be prioritized. Big data and systematic analyses are necessary to develop normative standards, multimodal imaging atlases, and delineation of specific patterns to guide clinical management. Large-scale, systematic imaging analyses of the collaterome provide a platform for translational work on cerebral collateral circulation and hemodynamics and a theranostic framework with direct clinical implications. This article frames incipient research objectives to guide precision stroke medicine in coming years, building upon the collaterome concept in brain health.

scholarly journals THE USE OF DORMANT-BUD CRYOPRESERVATION FOR LONG-TERM STORAGE OF PECAN AND WALNUT GERMPLASM

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1142c-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. Morrissey ◽  
William A. Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Dormant Bud ◽  
If Current ◽  
Cryopreservation Techniques ◽  
Long Term Preservation ◽  
Term Storage

A study was designed to determine if current dormant-bud cryopreservation techniques investigated on woody plants, such as apple (Malus domestica), gooseberry (Ribes), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and pear (Pryus communis) etc., could be applied to certain nut tree species for long-term preservation. Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) and black walnut (Juglans nigra) were exposed to prefreezing temperatures ranging from -10° C to -40° C and then directly immersed in liquid nitrogen for 2 hrs. Dehydration by prefreezing was not sufficient for bud survival in pecan. Bud survival was increased by dehydrating stem sections prior to prefreezing. Prefreezing at -30° or -40° C was suitable for survival of black walnut.

scholarly journals Cryobiotechnology: A Double-Edged Sword for Obligate Plant Pathogens

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1058-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Minrui Wang ◽  
Jingwei Li ◽  
Zhenhua Cui ◽  
Gayle M. Volk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Cryopreservation Techniques ◽  
Vegetatively Propagated Plants ◽  
Long Term Preservation

Pathogen-free stock plants are required as propagation materials in nurseries and healthy materials are needed in germplasm exchange between countries or regions through quarantine programs. In addition, plant gene banks also prefer to maintain pathogen-free germplasm collections. Shoot tip cryotherapy is a novel biotechnology method whereby cryopreservation methods are used to eradicate obligate pathogens from vegetatively propagated plants. Long-term preservation of pathogens is necessary in all types of virus-related basic research and applications such as antigen preparation for virus detection by immunology-based methods, production of plant-based vaccines, genetic transformation to produce virus-derived resistant transgenic plants, and bionanotechnology to produce nano drugs. Obligate plant pathogens such as viruses and viroids are intracellular parasites that colonize only living cells of the hosts. Therefore, their long-term preservation is difficult. Cryotreatments cannot completely eradicate the obligate pathogens that do not infect meristematic cells and certain proportions of plants recovered from cryotreatments are still pathogen-infected. Furthermore, cryotreatments often fail to eradicate the obligate pathogens that infect meristematic cells. Cryopreservation can be used for the long-term cryopreservation of the obligate plant pathogens. Thus, cryobiotechnology functions as a double-edged sword for plant pathogen eradication and cryopreservation. This review provides updated a synthesis of advances in cryopreservation techniques for eradication and cryopreservation of obligate plant pathogens.

Cryogenic Light Microscopy and the Development of Long-term Cryopreservation Techniques for Fungi

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Thomas ◽  
David Smith
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Intracellular Ice ◽  
Cryopreservation Techniques

Since Henry Power in 1663 successfully revived eelworms which had been frozen in vinegar for a few hours, there has been much interest in cryopreservation. As liquid nitrogen and other cooling agents became more widely available a standard method involving a single cooling rate for the cryopreservation of fungi was proposed by Hwang in 1960. This method was used until the early 1980s, but an increasing number of recalcitrant strains were found. Research at the time was empirical and based on attempts to find the universal cryoprotectant which would protect all fungi irrespective of the cooling rate. The real need was to go back to basics and study the response of the living cell to freezing and thawing. The use of cryogenic light microscopy to study fungi provided a major breakthrough, and showed that cooling rates which cause shrinkage or ice formation should be avoided. Further work is required particularly on membrane structure and the mechanism by which intracellular ice causes injury, as well as the effects of the age of the culture, hyphal structure and growth requirements. Cryopreservation is the only method of preservation which will store fungi and other cells for extremely long periods of time without detectable genetic or morphological change.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF PHYTOHORMONES AND LIGHT ON THE GERMINATION OF APPLE POLLEN WITH REDUCED VIABILITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
A. V. Pavlov ◽  
V. G. Verzhuk ◽  
D. D. Bondaruk
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Germination Of Pollen ◽  
Long Term Preservation

 Background. Studying the effect of phytohormones and light on the germination of apple pollen with reduced viability on an artificial nutrient medium is of importance, because it may facilitate an increase in the germination percentage among plant samples promising for breeding after their long-term preservation under low temperatures.Materials and methods. Pollen viability of the apple-tree cultivar ‘Krasnolistnaya’ was measured by germinating it on an artificial nutrient medium containing 10% sucrose solution and 0.8% agar. Drops of a distilled water suspension of pollen with added phytohormones were applied to the surface of the nutrient medium. Pollen was germinated in the dark (24 hours in a thermostat at 21°C) and under light (in an artificial light chamber at 21°C with a photoperiod of 16 hours of light / 8 hours of darkness). Results. Pollen of cv. ‘Krasnolistnaya’ with reduced viability most effectively germinated with the use of gibberellin at a concentration of 1 mg/l and 10 mg/l: the germination percentage was 22.3±0.8% and 21.8±1.3% respectively (сf. 10.9±1.5% in the reference). The most effective combination of phytohormones was gibberellin 10 mg/l + kinetin 10 mg/l – the percentage of germination was 22.8±6.3%; kinetin 1 mg/l + indolylbutyric acid 1 mg/l – the percentage of germination was 17.5±5.9% vs. 10.9±1.5% in the reference.Conclusion. Phytohormones were observed to have a significant effect on the germination of apple pollen with reduced viability. Effective concentrations and combinations of phytohormones that promote the germination of pollen with reduced viability have been identified. Light does not affect the germination of pollen with reduced viability.

scholarly journals Coconut Cryopreservation: Present Status and Future Prospects

CORD ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Iroshini Welewanni ◽  
Dharshani Bandupriya
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cryopreservation Techniques ◽  
Long Term Preservation ◽  
Small Holder ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Very Low Temperature

Coconut is one of the most important small holder crops worldwide. Conservation of coconut as seeds or field gene banks is not effective due to a range of limitations. Cryopreservation, which is the conservation of living propagules at very low temperature (-196ºC), is the only method available currently for the long-term conservation of germplasm for problem plant species such as recalcitrant and vegetatively propagated plant species. This review summarizes different cryopreservation techniques that have been published from 1984 until the present in relation to different coconut material; it includes a brief discussion about short and medium-term cryopreservation before describing long-term preservation. It discusses factors affecting the process and success of cryopreservation, such as selection of plant material, pre-culture of tissues, osmoprotection, dehydration, cryo-storage, thawing and post-culturing of tissues, and finally to plants. The review also describes histological and ultra-structural studies on and the use of molecular markers to assess genetic stability after cryopreservation. Limitations and future directions related to coconut cryopreservation are discussed. Additional experiments are identified that will need to be undertaken to improve our understanding of the different cryopreservation methods.

The Effect of Synthetic Ice Blockers on Thermal Expansion of the Cryoprotective Cocktail DP6

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Eisenberg ◽  
Yoed Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Potential Method ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Cryoprotective Agents ◽  
Medical Need ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Cooling Rates ◽  
Cryopreservation Techniques ◽  
Long Term Preservation

Cryopreservation is the only alternative for long-term preservation of high-quality biomaterials, where the availability of reliable techniques for preservation of multicellular structures and organs represents an unmet medical need. Developing cryopreservation techniques revolves around controlling the formation of ice crystals, which is known to be lethal to living cells. Cryopreservation is typically achieved in the presence of cryoprotective agents (CPAs), which exhibit a dramatic increase in viscosity with decreasing temperature. Subject to high cooling rates, the rapidly elevating viscosity of the CPA suppresses ice crystallization and promotes vitrification (vitreous means glassy in Latin). Unfortunately, available CPAs are known to be toxic at the relevant concentrations which permit vitrification. One potential method of reducing CPA concentration, and thereby achieving conditions more favorable to the tissue, is with the introduction of the so-called synthetic ice blockers (SIBs)—the subject matter of the current study.

Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
P. Ambrož
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Line ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Characteristic Relationship ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

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