Influence of Different Performance Levels on Pacing Strategy During the Women’s World Championship Marathon Race

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Renfree ◽  
Alan St Clair Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Marathon Race ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Group 1

Purpose:To analyze pacing strategies displayed by athletes achieving differing levels of performance during an elite-level marathon race.Methods:Competitors in the 2009 IAAF Women’s Marathon Championship were split into groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 comprising the first, second, third, and fourth 25% of finishers, respectively. Final, intermediate, and personal-best (PB) times of finishers were converted to mean speeds, and relative speed (% of PB speed) was calculated for intermediate segments.Results:Mean PB speed decreased from groups 1 to 4, and speeds maintained in the race were 98.5% ± 1.8%, 97.4% ± 3.2%, 95.0% ± 3.1%, and 92.4% ± 4.4% of PB speed for groups 1–4 respectively. Group 1 was fastest in all segments, and differences in speed between groups increased throughout the race. Group 1 ran at lower relative speeds than other groups for the first two 5-km segments but higher relative speeds after 35 km. Significant differences (P < .01) in the percentage of PB speed maintained were observed between groups 1 and 4 and groups 2 and 4 in all segments after 20 km and groups 3 and 4 from 20 to 25 km and 30 to 35 km.Conclusions:Group 1 athletes achieved better finishing times relative to their PB than athletes in other groups, who selected unsustainable initial speeds resulting in subsequent significant losses of speed. It is suggested that psychological factors specific to a major competitive event influenced decision making by athletes, and poor decisions resulted in final performances inferior to those expected based on PB times.

scholarly journals Setting distribution analysis in elite-level men's volleyball: an ecological approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e47710111994
Author(s):  
Augusto Cézar Rodrigues Rocha ◽  
Lorenzo Laporta ◽  
Henrique Modenesi ◽  
Rodrigo Luiz Vancini ◽  
Fabiano de Souza Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Ecological Dynamics ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Situational Constraints

This study aimed to analyze how situational constraints (lifter distance to attackers and blockers) influenced a volleyball setter’s distribution after reception that allow an organized attack with all attack options and the relationship between the attack tempo and the effect of the attack according to the setting location. The sample comprised 22 games in the 2018 Men's Volleyball World Championship. The results showed that there was a difference in the distribution while considering the distance between the setter and the striker in position 4 [χ2 (4) = 28.657; p <0.001], the striker in position 6 [χ2 (4) = 23.828; p <0.001], the blocker in position 4 [χ2 (4) = 16.566; p = 0.002] and there was an effect of the attack tempo on the effect of attacks performed by position 6 [χ2 (3) = 15.438; p = 0.001]. From these findings, it is clear that the setter's decision-making is related to the ecological dynamics of the game and to situational constraints, with the availability of attackers influencing the setter's distribution and setting, along with the layout of the adversary’s blocking system.

An Analysis of the Pacing Strategies Adopted by Elite Athletes During Track Cycling

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Split Time ◽  
Elite Cyclists ◽  
Track Cycling

Purpose:To investigate pacing strategy during the 1-km time trial (TT) and 3- and 4-km individual pursuit (IP), in elite cyclists.Methods:Total times and intermediate times were obtained from the 2007 and 2008 cycling World Championships in the 1-km TT and 2006, 2007, and 2008 World Championships in the 3- and 4-km IP. Data were analyzed to examine the pacing-profiles employed and pacing strategies of “slow” and “fast” performances.Results:Similar pacing-profiles were evident in each event, which were characterized by an initial acceleration followed by a progressive decay in split times. In the 1-km TT, the first 250-m split time was a primary determinant of total time, whereas the rate of fatigue over the remainder of the race did not discriminate between performances. The first 250-m split time was also related to total time in the 3- and 4-km IP, although to a lesser extent than in the 1-km TT, whereas the ability to maintain a consistent pacing-profile was of increased importance. There were differences in the pacing strategies of slow and fast performances in the 3- and 4-km IP, with slow performances characterized by an overly quick start with a concomitant slowing at the finish.Conclusion:The pacing profiles adopted were similar to the optimal pacing strategies proposed in simulation models of cycling performance. However, in the 3-km and 4-km IP small alterations in pacing strategy appear to be important, at the elite level.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF DECISION-MAKING ABOUT VACCINATION

2016 ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
VladimirK. Solondaev ◽  
◽  
Elena V. Koneva ◽  
Natalia L. Chernaia ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Factors

Abstract 111: Exclusive Involvement of Interventional Cardiologist in the Decision Making Process Improves Door-to-balloon Time by Significant Shortening of Decision-to-balloon Time Instead of EKG-to-decision Time In ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daming Zhu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Nowwar Mustafa ◽  
Angela Hoban ◽  
Dan Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Primary Pci ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Comprehensive Strategy ◽  
Interventional Cardiologist ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Door To Balloon ◽  
Group 1

Background: We have had a “one call activation system” for primary PCI at our regional academic center since 1999. The ED physician initiated the system with the decision for primary PCI made by cardiologist (interventional or non-interventional) on call. But since July 1, 2009, only interventional cardiologists are involved in the decision making process. Otherwise, the comprehensive strategy remained the same. As we have reported previously, this new strategy resulted in a shortened door-to-balloon (D2B) time. In the present study, we analyzed the D2B timeline intervals to determine where the major gains were achieved. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 665 consecutive patients presenting to our institution with suspicion of acute STEMI during a 30-month period. Group 1 consisted of patients in the 12 months (July 1 2008-June 30 2009) before and Group 2 consisted of patients in the 18 months (July 1 2009-Dec. 31 2010) after the system change was instituted. Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: 218 patients in group 1 were taken to the cath lab of which 180 received primary PCI. 349 patients in group 2 were taken to the cath lab of which 275 received primary PCI. The results were presented in the table. Conclusions: Comprehensive strategy with exclusive involvement of interventional cardiologist resulted in a significant decrement in decision-to-balloon time. The EKG-to-decision time did not decrease, contrary to our expectation.

Influence of the Cyclist’s Characteristics on the Optimal Pacing Strategy for an Ascending Road

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Angulo ◽  
Alejandra Polanco ◽  
Luis Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Power Delivery ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Road Grade ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Drag Area

Abstract Pacing strategies are used in cycling to optimize the power delivered by the cyclist during a race. Gains in race time have been obtained when using these strategies compared to self-paced approaches. For this reason, this study is focused on revising the effect that the variation of the cyclist’s parameters has on the pacing strategy and its results. A numeric method was used to propose pacing strategies for a cyclist riding on an ascending 3.7 km route with a constant 6.26% road grade. The method was validated and then implemented to study the effect of aerobic and anaerobic power delivery capacity, mass, and drag area on the pacing strategies and their corresponding estimated race times. The results showed that modifying 1% of the aerobic capacity or cyclist mass value led to a change of 1% on the race time. Modifying 1% the anaerobic capacity and the drag area led to changes of 0.03% and 0.02% on the race time, respectively. These results are strongly dependent on the route characteristics. It was concluded that for the studied route (constantly ascending), the variation of the cyclist’s aerobic capacity influences the pacing strategy (i.e., the power delivery over the distance). The anaerobic capacity and mass of the cyclist also influence the pacing strategy to a lesser extent.

Ontology-Based Shopping Agent for E-Marketing

2012 ◽  
pp. 94-117
Author(s):  
Sam Kin Meng ◽  
C. R. Chatwin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Computer Applications ◽  
Ontology Mapping ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Decision Making Styles ◽  
Online Business ◽  
The Relationship

Before Internet consumers make buying decisions, several psychological factors come into effect and reflect individual preferences on products. In this paper, the authors investigate four integrated streams: 1) recognizing the psychological factors that affect Internet consumers, 2) understanding the relationship between businesses’ e-marketing mix and Internet consumers’ psychological factors, 3) designing an ontology mapping businesses’ e-marketing mix with Internet consumers’ decision-making styles, and 4) developing a shopping agent based on the ontology. The relationship between businesses’ e-marketing mix and Internet consumers’ psychological factors is important because it can identify situations where both businesses and Internet consumers benefit. The authors’ ontology can be used to share Internet consumers’ psychological factors, the e-marketing mix of online business and their relationships with different computer applications.

Least-Worst Decision-Making “in Extremis”

Conflict ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 138-159
Author(s):  
Neil D. Shortland ◽  
Laurence J. Alison ◽  
Joseph M. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Unique Effect ◽  
Complicated Process

Given the immense physiological effect of being at war, and the unique effect this has on the physiology and psychology of the soldier, this chapter examines decisions implemented at the tactical level. It presents a dynamic, slow-burn operation to show the complicated process of implementing a least-worst decision on the ground and, importantly, how soldiers react when a plan does not work. The chapter also presents the decision-making in this case and other cases of operations on the ground to examine the psychological factors associated with successfully (and unsuccessfully) making military decisions in extremis. In many cases we examine the psychology of decision-making without referencing, or considering, the physiology of decision-making. These two are in fact intertwined and we attempt to bridge the two in this chapter.

scholarly journals Determinants of real decision making on productive components of consumption under the current economic conditions of the Slovak Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 01019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Psárska
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Household Behavior ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Household Decision Making ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the contribution is to determine the main determinants of the formation of their productive components in consumption under the real conditions of the selected country, using the decision-making mechanism of the individual and of the households. The benefit of the article is in particular applied bonding and verification of the relation between the current theories and the practice that is realized through a questionnaire survey. By recognizing these determinants the partial decision-making issues will be clarified and it will open the space for the eventual desired behavior of household behavior in specific Slovak Republic conditions. The conclusions of the article point out that household decision-making is influenced by several factors in parallel, but psychological factors play a very important role. It is clear from the conclusions that Slovak households, by their decision, confirm theories of behavioral economists even when deciding on productive components in consumption.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Structured Activity and Deliberate Play to the Development of Expert Perceptual and Decision-Making Skill

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Berry ◽  
Bruce Abernethy ◽  
Jean Côté
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Structured Activities ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Deliberate Play

The developmental histories of 32 players in the Australian Football League (AFL), independently classified as either expert or less skilled in their perceptual and decision-making skills, were collected through a structured interview process and their year-on-year involvement in structured and deliberate play activities retrospectively determined. Despite being drawn from the same elite level of competition, the expert decision-makers differed from the less skilled in having accrued, during their developing years, more hours of experience in structured activities of all types, in structured activities in invasion-type sports, in invasion-type deliberate play, and in invasion activities from sports other than Australian football. Accumulated hours invested in invasion-type activities differentiated between the groups, suggesting that it is the amount of invasion-type activity that is experienced and not necessarily intent (skill development or fun) or specificity that facilitates the development of perceptual and decision-making expertise in this team sport.

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