Physicochemical and biological compatibility of insecticide mixtures with acaricide in the management of Brevipalpus yothersi

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1455-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Franciosi Della Vechia ◽  
Renato Beozzo Bassanezi ◽  
Daniel Junior Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Biological Effect ◽  
Citrus Diseases ◽  
Physicochemical Stability ◽  
Biological Compatibility ◽  
Insecticide Mixtures ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Type ◽  
Control Spectrum

Citrus leprosis, caused by Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type (CiLV-C), is one of the major citrus diseases. Such disease is mainly managed by controlling the vector, which is a mite of the genus Brevipalpus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). To increase pest control spectrum and reduce costs, citrus growers often prefer to tank mix pesticides. However, the effect of pesticide combinations made up of insecticides and acaricides is little known yet. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the physicochemical compatibility of spray mixtures with acaricides (spirodiclofen, propargite, and cyflumetofen) and the most commonly used insecticides in citrus orchards, as well as to evaluate their biological effect on Brevipalpus yothersi (Baker). Mixing insecticides with the acaricides such as spirodiclofen, propargite, and cyflumetofen had no interfere with the physicochemical stability of tank mixtures. However, the combination of imidacloprid, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and phosmet with spirodiclofen reduced acaricide control efficiency in 20.9%, 18.9%, 9.7%, and 21.9%, respectively. These mixtures are not recommended for B. yothersi control.

Exotic Citrus Diseases: Early Detection is the Solution to Protecting Florida Citrus

EDIS ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie D. Burrow (Yates) ◽  
Megan M. Dewdney ◽  
Ronald H. Brlansky
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Contact Information ◽  
Citrus Diseases ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Pdf Format ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Stem Pitting

CH202, a 2-page illustrated trifold brochure by J.D. Burrow, M.M. Dewdney, and R.H. Brlansky, is best viewed in PDF format. It provides key information about citrus blackspot, sweet orange scab, citrus leprosis virus, citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), and citrus tristeza virus (CTV) stem pitting. Includes contact information for UF/IFAS Extension citrus experts. Published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, November 2008. CH202/CH202: Exotic Citrus Diseases: Early Detection is the Solution to Protecting Florida Citrus (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals History and Diversity of Citrus leprosis virus Recorded in Herbarium Specimens

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 1277-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Hartung ◽  
Avijit Roy ◽  
Shimin Fu ◽  
Jonathan Shao ◽  
William L. Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Type ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Full Length Genome

Leprosis refers to two diseases of citrus that present similar necrotic local lesions, often surrounded by chlorotic haloes on citrus. Two distinct viruses are associated with this disease, one that produces particles primarily in the nucleus of infected plant cells (Citrus leprosis virus nuclear type [CiLV-N]; Dichorhavirus) and another type that produces particles in the cytoplasm of infected plant cells (Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type [CiLV-C]; Cilevirus). Both forms are transmitted by Brevipalpid mites and have bipartite, single-stranded, RNA genomes. CiLV-C and CiLV-N are present in South and Central America and as far north as parts of Mexico. Although leprosis disease was originally described from Florida, it disappeared from there in the 1960s. The United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service maintains preserved citrus specimens identified at inspection stations 50 or more years ago with symptoms of citrus leprosis. We isolated RNA from these samples and performed degradome sequencing. We obtained nearly full-length genome sequences of both a typical CiLV-C isolate intercepted from Argentina in 1967 and a distinct CiLV-N isolate obtained in Florida in 1948. The latter is a novel form of CiLV-N, not known to exist anywhere in the world today. We have also documented the previously unreported presence of CiLV-N in Mexico in the mid-20th century.

scholarly journals Indexing Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Citrus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Iftikhar ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed ◽  
Ganesan Vadamalai ◽  
Ashara Sajid
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Molecular Assays ◽  
Citrus Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Skilled Personnel ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Disease Free

Citrus is a highly nutritive and prized fruit crop around the world. It contributes a substantial share in local consumption and exports of a nation to earn a handsome foreign exchange. The production of citrus is under the threat of citrus decline. Different factors are responsible for the citrus decline but virus and virus-like diseases have the major role in this decline. Virus and virus-like diseases alone or in association with other biotic and abiotic factors exist in the citrus orchards. Therefore, indexing of diseases caused by virus and virus-like pathogens is the key factor to manage these citrus diseases. Proper facilities and skilled personnel are the pre-requisite for the diseases indexing procedures. Biological, serological and molecular indexing is sensitive, reliable and durable strategy for managing different citrus virus and virus-like diseases under different conditions. Moreover, indexing of viruses and virus-like pathogens are very important for the production of disease free citrus nurseries. This chapter gives a brief review for the commonly used biological, serological and molecular assays for the detection of citrus virus and virus-like pathogens.

scholarly journals An annotated list of ornamentals naturally found infected by Brevipalpus mite-transmitted viruses

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Watanabe Kitajima ◽  
José Carlos Verle Rodrigues ◽  
Juliana Freitas-Astua
Keyword(s):  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Green Spot ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Type

The first cases of ornamental plants found infected by Brevipalpus transmitted viruses (BTV) were described in the 1990's from the region of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil; subsequent cases were from other regions in the country and other American countries. Currently, 37 ornamental plant species (for the sake of simplicity, orchids being considered as a single species), belonging to 18 families of dicotyledons, have been reported hosting BTV. Because of the non systemic type of infection of these viruses, the localized diseases they cause are unimportant usually, but they have the potential to cause economic losses if severe outbreaks of Brevipalpus mite populations occur. Some ornamentals may serve as reservoirs to BTV known to cause serious damage to food crops as Citrus leprosis virus- cytoplasmic type (CiLV-C), passion fruit green spot virus (PFGSV) and Coffee ringspot virus (CoRSV).

scholarly journals Transmission of Citrus leprosis virus C by Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) to Alternative Host Plants Found in Citrus Orchards

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 968-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Nunes ◽  
C. A. L. de Oliveira ◽  
M. L. de Oliveira ◽  
E. W. Kitajima ◽  
M. E. Hilf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Brevipalpus Phoenicis ◽  
Orange Fruit ◽  
Necrotic Spots ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Virus C

The equivalent of US$75 million is spent each year in Brazil to control Brevipalpus phoenicis, a mite vector of Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C). In this study, we investigated the possibility that hedgerows and windbreaks normally found in citrus orchards could host CiLV-C. Mites confined by an adhesive barrier were reared on sweet orange fruit with leprosis symptoms then were transferred to leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Malvaviscus arboreus, Grevilea robusta, Bixa orellana, and Citrus sinensis. Ninety days post infestation, the descendant mites were transferred to Pera sweet orange plants to verify the transmissibility of the virus back to citrus. Nonviruliferous mites which had no feeding access to diseased tissue were used as controls. Local chlorotic or necrotic spots and ringspots, symptoms of leprosis disease, appeared in most plants tested. Results generated by reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for CiLV-C and by electron microscope analyses confirmed the susceptibility of these plants to CiLV-C.

scholarly journals Common Bean: Experimental Indicator Plant for Citrus leprosis virus C and Some Other Cytoplasmic-Type Brevipalpus-Transmitted Viruses

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 1346-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Garita ◽  
A. D. Tassi ◽  
R. F. Calegario ◽  
E. W. Kitajima ◽  
S. A. M. Carbonell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Spot ◽  
Green Spot ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Type ◽  
Virus C

Citrus leprosis (CL) caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) is present in Latin America from Mexico to Argentina, where citrus plants are grown. CiLV-C is transmitted by the tenuipalpid mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis, causing localized lesions on citrus leaves, fruit, and stems. One limitation to study of the virus–vector–host relationship in this pathosystem is the lack of a suitable assay plant. On Citrus spp. used as susceptible hosts, symptoms may take weeks or months to appear after experimental inoculation by viruliferous mites. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was found to respond with localized necrotic lesions after inoculation with viruliferous B. phoenicis in 5 days. Thus far, 113 tested common bean varieties and lines and some recent accessions of varied genetic background behaved in a similar way. Black bean ‘IAC Una’ was adopted as a standard test variety. When inoculated leaves were left at 28 to 30°C, the period for the lesion appearance was reduced to only 2 days. Confirmation that the lesions on common bean leaves are caused by CiLV-C were made by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction specific for CiLV-C. Common bean plants mite-inoculated with some other cytoplasmic-type Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BrTVs) (Passion fruit green spot virus, Solanum violaefolium ringspot virus, Ligustrum ringspot virus, and Hibiscus green spot virus) also responded with necrotic local lesions and may serve as test plants for these viruses. Two nuclear types of BrTV (Coffee ringspot virus and Clerodendrum chlorotic spot virus) were unable to produce symptoms on common bean.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C: A New Viral Lineage and Phylodynamic of the Main Viral Subpopulations in the Americas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Chabi-Jesus ◽  
Pedro L. Ramos-González ◽  
Matheus Postclam-Barro ◽  
Rafaela Salgado Fontenele ◽  
Ricardo Harakava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Putative Coat Protein ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Virus C

Despite the importance of viral strains/variants as agents of emerging diseases, genetic and evolutionary processes affecting their ecology are not fully understood. To get insight into this topic, we assessed the population and spatial dynamic parameters of citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae). CiLV-C is the etiological agent of citrus leprosis disease, a non-systemic infection considered the main viral disorder affecting citrus orchards in Brazil. Overall, we obtained 18 complete or near-complete viral genomes, 123 complete nucleotide sequences of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding the putative coat protein, and 204 partial nucleotide sequences of the ORF encoding the movement protein, from 430 infected Citrus spp. samples collected between 1932 and 2020. A thorough examination of the collected dataset suggested that the CiLV-C population consists of the major lineages CRD and SJP, unevenly distributed, plus a third one called ASU identified in this work, which is represented by a single isolate found in an herbarium sample collected in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1937. Viruses from the three lineages share about 85% nucleotide sequence identity and show signs of inter-clade recombination events. Members of the lineage CRD were identified both in commercial and non-commercial citrus orchards. However, those of the lineages SJP were exclusively detected in samples collected in the citrus belt of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, the leading Brazilian citrus production region, after 2015. The most recent common ancestor of viruses of the three lineages dates back to, at least, ∼1500 years ago. Since citrus plants were introduced in the Americas by the Portuguese around the 1520s, the Bayesian phylodynamic analysis suggested that the ancestors of the main CiLV-C lineages likely originated in contact with native vegetation of South America. The intensive expansion of CRD and SJP lineages in Brazil started probably linked to the beginning of the local citrus industry. The high prevalence of CiLV-C in the citrus belt of Brazil likely ensues from the intensive connectivity between orchards, which represents a potential risk toward pathogen saturation across the region.

scholarly journals Citrus Diseases Exotic to Florida: Citrus Leprosis

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgur Batuman ◽  
Amit Levy ◽  
Ajia Paolillo ◽  
Kuang-Ren Chung ◽  
Ron Brlansky
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Previous Version ◽  
Major Revision ◽  
Citrus Diseases ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Florida Citrus

This article is one in a series designed to provide important information on the causal agent, symptoms, and transmission of exotic citrus diseases. Disseminating the information about the diseases to the citrus industry may prevent their introduction and spread in Florida. This 5-page document will focus on the exotic viral disease citrus leprosis. This is a major revision of an article originally published in 2006. Written by O. Batuman, A. Levy, P. Sieburth, A. M. Paolillo, K.-R. Chung, and R. H. Brlansky, and published by the UF/IFAS Plant Pathology Department.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp148 Previous version: Chung, Kuang-Ren, and Ronald Brlansky. 2006. “Citrus Diseases Exotic to Florida: Citrus Leprosis”. EDIS 2006 (7). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/115752.

scholarly journals Transmissibility of Citrus leprosis virus by Brevipalpus phoenicis to Solanum violaefolium

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 911-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. V. Rodrigues ◽  
E. C. Locali ◽  
J. Freitas-Astua ◽  
E. W. Kitajima
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Brevipalpus Phoenicis ◽  
Cross Transmission ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Citrus Leaves ◽  
Viral Components

Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV) constitutes one of the most important viruses in citrus in the areas where it occurs. Two morphological types of virus particles have been described from associated leprosis symptoms, nuclear (CiLV-N) and cytoplasmic (CiLV-C) (4). The CiLV-C is more common, representing more than 99% of samples collected from South and Central America (E. W. Kitajima and J. C. V. Rodrigues, unpublished). Both virus types are associated with the mite vector, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). So far, CiLV-C has only been naturally transmitted by these mites to citrus (3). Plants of Solanum violaefolium Schott (Solanaceae) and ornamental and sweet orange seedlings were infested with viruliferous adult female mites, colony no. 61 (GenBank Accession No. AY320027) that were previously maintained on citrus seedlings infected with CiLV-C according to Rodrigues et al. (3). Fifteen days after the mites were transferred, spotted yellowish symptoms were observed on leaves of plants of S. violaefolium and similar symptoms were observed after 25 days on citrus leaves. The symptomatic tissues were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Particles typical of CiLV-C were observed in samples from both plant species. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of mites transmitting CiLV-C to a noncitrus host. Subsequent experiments showed that mites were able to transmit the virus between plants of S. violaefolium. Attempts to transmit the virus by mites from S. violaefolium to citrus were unsuccessful. The dsRNA viral electrophoresis profile showed differences between the two host plants. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing assays with primers designed to detect CiLV-C (2) amplified DNA fragments of the expected size and base composition. These data suggest the loss or alteration of some viral components from the Solanum sp. host that might be essential for the transmission or infection in citrus. Such a mechanism may explain why, despite the ever-increasing number of Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses in a large number of different host plant species (1), cross transmission is not common. This information shows one of the potential routes for CiLV to invade citrus orchards, and suggests one alternative host plant that allows rapid multiplication of the virus for characterization. References: (1) E. W. Kitajima et al. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 30:135, 2003. (2) E. C. Locali et al. Plant Dis. 87:1317, 2003. (3) J. C. V. Rodrigues et al. Proc. Int. Org. Citrus Virol. 174, 2000 (4) J. C. V. Rodrigues et al. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 30:161, 2003.

scholarly journals Nationwide Detection by RT-PCR of the Cytoplasmic Type of Citrus Leprosis Virus in Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Freitas-Astúa ◽  
E. C. Locali ◽  
R. Antonioli-Luizon ◽  
E. W. Kitajima ◽  
M. E. Hilf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Type
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