Impairment of Performance Variables After In-Season Strength-Training Cessation in Elite Cyclists

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bent R. Rønnestad ◽  
Joar Hansen ◽  
Ivana Hollan ◽  
Matt Spencer ◽  
Stian Ellefsen
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Elite Cyclists

The current study investigated the effects of 8 wk of strength-training cessation after 25 wk of strength training on strength- and cycling-performance characteristics. Elite cyclists were randomly assigned to either 25 wk of endurance training combined with heavy strength training (EXP, n = 7, maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max] 77 ± 6 mL . kg-1 . min-1; 3 × 4–10 RM, 1 to 2 d/wk) or to endurance training only (CON, n = 7, V̇O2max 73 ± 5 mL . kg-1 . min-1). Thereafter, both groups performed endurance training only for 8 wk, coinciding with the initial part of the competition season. Data were assessed for practical significance using magnitude-based inferences. During the 25-wk preparatory period, EXP had a larger positive impact on maximal isometric half-squat force, squat jump (SJ), maximal aerobic power (Wmax), power output at 4 mmol/L [La], and mean power in 30-s Wingate test than did CON (ES = 0.46-0.74). Conversely, during the 8-wk competition period EXP had a reduction in SJ, Wmax, and mean power in the 30-s Wingate test compared with CON (ES = 0.49-0.84). The present findings suggest rapid decline of adaptations on termination of strength training during the first 8 wk of the competition period in elite cyclists.

scholarly journals Protein intake in the early recovery period after exhaustive exercise improves performance the following day

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 1731-1742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ove Sollie ◽  
Per B. Jeppesen ◽  
Daniel S. Tangen ◽  
Fredrik Jernerén ◽  
Birgitte Nellemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Elite Cyclists

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of protein and carbohydrate ingestion during early recovery from exhaustive exercise on performance after 18-h recovery. Eight elite cyclists (V̇o2max: 74.0 ± 1.6 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed two exercise and diet interventions in a double-blinded, randomized, crossover design. Participants cycled first at 73% of V̇o2max (W73%) followed by 1-min intervals at 90% of V̇o2max until exhaustion. During the first 2 h of recovery, participants ingested either 1.2 g carbohydrate·kg−1·h−1 (CHO) or 0.8 g carbohydrate + 0.4 g protein·kg−1·h−1 (CHO + PROT). The diet during the remaining recovery period was similar for both interventions and adjusted to body weight. After an 18-h recovery, cycling performance was assessed with a 10-s sprint test, 30 min of cycling at W73%, and a cycling time trial (TT). The TT was 8.5% faster (41:53 ± 1:51 vs. 45:26 ± 1:32 min; P < 0.03) after CHO + PROT compared with CHO. Mean power output during the sprints was 3.7% higher in CHO + PROT compared with CHO (1,063 ± 54 vs. 1,026 ± 53 W; P = 0.01). Nitrogen balance in the recovery period was negative in CHO and neutral in CHO + PROT (−82.4 ± 11.5 vs. 7.0 ± 15.4 mg/kg; P < 0.01). In conclusion, TT and sprint performances were improved 18 h after exhaustive cycling by CHO + PROT supplementation during the first 2 h of recovery compared with isoenergetic CHO supplementation. Our results indicate that intake of carbohydrate plus protein after exhaustive endurance exercise more rapidly converts the body from a catabolic to an anabolic state than carbohydrate alone, thus speeding recovery and improving subsequent cycling performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prolonged high intensity endurance exercise depends on glycogen utilization and high oxidative capacity. Still, exhaustion develops and effective recovery strategies are required to compete in multiday stage races. We show that coingestion of protein and carbohydrate during the first 2 h of recovery is superior to isoenergetic intake of carbohydrate to stimulate recovery, and improves both endurance time-trial and 10-s sprint performance the following day in elite cyclists.

Physiological Profile of an Uphill Time Trial in Elite Cyclists

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana B. Peinado ◽  
Nuria Romero-Parra ◽  
Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado ◽  
Rocío Cupeiro ◽  
Javier Butragueño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mean Power Output ◽  
Elite Cyclists

Context: While a number of studies have researched road-cycling performance, few have attempted to investigate the physiological response in field conditions. Purpose: To describe the physiological and performance profile of an uphill time trial (TT) frequently used in cycling competitions. Methods: Fourteen elite road cyclists (mean ± SD age 25 ± 6 y, height 174 ± 4.2 cm, body mass 64.4 ± 6.1 kg, fat mass 7.48% ± 2.82%) performed a graded exercise test to exhaustion to determine maximal parameters. They then completed a field-based uphill TT in a 9.2-km first-category mountain pass with a 7.1% slope. Oxygen uptake (VO2), power output, heart rate (HR), lactate concentration, and perceived-exertion variables were measured throughout the field-based test. Results: During the uphill TT, mean power output and velocity were 302 ± 7 W (4.2 ± 0.1 W/kg) and 18.7 ± 1.6 km/h, respectively. Mean VO2 and HR were 61.6 ± 2.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1 and 178 ± 2 beats/min, respectively. Values were significantly affected by the 1st, 2nd, 6th, and final kilometers (P < .05). Lactate concentration and perceived exertion were 10.87 ± 1.12 mmol/L and 19.1 ± 0.1, respectively, at the end of the test, being significantly different from baseline measures. Conclusion: The studied uphill TT is performed at 90% of maximum HR and VO2 and 70% of maximum power output. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study assessing cardiorespiratory parameters combined with measures of performance, perceived exertion, and biochemical variables during a field-based uphill TT in elite cyclists.

The Annual Periodization of Training Volumes of International-Level Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188
Author(s):  
Evgeny B. Myakinchenko ◽  
Andrey S. Kriuchkov ◽  
Nikita V. Adodin ◽  
Victor Feofilaktov
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
International Level ◽  
Strength Exercises ◽  
Pyramid Model ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Cross Country

Purpose: To compare the training-volume (TrV) distribution of Russian international-level male biathletes, female biathletes, and cross-country skiers (XC) during an annual cycle. Methods: Day-to-day TrVs were recorded and averaged for a 5-year period for male biathletes (n = 6), female biathletes (n = 8), and XC (n = 14) with VO2max values of 77.7 (3.8), 64.6 (1.9), and 79.4 (3.5) mL·min−1·kg−1, respectively. Results: The volumes of low- and moderate-intensity endurance training and all types of nonspecific endurance and strength training gradually decreased toward the competition period. However, the volumes and proportions of high-intensity endurance training and specific exercises (roller skiing, skiing, and shooting during high-intensity endurance training) increased by the time of the competition period. The total volume of training, volumes of low- and moderate-intensity endurance training, moderate- and high-load strength training (70%–95% 1RM), and power/speed loads did not increase gradually but reached their maximum immediately after a short stage of initial training. All teams employed the “pyramid” model of intensity distribution. Compared with the biathletes, XC demonstrated a larger (P < .01) annual volume of endurance training (~190 h), low-intensity endurance training (~183 h), and strength training (~818 sets). They also engaged in more upper-body and core-strength exercises (~769 sets), and they reached their maximum aerobic TrVs in June, while the biathletes reached theirs in July. Conclusions: In recent decades, the traditional model of periodization has been altered. The Russian XC and biathletes had significant differences in TrVs.

Training Distribution in 1500-m Speed Skating: A Case Study of an Olympic Gold Medalist

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
Jac Orie ◽  
Nico Hofman ◽  
Laurentius A. Meerhoff ◽  
Arno Knobbe
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Speed Skating

At the Olympic level, optimally distributing training intensity is crucial for maximizing performance. Purpose: The authors evaluated the effect of training-intensity distribution on anaerobic power as a substitute for 1500-m speed-skating performance in the 4 y leading up to an Olympic gold medal. Methods: During the preparation phase of the speed-skating season, anaerobic power was recorded periodically (n = 15) using the mean power (in watts) with a 30-s Wingate test. For each training session in the 4 wk prior to each Wingate test, the volume (in hours), training type (specific, simulation, nonspecific, and strength training), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE; CR-10) were recorded. Results: Compared with the 8 lowest, the 7 highest-scoring tests were preceded by a significantly (P < .01) higher volume of strength training. Furthermore, the RPE distribution of the number of nonspecific training sessions was significantly different (P < .01). Significant (P < .05) correlations highlighted that a larger nonspecific training volume in the lower intensities RPE 2 (r = .735) and 3 (r = .592) was associated positively and the medium intensities RPE 4 (r = −.750) and 5 (r = −.579) negatively with Wingate performance. Conclusion: For the subject, the best results were attained with a high volume of strength training and the bulk of nonspecific training at RPE 2 and 3, and specifically not at the adjoining RPE 4 and 5. These findings are surprising given the aerobic nature of training at RPE 2 and 3 and the importance of anaerobic capacity in this middle-distance event.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Effect of Strength Training on Cycling Performance between Men and Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Olav Vikmoen ◽  
Bent R. Rønnestad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Concurrent Training ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Muscle Cross Sectional Area

During the last decade numerous review articles have been published on how concurrent strength and endurance training affect cycling performance. However, none of these have reviewed if there are any sex differences in the effects of concurrent training on cycling performance, and most research in this area has been performed with male cyclists. Thus, the aim of the current paper is to review the scientific literature on the effect of concurrent training on cycling performance in male and female cyclists with a special emphasis on potential sex differences. The results indicate that both male and female cyclists experience a similar beneficial effect from concurrent training on cycling performance and its physiological determinants compared to normal endurance training only. Some data indicate that women have a larger effect on cycling economy, but more studies are needed to explore this further. Furthermore, the adaptations to strength training thought to be responsible for the beneficial effects on cycling performance seem to be very similar between men and women. Interestingly, increased muscle cross-sectional area in the main locomotor muscles seems to be an important adaptation for improved performance, and, contrary to popular belief, cyclists should aim for increased muscle cross-sectional area when adding strength training to their normal training. We conclude that both male and female cyclists can improve their cycling performance by adding strength training to their normal training.

The Reliability of 4-Minute and 20-Minute Time Trials and Their Relationships to Functional Threshold Power in Trained Cyclists

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. MacInnis ◽  
Aaron C.Q. Thomas ◽  
Stuart M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Threshold Power ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Typical Error ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Power Output ◽  
Elite Cyclists

Purpose: The mean power output (MPO) from a 60-min time trial (TT)—also known as functional threshold power, or FTP—is a standard measure of cycling performance; however, shorter performance tests are desirable to reduce the burden of performance testing. The authors sought to determine the reliability of 4- and 20-min TTs and the extent to which these short TTs were associated with 60-min MPO. Methods: Trained male cyclists (n = 8; age = 25 [5] y;  = 71 [5] mL/kg/min) performed two 4-min TTs, two 20-min TTs, and one 60-min TT. Critical power (CP) was estimated from 4- and 20-min TTs. The typical error of the mean (TEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess reliability, and R2 values were calculated to assess relationships with 60-min MPO. Results: Pairs of 4-min TTs (mean: 417 [SD: 45] W vs 412 [49] W, P = .25; TEM = 8.1 W; ICC = .98), 20-min TTs (342 [36] W vs 344 [33] W, P = .41; TEM = 4.6 W; ICC = .99), and CP estimates (323 [35] W vs 328 [32] W, P = .25; TEM = 6.5; ICC = .98) were reliable. The 4-min MPO (R2 = .95), 20-min MPO (R2 = .92), estimated CP (R2 = .82), and combination of the 4- and 20-min MPO (adjusted R2 = .98) were strongly associated with the 60-min MPO (309 [26] W). Conclusion: The 4- and 20-min TTs appear useful for assessing performance in trained, if not elite, cyclists.

scholarly journals Análisis de la veracidad de determinadas creencias asociadas habitualmente al entrenamiento de fuerza. Una revisión narrativa (Analysis of the veracity of certain beliefs frequently associated to resistance training. A narrative review)

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 773-781
Author(s):  
Pablo Prieto González ◽  
Peter Sagat ◽  
Mehdi Ben Brahim ◽  
Jaromir Sedlacek
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Full Body

El objetivo del estudio fue contrastar la veracidad de las siguientes creencias: 1-El entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia es incompatible. 2-El entrenamiento de fuerza limita la flexibilidad. 3-Las rutinas divididas son más eficaces que las de cuerpo entero. 4-El entrenamiento de fuerza no es útil para la pérdida de peso, o la mejora de la composición corporal. Se realizó una búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: ProQuest, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect y Web of Science. Los criterios de selección fueron: a) Artículos escritos en Español o en Inglés. b) Investigaciones primarias con metodología experimental o cuasi-experimental. c) Escritos entre el año 2015 y 2019, salvo para los apartados 2 y 3, que se amplió hasta 2000 y 1990 respectivamente, debido a la escasez de publicaciones. d) La población objeto de estudio fueron adultos sanos que no practicaban deporte a nivel profesional o semiprofesional. e) Artículos que recogen exclusivamente adaptaciones logradas mediante una intervención con entrenamiento. Analizados los estudios, se pudo determinar que en adultos sanos: 1- El entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia es compatible. 2- El entrenamiento de fuerza no deteriora la flexibilidad, y podría incluso mejorarla. 3- En virtud de los estudios existente, las rutinas divididas y las de cuerpo entero son igualmente eficaces para incrementar la fuerza. Las rutinas de cuerpo entero podrían generar mayor hipertrofia muscular. 4- El entrenamiento de fuerza es eficaz en la mejora de la composición corporal, y podría tener un impacto positivo en biomarcadores cardiovasculares y metabólicos.Abstract. The purpose of the study was to verify the veracity of the following beliefs: 1-Resistance and endurance training are incompatible. 2-Resistance training reduces flexibility. 3-Split body routines are more effective than full-body routines. 4-Resistance training is not useful neither in weight loss programs, nor to change body composition. The following databases were searched: ProQuest, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. The selection criteria were: a) Articles written in Spanish or in English b) Primary research following an experimental or quasi-experimental methodology c) Written between 2015 and 2019, except for section 2 and 3, which was extended until 2000 and 1990 respectively, due to the shortage of publications d) The target population of study were healthy adults who did not practice sports at the professional or semi-professional level e) Papers which include only adaptations achieved through training interventions. Once the studies were analyzed, it was concluded that in healthy adults: 1-The combination of resistance and endurance training is compatible. 2- Strength training does not decrease flexibility, and it could even improve it. 3- On the basis of existing studies, split and full-body routines are equally effective in improving strength. Full-body routines could generate higher muscle hypertrophy. 4- Strength training is effective in improving body composition, and could make a positive impact on cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers.

scholarly journals Cyclists’ Improvement of Pedaling Efficacy and Performance After Heavy Strength Training

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst A. Hansen ◽  
Bent R. Rønnestad ◽  
Geir Vegge ◽  
Truls Raastad
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hip Flexion

The authors tested whether heavy strength training, including hip-flexion exercise, would reduce the extent of the phase in the crank revolution where negative or retarding crank torque occurs. Negative torque normally occurs in the upstroke phase when the leg is lifted by flexing the hip. Eighteen well-trained cyclists either performed 12 wk of heavy strength training in addition to their usual endurance training (E+S; n = 10) or merely continued their usual endurance training during the intervention period (E; n = 8). The strength training consisted of 4 lower body exercises (3 × 4–10 repetition maximum) performed twice a week. E+S enhanced cycling performance by 7%, which was more than in E (P = .02). Performance was determined as average power output in a 5-min all-out trial performed subsequent to 185 min of submaximal cycling. The performance enhancement, which has been reported previously, was here shown to be accompanied by improved pedaling efficacy during the all-out cycling. Thus, E+S shortened the phase where negative crank torque occurs by ~16°, corresponding to ~14%, which was more than in E (P = .002). In conclusion, adding heavy strength training to usual endurance training in well-trained cyclists improves pedaling efficacy during 5-min all-out cycling performed after 185 min of cycling.

A Comparison of Asynchronous and Synchronous Arm Cranking During the Wingate Test

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale I. Lovell ◽  
Dale Mason ◽  
Elias Delphinus ◽  
Chris McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Arm Cranking ◽  
Minimum Power ◽  
Time To Peak

Purpose:The aim of this study was to compare asynchronous (AS Y) arm cranking (cranks at 180° relative to each other) with synchronous (SYN) arm cranking (parallel crank setting) during the 30 s Wingate anaerobic test.Methods:Thirty-two physically active men (aged 22.1 ± 2.4 y) completed two Wingate tests (one ASY and one SYN) separated by 4 d in a randomized counterbalanced order. The Wingate tests were completed on a modified electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. Performance measures assessed during the two tests include peak power, mean power, minimum power, time to peak power, rate to fatigue and maximum cadence (RPMmax). Blood lactate concentration was also measured before and 5 min after the tests.Results:Peak and mean power (both absolute and relative to body weight) during SYN arm cranking were significantly (p < 0.001) less than during ASY arm cranking. Rate to fatigue and RPMmax were also significantly (p = 0.012) lower during SYN arm cranking compared with ASY arm cranking. No significant difference was found between test conditions for minimum power, time to peak power or blood lactate concentration.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that ASY arm cranking results in higher peak and mean anaerobic power compared with SYN arm cranking during the Wingate test. Therefore, an ASY arm crank configuration should be used to assess anaerobic power in most individuals although specific population groups may require further testing to determine which crank configuration is most suitable for the Wingate test.

scholarly journals Arm exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe J McKeough ◽  
Peter TP Bye ◽  
Jennifer A Alison
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Arm Exercise ◽  
Arm Strength

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of arm endurance training, arm strength training, a combination of arm endurance and strength training, and no arm training on endurance arm exercise capacity. A randomised controlled trial was undertaken with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects randomised into one of four groups to complete 8 weeks of training: (a) arm endurance training (endurance group) consisting of supported and unsupported arm exercises, (b) arm strength training (strength group) using weight machines, (c) a combination of arm endurance and arm strength training (combined group), or (d) no arm training (control group). The primary outcome measurement was endurance arm exercise capacity measured by an endurance arm crank test. Secondary outcomes included functional arm exercise capacity measured by the incremental unsupported arm exercise test and health-related quality of life. A total of 52 subjects were recruited and 38 (73%) completed the study. When comparing the arm endurance group to the control group, there was a significant increase in endurance time of 6 min (95% CI 2–10, p < 0.01) following the interventions. When comparing the combined group to each of the control, endurance and strength groups, there was a significantly greater reduction in dyspnoea and rate of perceived exertion at the end of the functional arm exercise test for the combined group following the interventions. The mode of training to be favoured to increase endurance arm exercise capacity is arm endurance training. However, combined arm endurance and strength training may also be very useful to reduce the symptoms during everyday arm tasks.

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