The Effects of Different Forms of Caffeine Supplement on 5-km Running Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-394
Author(s):  
Peter J. Whalley ◽  
Chey G. Dearing ◽  
Carl D. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Moderate Dose ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alternate Forms ◽  
Performance Ability ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: Caffeine is frequently used by athletes as an ergogenic aid. Various alternate forms of caffeine administration are available, which may produce different effects. This investigation compares the effects of different forms of caffeine supplementation on 5-km running performance, and the relationship between athlete ability and degree of enhancement attained. Methods: Fourteen amateur runners completed a series of self-paced outdoor time trials following unknown ingestion of a placebo (P) or one of 3 alternate forms of caffeine supplement. Trials were randomized in a crossover design with caffeine (approximately 3–4.5 mg·kg−1) administered 15 minutes before each trial via chewing gum (CG), dissolvable mouth strips (CS), or tablet (CT). Results: Compared with P, all caffeine supplements led to worthwhile enhancements in running performance with a mean (±95% confidence limit) overall effect across all supplements of 1.4% ± 0.9%. Individual caffeine treatment effects (CG = 0.9% ± 1.4%, CS = 1.2% ± 1.0%, and CT = 2.0% ± 1.1%) were not significantly different (P > .05) from each other; however, CT trials produced the largest gain and was significantly different (P = .02) compared with P. There was no significant difference in heart rate or rate of perceived exertion across the performance trials. The magnitude of caffeine enhancement was also strongly correlated (r = .87) with no-treatment performance time. Conclusions: The findings showed that irrespective of delivery form, moderate dose of caffeine supplementation produces worthwhile gains in 5-km running performance compared with a P. Furthermore, the magnitude of caffeine enhancement is highly individualized, but it appears related to athlete performance ability.

Cardiorespiratory Responses During Underwater and Land Treadmill Exercise in College Athletes

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brubaker ◽  
Cemal Ozemek ◽  
Alimer Gonzalez ◽  
Stephen Wiley ◽  
Gregory Collins
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Underwater treadmill (UTM) exercise is being used with increased frequency for rehabilitation of injured athletes, yet there has been little research conducted on this modality.Objective:To determine the cardiorespiratory responses of UTM vs land treadmill (LTM) exercise, particularly with respect to the relationship between heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2).Design and Setting:This quantitative original research took place in sports medicine and athletic training facilities at Wake Forest University.Participants:11 Wake Forest University student athletes (20.8 ± 0.6 y, 6 women and 5 men).Intervention:All participants completed the UTM and LTM exercise-testing protocols in random order. After 5 min of standing rest, both UTM and LTM protocols had 4 stages of increasing belt speed (2.3, 4.9, 7.3, and 9.6 km/h) followed by 3 exercise stages at 9.6 km/h with increasing water-jet resistance (30%, 40%, and 50% of jet capacity) or inclines (1%, 2%, and 4% grade).Main Outcome Measures:A Cosmed K4b2 device with Polar monitor was used to collect HR, ventilation (Ve), tidal volume (TV), breathing frequency (Bf), and VO2 every minute. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also obtained each minute.Results:There was no significant difference between UTM and LTM for VO2 at rest or during any stage of exercise except stage 3. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between UTM and LTM for HR, Ve, Bf, and RPE on any exercise stage. Linear regression of HR vs VO2, across all stages of exercise, indicates a similar relationship in these variables during UTM (r = .94, y = .269x − 10.86) and LTM (r = .95, y = .291x − 12.98).Conclusions:These data indicate that UTM and LTM exercise elicits similar cardiorespiratory responses and that HR can be used to guide appropriate exercise intensity for college athletes during UTM.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of a Calamansi-Containing Energy Drink on Running Performance and Recovery in NCAA Division I Middle-Distance Runners: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11023
Author(s):  
Abdullah B. Alansare ◽  
Josh Hayman ◽  
Jung-Min Lee ◽  
Myong-Won Seo ◽  
Deoksu Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Division I ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Significant Difference

This study examined the effects of a non-caffeinated energy drink (ED) that contained calamansi juice, glucose, and taurine on 3-km running performance and recovery. Eleven NCAA Division I middle-distance runners (20.8 ± 1.5 years old) were randomly assigned to consume either the ED or a placebo drink 60 min before 3-km running on a 400-m official track. Performance time and speed were recorded every 500-m interval. Recovery blood lactate concentration (BLC), systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured at baseline, 60-min after ingesting the drinks, and post-running measurements were performed at 1-min, 5-min, and 10-min. Repeated analysis of variance and paired t-test were applied to examine the effects of time, trials, and their interaction on performance and recovery. Statistical significance was set a priori at p < 0.05. No significant difference was observed in performance time and speed between trials (p < 0.05). No interaction effect was found on performance time, speed, recovery BLC, DBP, and HR (p < 0.05). However, an interaction effect for trial by time was observed on SBP (p = 0.01). Recovery SBP continues to decrease from 5-min to 10-min in the ED trial (∆ = −13.9·mmHg) and slightly increased in the placebo trial (∆ = 1.1·mmHg). This study suggests that acute consumption of a calamansi-containing ED can positively impact the SBP recovery but not running performance. Further studies are needed to examine the acute and chronic effects of this ED on exercise performance and recovery among different populations.

The Effect of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage Drinking Strategy on 10-Mile Running Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Rollo ◽  
Lewis James ◽  
Louise Croft ◽  
Clyde Williams
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Performance Times ◽  
Race Performance

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) beverage ad libitum or as a prescribed volume on 10-mile run performance and gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort. Nine male recreational runners completed the 10-mile run under the following 3 conditions: no drinking (ND; 0 ml, 0 g CHO), ad libitum drinking (AD; 315 ± 123 ml, 19 ± 7 g CHO), and prescribed drinking (PD; 1,055 ± 90 ml, 64 ± 5 g CHO). During the AD and PD trials, drinks were provided on completion of Miles 2, 4, 6, and 8. Running performance, speed (km/hr), and 10-mile run time were assessed using a global positioning satellite system. The runners’ ratings of perceived exertion and GI comfort were recorded on completion of each lap of the 10-mile run. There was a significant difference (p < .10) in performance times for the 10-mile race for the ND, AD, and PD trials, which were 72:05 ± 3:36, 71:14 ± 3:35, and 72:12 ± 3.53 min:s, respectively (p = .094). Ratings of GI comfort were reduced during the PD trial in comparison with both AD and ND trials. In conclusion, runners unaccustomed to habitually drinking CHO-E beverages during training improved their 10-mile race performance with AD drinking a CHO-E beverage, in comparison with drinking a prescribed volume of the same beverage or no drinking.

scholarly journals Effects of Acacia Honey Drink after Exercise-Induced Dehydration on Selected Physiological Parameters and Subsequent Running Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2293-2308
Author(s):  
Aidi-Naim Mohamad Samsani ◽  
Kiew Ooi Foong ◽  
Chee Keong Chen ◽  
Mohamed Saat Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acacia Honey

This study examined the effect of honey supplementation on exercise performance and biochemical markers in comparison to plain water and sports drink in the heat. Ten recreational athletes (Age: 22.2 ± 2.0 years, weight: 65.7 ± 5.3 kg; height: 170.4 ± 3.5 cm; VO2max: 51.5 ± 3.7 mL.kg−1.min−1) participated in this study. Participants ran at 70% of their VO2max for 1 h in a pre-load phase (Run-1), followed by a rehydration phase for 2 h and then a 20 min self-paced time trial (Run-2). After Run-1, participants drank either Acacia honey, sports drink or plain water with an amount equivalent to 150% of body weight loss. Subsequently, the participants performed the 20 min self-paced time trial. Acacia honey elicited an improved running time trial performance with a significantly (p<0.05) longer distance ran compared to plain water trial, but it was not different from the sports drink trial. In addition, there was no significant difference in running performance between sports drink and plain water trials. Plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acids were significantly (p<0.05) higher in H and sports drink compared to the W trial during the rehydration phase. There were no significant differences in body weight changes, oxygen uptake, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, tympanic temperature, plasma volume changes, plasma cortisol, urine osmolality, volume, and specific gravity among the three trials. Thus, Acacia honey can be recommended to be used as a rehydration drink for individuals who train and compete in the heat.

Investigating the Relationship Between Mutants and Real Faults with Respect to Mutated Code

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (08) ◽  
pp. 1119-1137
Author(s):  
Mingwan Kim ◽  
Neunghoe Kim ◽  
Hoh Peter In
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Test Suite ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Detection Capability ◽  
Program Code ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Granularity Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Mutation testing aims to evaluate the fault detection capability of a test suite. This evaluation substitutes faults with mutants by transforming program code to be defective. Evidences of the relationship between the detection rates of mutants and real faults have supported the use of mutants. It has also been known that the test suite size was a significant factor affecting the relationship. Our study revealed that the selection of the mutated code was another factor affecting the relationship. We generated mutants by transforming the code modified to fix defects, while the modified code was located at three granularity levels. The experiments conducted on the defects4j dataset demonstrated that the granularity level caused a significant difference in the relationship; the detection rate of mutants was more strongly correlated with and more indicative of the fault detection capability at a fine level than at a coarse level. Moreover, the influence of the test suite size was different at each granularity level. These findings implied a strong correlation between the detection rates of mutants and real faults, independently of test suite size, when the error-prone code was located precisely.

scholarly journals Peak Running Velocity or Critical Speed Under Field Conditions: Which Best Predicts 5-km Running Performance in Recreational Runners?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo Hilgemberg Figueiredo ◽  
Diego Hilgemberg Figueiredo ◽  
Francisco de Assis Manoel ◽  
Fabiana Andrade Machado
Keyword(s):  
Critical Speed ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Better Than

This study aimed to examine which variable, between the peak running velocity determined on the track field (Vpeak_TF) and critical speed (CS), is the best predictor of the 5-km running performance in recreational runners. Twenty-five males performed three tests to determine the Vpeak_TF, CS, and 5-km running performance on the track field, with a minimal interval of 48 h between each test. The Vpeak_TF protocol started with a velocity of 8 km⋅h–1, followed by an increase of 1 km⋅h–1 every 3 min until volitional exhaustion, which was controlled by sound signals, with cones at every 25 m indicating when the participants were required to pass the cone’s position to maintain the required velocity. The participants performed three time trials (TTs) (1: 2,600 m; 2: 1,800 m; and 3: 1,000 m) on the same day, with a 30-min rest period to determine the CS through the combinations of three (CS1,2,3) and two TTs (CS1,2, CS1,3, and CS2,3). The 5-km running performance time was recorded to determine the test duration, and the mean velocity (MV) was calculated. There was a significant difference observed between the Vpeak_TF and the MV 5-km running performance. However, no differences were found between the CS values and the MV 5-km running performance. A correlation was observed between the Vpeak_TF (R = −0.90), CS1,2,3 (R = −0.95), CS1,3 (R = −0.95), and the 5-km running performance time. Linear regression indicated that the Vpeak_TF (R2 = 0.82), CS1,2,3 (R2 = 0.90), and CS1,3 (R2 = 0.90) significantly predicted the 5-km running performance time. The CS results showed a higher predictive power for the 5-km running performance, slightly better than the Vpeak_TF. Also, CS1,2,3 and the CS1,3 presented the highest predictive power for the 5-km running performance of recreational runners.

Relationship between Thyroglobulin and Tumor Detectabilily with Thallium-201 in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (01) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Müller ◽  
Ch. Reiners ◽  
A. Bockisch ◽  
Katja Brandt-Mainz
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Tsh Suppression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Test Specificity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tumor Scintigraphy ◽  
Tsh Stimulation

Summary Aim: Tumor scintigraphy with 201-TICI is an established diagnostic method in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. We investigated the relationship between thyroglobulin (Tg) level and tumor detectability. Subject and methods: We analyzed the scans of 122 patients (66 patients with proven tumor). The patient population was divided into groups with Tg above (N = 33) and below (N = 33) 5 ng/ml under TSH suppression or above (N = 33) and below (N = 33) 50 ng/ml under TSH stimulation. Tumor detectability was compared by ROC-analysis (True-Positive-Fraction test, specificity 90%). Results: There was no significant difference (sensitivity 75% versus 64%; p = 0.55) for patients above and below 5 ng/ml under TSH suppression and a just significant difference (sensitivity 80% versus 58%; p = 0.04) for patients above and below 50 ng/ml under TSH stimulation. In 18 patients from our sample with tumor, Tg under TSH suppression was negative, but 201-TICI-scan was able to detect tumor in 12 patients. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate only a moderate dependence of tumor detectability on Tg level, probably without significant clinical relevance. Even in patients with slight Tg elevation 201-TICI scintigraphy is justified.

Fecundity and Gonado-somatic Index of Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus, 1758) Along the Zamboanga del Norte Coast

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Ma. Dulce C. Guillena
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Moon Phases ◽  
Ovary Weight ◽  
Moment Coefficient ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Somatic Index

Gonado-somatic index and fecundity are tools for measuring the sexual maturity and ability of animals to reproduce.  This study investigates the reproduction of Trichiurus lepturus. Specifically, this aimed to determine the sex ratio, the GSI, the relationship between fecundity and total length, fecundity and total weight, fecundity and ovary weight. The Descriptive Method of research was used.  Percentage and chi-square was utilized in determining the percentage of occurrence and sex ratio respectively.   Pearson r Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation was used to determine the relationships of the parameters. The study revealed that females outnumbered males and the sex ratio for different month showed significant difference.  Spawning season was observed to occur in November and December as revealed in its GSI values and it synchronized with the full and new moon phases.  Fecundity is positively correlated with body weight, body size, and ovary weight where ovary weight is observed to be the best index for fecundity.  The results of this study could be used further for formal stock assessment of cutlassfish fishery.

Rendimento de grãos de soja e de milho, no Rio Grande do Sul, não difere entre eventos El Niño Oscilação Sul

Agrometeoros ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Matzenauer ◽  
Bernadete Radin ◽  
Alberto Cargnelutti Filho
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Income Data ◽  
The Relationship

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre o fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul - ENOS e o rendimento de grãos de soja e de milho no Rio Grande do Sul e verificar a hipótese de que os eventos El Niño são favoráveis e os eventos La Niña são prejudiciais ao rendimento de grãos das culturas. Foram utilizados dados de rendimento de grãos dos anos agrícolas de 1974/75 a 2016/17, e relacionados com as ocorrências de eventos ENOS. Foram analisados os dados de rendimento observados na colheita e os dados estimados com a remoção da tendência tecnológica. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significativa do rendimento médio de grãos de soja e de milho na comparação entre os eventos ENOS. Palavras-chave: El Niño, La Niña, safras agrícolas. Abstract – The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon with the grain yield of soybean and maize in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil and to verify the hypothesis that the El Niño events are favorable and the La Niña events are harmful to the culture’s grain yields. Were used data from the agricultural years of 1974/75 to 2016/17, and related to the occurrence of ENOS events. We analyzed income data observed at harvest and estimated data with technological tendency was removed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the average yield of soybeans and corn in the comparison between events.

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