Strength-Training Periodization: No Effect on Swimming Performance in Well-Trained Adolescent Swimmers

Purpose: To assess the effects of periodized versus nonperiodized dry-land strength training (DLST) on indices of swimming performance in well-trained adolescent swimmers. Methods: Sixteen athletes (10 boys and 6 girls; age 14.9 [1.1] y) performed similar endurance training for 16 weeks (29.1 [7.5] km·wk−1). During weeks 1 to 7, all athletes additionally performed 2 or 3 times weekly whole-body DLST (3 × 6–10 repetitions at 75–85% 1-repetition maximum [1RM]). Thereafter, the DLST frequency was maintained, but athletes were stratified into periodized (experimental, n = 9) and nonperiodized (control, n = 7) DLST groups. The experimental group performed maximal (3 × 3–4 repetitions at 85–90% 1RM) and explosive DLST (throws and unloaded jumps), while in the control group, DLST was maintained. Results: Swimming time at 4 mmol·L−1 of blood lactate improved after 7 weeks in both the experimental (+2.6% [1.8%], P = .033) and the control groups (+3.2% [2.4%], P = .081) and plateaued thereafter. Ten-meter start improved in both the experimental (−3.6% [2.5%], P = .039) and the control groups (−5.1% [2.2%], P = .054) throughout the entire intervention. Both groups improved in maximal weight lifted in half-squat (experimental, +19.6% [14.9%], P = .021; control, +25.7% [18.4%], P = .054) and bench press (experimental, +14.1% [4.8%], P = .018; control, +19.3% [11.1%], P = .051). Countermovement-jump height increased only in the experimental group throughout the intervention (+19.4% [7.0%], P = .024). The associations for the pooled changes in half-squat performance and 4 mmol·L−1 of blood lactate were statistically significant (r = .560, P = .024). Conclusions: The findings do not support the superior effects of DLST periodization in adolescent swimmers. However, the association between improvements in lower-body strength and swimming performance still indicates the importance of muscle strength in this age group.

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Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/v10078-012-0025-5 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 77-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jerzy Sadowski ◽

Andrzej Mastalerz ◽

Wilhelm Gromisz ◽

Tomasz Niźnikowski

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Control Group ◽

Power Training ◽

Front Crawl ◽

Dry Land ◽

Training Programmes ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group ◽

And Training

Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the dry-land power training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in youth swimmers. Twenty six male swimmers, free from injuries and training regularly at least 6 times a week, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (n=14, mean age 14.0 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.67±0.08 m and mean body mass 55.71 ±9.55 kg) and control (n=12, mean age 14.1 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.61±0.11 m and mean body mass 49.07 ±8.25 kg). The experimental group took part in a combined swimming and dry-land power training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The training programmes in water included a dominant aerobic work in front crawl. In this research the experimental group tended to present slightly greater improvements in sprint performance. However, the stroke frequency insignificantly decreased (-4.30%, p>0.05) in the experimental group and increased (6.28%, p>0.05) in the control group. The distance per stroke insignificantly increased in the experimental group (5.98%, p>0.05) and insignificantly decreased in the control group (-5.36%, p>0.05). A significant improvement of tethered swimming force for the experimental group (9.64%, p<0.02) was found, whereas the increase was not statistically significant in the control group (2.86%, p>0.05). The main data cannot clearly state that power training allowed an enhancement in swimming performance, although a tendency to improve swimming performance in tethered swimming was noticed.

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Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation on Physical Fitness in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20051482 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1482

Author(s):

Alvaro Pano-Rodriguez ◽

Jose Vicente Beltran-Garrido ◽

Vicenç Hernandez-Gonzalez ◽

Joaquín Reverter-Masia

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Whole Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Lower Body ◽

Cardiovascular Endurance ◽

Body Strength ◽

Lower Body Strength ◽

The Impact

Whole-body electromyostiulation (WB-EMS) has experienced a boom in recent years, even though its effectiveness is controversial. A sedentary lifestyle is deeply rooted in the European population, mainly in the elderly. This experimental study analyzed the impact of WB-EMS on the physical fitness of postmenopausal women. Thirty-four healthy sedentary women between 55 and 69 years followed an experimental design pre–post-test. Both groups conducted a ten-week aerobic and strength training program. The experimental group overlaid the WB-EMS during exercise. At the end of the intervention, both groups improved upper and lower body strength, lower extremity flexibility, agility, and speed levels (pBonferroni < 0.05). Significant interactions were observed at upper and lower body strength, agility, speed, and cardiovascular endurance (p < 0.05). The WB-EMS group scored better agility than the control group at the end of the intervention (pBonferroni < 0.05) and was the only group that improved cardiovascular endurance. WB-EMS shows a favorable isolate effect on the development of dynamic leg strength, agility, and cardiovascular endurance but did not in dynamic arm strength, gait speed, balance, or flexibility of postmenopausal women.

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Effects of Resistance Training and Whole-Body Electromyostimulation on Muscular Strength in Female Collegiate Softball Players

Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.47836/pjssh.29.3.24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Raja Nurul Jannat Raja Hussain ◽

Maisarah Shari

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscular Strength ◽

Upper Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Lower Body ◽

Body Strength ◽

Before And After ◽

Lower Body Strength

Strength and conditioning coaches frequently use traditional resistance training (TRT) to build strength. However, in recent years, whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) was used in elite athletes to increase muscle strength. This study aimed to assess the effect of two different types of training on muscular strength. Sixty female collegiate players (Age = 23.52±1.89 years, Height = 156.20±1.71cm; Mass = 53.21±3.17kg) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to three training groups. All groups trained as usual for eight weeks, except for the first group, which received additional TRT. The second group received additional electrical stimulation training, and the third group did not receive any additional training following the regular softball bat swing training. Muscular strength (upper and lower body) was assessed by a 3RM bench press and a 3RM squat test before and after the eight-week programme. The primary findings indicate that after eight weeks of training, upper body and lower body strength increased significantly in both the TRT and WB-EMS groups (p = 0.000 and p = 0.000, respectively) in comparison to the control group. However, the t value indicated that the TRT group improved both upper body strength (20.18) and lower body strength (29.18) more than the WB-EMS group (upper body = 6.18; lower body = 6.47). The findings demonstrate the efficacy of both training modalities for increasing muscular strength and suggest that TRT be prioritised over whole-body electrical stimulation training for increasing muscular strength in collegiate softball players.

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Can a Whole-Body Vibration Program Potentialize the Benefits of a Psychomotor Intervention Program in Community-Dwelling Older Adults At Risk of Falling? A Randomized Controlled Trial

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1096726/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hugo Rosado ◽

Catarina Pereira ◽

Jorge Bravo ◽

Joana Carvalho ◽

Armando Raimundo

Keyword(s):

Processing Speed ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Whole Body ◽

Lower Body ◽

Body Strength ◽

Lower Body Strength ◽

Experimental Group

Abstract Background To evaluate the effects of two interactive cognitive-motor programs in processing speed, lower-body strength, and body composition in community dwellings at risk of falling. Methods Forty-eight community dwellings (75.0 ± 5.4 years) completed this randomized controlled trial, were allocated into three groups: 1) experimental group 1 (EG1: psychomotor intervention program); 2) experimental group 2 (EG2: combined program [psychomotor intervention program + whole-body vibration]); and 3) control group (kept their daily life routines). Participants were assessed at baseline, at post-24-week intervention, and after a 12-week no-intervention follow-up. Results Significant improvements were induced by EGs programs in processing speed, lower-body strength, and bone mass (p < 0.05). The treatment effect was similar in both EGs in processing speed and lower-body strength, and higher in bone mineral content and density within EG2. The number of falls decreased by 44.2% in EG1 and 63% in EG2 (p < 0.05). After the follow-up, improvements in processing speed were maintained, particularly in EG2, but were reversed in lower-body strength in both EGs, as were in bone mineral content and density, particularly within EG2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions Both interactive cognitive-motor programs were accepted and well tolerated by the participants, inducing similar improvements in cognitive and physical functions and decreased the fall rate. Additionally, the combined program led to additional benefits in bone mass. This evidenced that both programs were effective for fall and injury prevention. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03446352, registered on 26/02/2018.

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Novel approaches to reduce the risk of falling in community dwellings: effects of two multimodal programs in lower-body strength—a pilot study

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckab120.064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

H Rosado ◽

J Bravo ◽

A Raimundo ◽

J Carvalho ◽

N Leite ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Whole Body ◽

Knee Extensors ◽

Adherence Rate ◽

Lower Body ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Body Strength ◽

Lower Body Strength ◽

Experimental Group

Abstract Background Muscle weakness is a key risk factor for falls and strength exercises should be included in fall prevention programs. A psychomotor intervention promoting motor stimulation and the whole-body vibration (WBV) providing muscle contractions may reduce the incidence of falls. Our hypothesis relies on the greater benefits of a combined program. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and the feasibility of two 12-week multimodal programs in lower-body strength in community dwellings fallers or with balance impairment. Methods Thirty-seven participants (34 women; mean age 74.3 ± 5.2 years) were allocated into: experimental group 1 [EG1] (psychomotor intervention), or experimental group 2 [EG2] (combined program: psychomotor intervention plus WBV), 3x/week. Maximal strength of knee extensors and flexors was assessed by an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were performed. Results The overall adherence rate was high (86.3%), with a level intensity in the rating of perceived exertion of 12.1 ± 0.3 points, in EG1, and 12.5 ± 0.4 points, in EG2. Significant changes between the pre-post intervention were observed exclusively in EG2, in the variables ‘Peak torque extension’ (71.7 ± 28.6 Nm vs. 79.2 ± 23.5 Nm, P = 0.042) and ‘Agonist/Antagonist ratio’ (60.2 ± 13.0 vs. 53.5 ± 8.6, P = 0.013). The effect size (r) in both variables was medium. No significant changes between groups were detected. Conclusions This pilot results indicate that both programs were feasible and well-tolerated. The combined program demonstrates larger effectiveness, since the WBV may positively influence the lower-body strength, reducing the risk of falls. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03446352. Funding: This pilot was granted by the ESACA Project (Grant ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-000007) and by FCT (SFRH/BD/147398/2019).

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The Effects Of Swimming And Dry-Land Resistance Training Programme On Non-Swimmers

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism ◽

10.1515/pjst-2015-0011 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jerzy Sadowski ◽

Andrzej Mastalerz ◽

Wilhelm Gromisz ◽

Ewa Jówko ◽

Mariusz Buszta

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Training Programme ◽

Upper Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Front Crawl ◽

Dry Land ◽

Swim Performance ◽

Resistance Training Programme ◽

Experimental Group

AbstractIntroduction. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of combined swimming and dry-land resistance training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in non-swimmers.Material and methods. Thirty male non-swimmers took part in the research. They were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: experimental (n=17) and control (n=13). The experimental group took part in combined swimming and dry-land resistance training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The swimming and dry-land resistance training programme lasted twelve weeks (48 training sessions of swimming and 36 sessions of dry-land resistance training). Average training volume and intensity were the same for all swimmers throughout the study protocol. The training programme included dominant aerobic work in front crawl.Results. Dry-land resistance training applied in the experimental group significantly improved the upper body strength. In spite of the theory that dry-land strength training is probably not specific enough to improve the sprint swim performance, the experimental group tended to demonstrate greater improvement in sprint performance. The imitation of the underwater phase of shoulder work during front crawl provided by the ergometer can be a useful training method in non-swimmers.

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Effects of an Eccentric Training Protocol Using Gliding Discs on Balance and Lower Body Strength in Healthy Adults

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10245965 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (24) ◽

pp. 5965

Author(s):

Juan Lopez-Barreiro ◽

Pablo Hernandez-Lucas ◽

Jose Luis Garcia-Soidan ◽

Vicente Romo-Perez

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Body Composition ◽

Control Group ◽

Lower Body ◽

Eccentric Training ◽

Body Strength ◽

Lower Body Strength ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Training Protocol

Impaired balance and lower body weakness are the main causes of falls, which are considered to be the major cause of fractures and head injuries in the elderly and are recognised as a serious health problem. The aim of this study is to observe the effect of eccentric training, introducing new technologies (gliding discs), on body composition, lower body strength, balance and quality of life. A quasi-experimental study was carried out with 56 healthy participants who were divided into an experimental group (n = 31) who underwent the protocol consisting of 12 training sessions and a control group (n = 25) who did not undergo the training. Before and after the intervention, all participants underwent a measurement of body composition, the SJ jump, balance with accelerometry and quality of life with the Short Form 12 Health Survey. In the experimental group, statistically significant improvements were found in the variables balance and lower body strength. The application of this training protocol improves lower body strength and the ability to control balance in the adult population.

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THE EFFECT OF APPLYING ANIMAL CARTOON PICTURES ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT

10.24114/reg.v6i1.5371 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hasanul Arifin Zul And Masitowarni Siregar

Keyword(s):

T Test ◽

Narrative Text ◽

Control Group ◽

First Year ◽

Writing Achievement ◽

Control Groups ◽

Post Test ◽

Written Test ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

This thesis is focused on the investigation of the effect of applying animal cartoon pictures on students’ achievement in writing narrative text. This study aims to find whether applying animal cartoon pictures significantly affect the students’ writing achievement or not. The data in this study were obtained by administering a written test. The population was the 2015/2016 first year (grade XI) of SMA Swasta Nusantara Lubuk Pakam and 66 students were taken as the sample by using random sampling. The sample was divided into two groups, experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught by applying animal cartoon pictures while the control group without animal cartoon pictures (x = lecturing). The data were taken the scores from the pre-test and post-test to both experimental and control groups. These data were analyzed by using t-test. The result of computing the t-test obviously showed that t-observed is higher than t-table (5.21 >1,67) with the degree of freedom 64 (df =N-2) at the level significance 0,05 one tail test. It showed that the application of animal cartoon pictures significantly affected the students of SMA Swasta Nusantara Lubuk Pakam achievement in writing narrative text.

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THE EFFECT OF APPLYING DEMONSTRATION METHOD ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN SPEAKING SKILL AT THE THIRD GRADE OF SMK PAB 3 MEDAN ESTATE

10.24114/reg.v4i2.2100 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Meryanti Napitupulu And Anni Holila Pulungan

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Control Group ◽

Vocational High School ◽

Control Groups ◽

Speaking Test ◽

The Third ◽

Speaking Skill ◽

The Subject ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

This study was conducted as an attempt to discover the effect of applying Demonstration Method on students’ achievement in speaking skill. It was an experimental research. The subject was students of Grade XII, Vocational High School (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan: SMK), which consisted of 79 students. The research was divided into two groups: experimental and control groups. The instrument used to collect the data was speaking test. To obtain the reliability of the test, the writer applied Kuder Richardson 21 formula. The result of the reliability was 0.7, and it was found that the test was reliable. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The analysis showed that the scores of the students in the experimental group were significantly higher than the scores of the students in the control group at the level of significant m = 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 77, t-observed value 8.9 > t-table value 1.99. The findings indicate that using Demonstration Method significantly affected the students’ achievement in speaking skill. So, English teachers are suggested to use Demonstration Method in order to improve students’ achievement in speaking skill.

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Outcomes of Community-Based Youth Empowerment Programs Adopting Design Thinking: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Research on Social Work Practice ◽

10.1177/10497315211001442 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104973152110014

Author(s):

Siu-ming To ◽

Xiaoyu Liu

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Design Thinking ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Control Group ◽

Youth Empowerment ◽

Control Groups ◽

Community Based ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Creative Self ◽

Experimental Group

Purpose: Using a nonrandomized control group pretest–posttest assessment, this study aimed to examine the outcomes of community-based youth empowerment initiatives that were informed by design thinking. Method: A total of 553 youth living in Hong Kong were recruited to participate in this study. Among them, 213 youth self-selected to join the experimental group, and 340 youth joined the two control groups. Multivariate analysis of covariance and post hoc group comparisons were used to examine the differences among the three groups at the posttest assessment. Results: The results indicate a positive improvement in creative self-efficacy among participants of the experimental group compared to the two control groups. Significant differences were also found between the experimental group and the second control group in terms of youth–adult partnerships and youth empowerment in the community. Conclusion: Youth empowerment programs informed by design thinking may reinforce self-efficacy beliefs by encouraging youth to bring about innovations in their community.

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