The Economic Cost of Physical Inactivity and Excess Weight in American Adults

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chenoweth ◽  
Joe Leutzinger
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
The Cost

Background:Physical inactivity and excess weight in American adults have reached epidemic levels. This article describes how cost data from previously conducted analyses in several states were used to quantify the costs of physical inactivity and excess weight among American adults.Methods:Medical and workers’ compensation cost data on selected medical conditions were obtained from various health plans and state agencies in seven states. Productivity loss norms were obtained from published studies.Results:The estimated financial burden which includes direct medical care, workers’ compensation, and productivity loss costs among the seven states is $93.32 billion for physical inactivity and $94.33 billion for excess weight. The estimated nationwide cost of these risk factors is approximately $507 billion with projected costs exceeding $708 billion in 2008. Projected cost-savings of $31 billion per year could be realized with a 5% drop in these risk factors.Conclusion:The cost of physical inactivity and excess weight among American adults is significant. More research on best-of-class interventions to curtail the high prevalence of these risk factors is needed.

Socio-demographic association of non communicable diseases’ risk factors in a representative population of school children: a cross-sectional study in Sousse (Tunisia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meriam El Ghardallou ◽  
Jihene Maatoug ◽  
Imed Harrabi ◽  
Sihem Ben Fredj ◽  
Sahli Jihene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

Abstract Introduction: A better understanding of socio-demographic characteristics of subgroups, which have a high risk to develop chronic diseases, is essential to develop more efficient interventional programs especially for youth. This study aimed to determine the association between clusters of non communicable diseases (NCDs’) risk factors and the socio-demographic characteristics among a sample of Tunisian school children. Materials and methods: We conducted, in 2013/2014, a cross-sectional study among a proportional and stratified school children sample, selected in 17 elementary public schools in Sousse (Tunisia). A cluster analysis was used to identify different NCDs risk factors clusters, based on tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and excess weight. Subsequent χ2-tests were used to identify differences between the NCDs risk factors clusters in regards to socio-demographic characteristics. Results: Four clusters of NCDs risk factors were found: 1) Cluster 1: physical inactivity behavior with normal weight, 2) Cluster 2: physical inactivity behavior associated to excess weight, 3) Cluster 3: unhealthy diet associated to excess weight and low practice of physical activity, and 4) Cluster 4: smoking behavior with physical activity behavior. The pattern of cluster membership differed across sex (<10–3), school level, and socioeconomic level (<10–3) but there was no significant difference between clusters for mother’s education levels and household tenure. Conclusion: This study can have important implications for health policy and practice. Indeed, it found that many subjects have simultaneous multiple NCDs risk factors which leads to identify groups at risk and implement integrated intervention program.

scholarly journals Regional variations in the economic burden attributable to excess weight, physical inactivity and tobacco smoking across British Columbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Krueger ◽  
J.M. Koot ◽  
D.P. Rasali ◽  
S. E. Gustin ◽  
M. Pennock
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Population Attributable Fractions ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Social Environmental

Introduction Prevalence rates of excess weight, tobacco smoking and physical inactivity vary substantially by geographical region within British Columbia (B.C.). The purpose of this study is to determine the potential reduction in economic burden in B.C. if all regions in the province achieved prevalence rates of these three risk factors equivalent to those of the region with the lowest rates. Methods We used a previously developed approach based on population-attributable fractions to estimate the economic burden associated with the various risk factors. Sexspecific relative risk and age/sex-specific prevalence data was used in the modelling. Results The annual economic burden attributable to the three risk factors in B.C. was about $5.6 billion in 2013, with a higher proportion of this total attributable to excess weight ($2.6 billion) than to tobacco smoking ($2.0 billion). While B.C. has lower prevalence rates of the risk factors than any other Canadian province, there is significant variation within the province. If each region in the province were to achieve the best prevalence rates for the three risk factors, then $1.4 billion (24% of the $5.6 billion) in economic burden could be avoided annually. Conclusion There are notable disparities in the prevalence of each risk factor across health regions within B.C., which were mirrored in each region’s attributable economic burden. A variety of social, environmental and economic factors likely drive some of this geographical variation and these underlying factors should be considered when developing prevention programs.

How will the cost of biosimilars affect patients’ willingness to receive them?

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18338-e18338
Author(s):  
R Donald Harvey ◽  
Megan McGrath ◽  
John W. Cook ◽  
Margie D Dixon ◽  
Rebecca D. Pentz
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Oncology Patients ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Oncology Care ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Patients Experience

e18338 Background: The cost of oncology care is increasing. The NIH projects that the oncology drug market will reach $111.9 billion by 2020. Studies show that oncology patients experience considerable financial burden, regardless of insurance status and in general believe that oncology medications are too expensive. However, there is some evidence outside of oncology that suggests patients may not trust generics or cheaper medications. Therefore, there is a need to assess oncology patients’ views of a biosimilars and their potential to reduce costs. Methods: We surveyed a convenience sample of 79 oncology patients in clinics and the infusion center. The survey consisted of five questions on cost and patient participation in decision making. Results: Of 79 patients approached, 75 (95%) completed the survey. Fifty (66%) believed that expensive medications do not work better than less costly ones for the same disease; yet only 30 of those 50 (60%) and 44% overall (33/75) would prefer that their doctor prescribe them the cheaper version of their anti-cancer medication. Of the 20 respondents who believed that expensive drugs do not work better but still wanted the more expensive drugs for themselves, 8 believed cancer was too serious of an illness to take any chances with a cheaper medication, 5 wanted the most expensive that insurance would cover and 2 wanted the best possible medication. 90.67% respondents (68/75) wanted to know if their physician was prescribing a cheaper version of their drug. Conclusions: Our results show that, overall, oncology patients agree that cheaper medications work as well as more expensive ones, but there are definite concerns among some patients that drug price may be a proxy for quality, particularly in cancer. Overcoming these negative perceptions among patients will be important if optimal cost savings are going to be realized with expanded biosimilar use.

scholarly journals Cost Savings of Using Updated Thai Red Cross Intradermal Regimen in a High-Throughput Anti-Rabies Clinic in New Delhi, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijit Kundu ◽  
Girish Meshram ◽  
Shrinath Bhargava ◽  
Omprakash Meena
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Replacement of the Essen intramuscular (EIM) by the updated Thai Red Cross intradermal (UTRCID) regimen for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), in high-throughput hospitals of India, has been advocated since 2006 thanks to its cost-effectiveness. However, several anti-rabies clinics in India and other parts of the world have not initiated this switchover of regimens because of the paucity of financial literature, generated in realistic settings, regarding the same. We calculated the procurement costs of various items required for providing rabies vaccinations via the EIM regimen and UTRCID regimen, on an annual basis, a year before and after the switchover. From a healthcare provider’s perspective, the cost of vaccination per patient was calculated to be 5.60 USD for the EIM regimen and 2.40 USD for the UTRCID regimen. The switchover to the UTRCID regimen from the EIM regimen reduced the financial burden of the rabies vaccination by almost 60%. Procurement of vaccine vials contributed to the majority of the cost (>94%) in both of the regimens. Procurement of syringes with fixed needles contributed negligibly (<6%) to the financial burden in both the regimens. A policy to progressively switch over to the UTRCID regimen from the EIM in all high-throughput anti-rabies centers of India would dramatically reduce the economic burden of running a successful anti-rabies program.

Cumulative Injury or Disease Claims: An Attempt to Define Employers’ Liability for Workers’ Compensation

1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Joseph LaDou ◽  
Lawrence E. Mulryan ◽  
Kevin J. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Compensation Systems ◽  
Stress Injuries ◽  
The Cost ◽  
All Diseases

AbstractThe workers’ compensation systems of several states have been expanded in recent years to include injuries and diseases caused by cumulative injury and occupational stress. This expansion has placed a financial burden on the respective systems, on employers, and on consumers, who ultimately must pay the cost of claims through higher priced products or services. This expansion may not be justified from a social perspective, however; extant medical and sociological evidence is not conclusive as to whether occupational-stress injuries or diseases—such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and neuropsychiatric illness—are the direct result of stressful work environments. Using the California workers” compensation system as a model, the authors submit that the underlying premises of liability governing the expanded systems should be reassessed based (1) on economic factors, specifically, the increasing costs of workers’ compensation; (2) on the capacity of the system to process an ever-increasing number of claims; and (3) on the principle on which workers’ compensation systems were established, that of equity between the employer and the employee.On the basis of these three factors, the authors evaluate three legislative approaches to restructuring the expanded system: presumption of compensability, apportionment of liability, and threshold of compensability. The first recognizes that although certain health problems are related to the workplace, the degree of causation is difficult to prove; under this approach, therefore, causation is presumed, and injury compensated, for all diseases and injuries that the system defines as work-related. The second holds that where a causal relationship between the work and the injury can be proved, the employer nevertheless should be responsible only for that portion of the disability actually caused by the workplace. The third directs that the injured employee be compensated only when a direct causal link between the job and the injury or disease can be proved. The authors recommend that legislators implement this third alternative. For one reason, it is feasible economically; for a second, it would not burden the system or increase litigation; for a third, it is equitable to both employees and employers.

scholarly journals P040 Monitoring defibrotide usage in paediatric patients undergoing HSCT with known risk factors for developing VOD/SOS

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. e2.46-e2
Author(s):  
Michelle Beirne ◽  
Eileen Butler ◽  
Michael Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Bone Marrow Transplantation ◽  
Marrow Transplantation ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Occlusive Disease ◽  
List Type ◽  
Patient Cohort ◽  
The Cost

AimDefibrotide is licensed for the treatment of hepatic venous occlusive disease (VOD) following haematopoeitic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Up to April 2015 defibrotide was used as prophylaxis against VOD in our HSCT patients who were considered at high-risk for developing VOD. This practice was discontinued due to the lack of evidence of efficacy and increasing costs of the drug. The aims of this audit were to identify patients undergoing HSCT who had one or more risk factors for the development of VOD, to measure the incidence of VOD in this patient cohort after the discontinuation of prophylactic defibrotide and calculate the cost savings associated with the discontinuation of prophylaxis.MethodsAll patients who underwent HSCT between Oct 2015 and Dec 2016 were included. Patient’s medical records were reviewed and risk factors for VOD were identified. Risk factors for developing VOD post HSCT in our patient cohort were defined following a literature review of peer-reviewed papers identifying paediatric specific risk factors.1 2 These were namely: patients aged ≤2 years, patients receiving a second transplant, conditioning with IV busulfan ± cyclophosphamide, and previous treatment with gemtuzumab ozogamicin. The theoretical dose of defibrotide for patients with known risk factors was calculated based on their weight at start of conditioning and the duration of treatment was based on the number of days conditioning the patient received plus 30 days following the date of transplant. The cost of a theoretical course of defibrotide for these patients was calculated to determine cost savings.ResultsOf the 27 patients included in the study, 16 (59%) had one or more risk factors. The most common risk factor identified was conditioning with busulfan in patients ≤2 years of age (26% of patients). At present no patient post HSCT has developed VOD requiring treatment. One patient developed sub-clinical VOD which required no treatment and resolved spontaneously. Another patient received defibrotide as prophylaxis for VOD due to severe liver dysfunction prior to HSCT. There were substantial cost savings following the discontinuation of prophylactic defibrotide with a total of 2876 vials (180 vials/patient) saved during this time period.ConclusionThis audit validates our decision to discontinue use of prophylactic defibrotide and reserve its use for treatment of early VOD.ReferencesCheuk D, Wang P, Lee T, Chiang A, Ha S, Lau Y, Chan G. Risk factors and mortality predictors of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2007;40:935–944.Mohty M, Malard F, Abecassis M, Aerts E, Alaskar A, Alijurf M, NiChonghaile M. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno- occlusive disease: current situation and perspectives- a position statement from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). 2015; Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2015;50:781–789.

scholarly journals Cost Savings as a Result of Bortezomib Vial Sharing in Albania

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Florjana Rustemi ◽  
Ledjan Malaj ◽  
Ela Hoti ◽  
Enida Balla
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Cycle ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Mother Teresa ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
Cost Efficacy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University ◽  
Hospital Center

The costs associated with current and emerging therapies, as well as supportive care, are significant and pose a tremendous financial burden to both patients and healthcare system. The objective of this study was to calculate the cost savings as a result of bortezomib vial sharing in the University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa” Tirana. This study was a retrospective analysis of the use of bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma, using vial sharing technique to minimize wastage. The study has been conducted during the period January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2015 before vial sharing and January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016 after vial sharing, thereby enabling us to share vial contents between patients. We compared the cost in euro for the treatment with bortezomib in order to determine the cost savings of vial sharing and cost-efficacy of individualised preparation. As a result, the cost savings for one cycle/patient using vial sharing was calculated 226.81 euro, a reduction of 25.96% compared to the period when we did not use vial sharing. During January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2015 the average treatment cost was calculated 873.36 euro/cycle/patient, compared with January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016 when it was calculated 646.55 euro/cycle/patient. Due to cost savings of each treatment cycle we administered 62 individualised preparations of bortezomib more during January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016 for the same budget allocated. The same approach should be adopted for other suitable drugs prepared in the University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa” Tirana.

scholarly journals Burden of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Teh ◽  
Y. L. Woon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Background This is a systematic assessment of the burden of cancers in Malaysia in 2018 using epidemiologic approach. The purpose of this study was to identify the proportion of cancers in Malaysia that were attributable to the modifiable risk factors of excess weight, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, tobacco smoking and to estimate the number of cancer cases that could be prevented if the exposure to the modifiable risk factor was reduced. Methods We estimated the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) of the modifiable risk factors to cancers incidences in Malaysia. The two parameters used for the estimation were exposure prevalence from national representative surveys and the relative risk of getting the cancers from worldwide literature review. Results Among 38,426 cancer incidences in 2018 from Globocan data, we estimated that 22.2% (95% confidence interval (CI):14.9 to 29.6%) of the cancer incidences included in this study were attributable to the investigated modifiable risk factors. 39.1% (95% CI:27.2 to 49.7%) and 10.5% (95% CI:5.8 to 15.7%) of cancers in male and female respectively, were attributable to the studied modifiable risk factors. The top main cancers attributed by the risk factors were lung cancer (65.1%; 95% CI:56.4 to 72.9%), laryngeal cancer (63.6%; 95% CI:39.9 to 80.5%), and oesophageal cancer (51.5%; 95% CI:39.9 to 62.0%). For each risk factor studied across genders, tobacco smoking contributed the most (14.3%; 95% CI:9.9 to 17.3%), followed by excess weight (7.0%; 95% CI:4.1 to 10.2%), physical inactivity (1.0%; 95% CI:0.4 to 1.7%) and alcohol intake (0.6%; 95% CI:0.2 to 1.0%). Conclusion Findings from this study suggests that tobacco smoking and excess weight are the two predominant factors out of the four studied risk factors for cancer cases in Malaysia. Nationwide public health prevention campaigns tailored to these risk factors are recommended. However, the other risk factors such as physical inactivity and alcohol intake shall not be neglected. PAFs are estimated based on the best available data that we have currently. Regular collection of other risk factor exposure prevalence data is vital for future analyses.

scholarly journals Risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases and the CARMEN Initiative: a population-based study in the South of Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2767-2774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Fernandes Capilheira ◽  
Iná S. Santos ◽  
Mario Renato Azevedo Jr. ◽  
Felipe Fossati Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
The South ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Health Organization

The CARMEN Initiative is a strategy of the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization that proposes population-based interventions to reduce risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) by approaching them simultaneously. The present study aims to provide a baseline for further interventions by the CARMEN Initiative based on a cross-sectional population-based study of 3,100 adults (>20 years old) in Pelotas, a city in the South of Brazil. Prevalence of smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and excess weight were studied and presented separately and aggregated in various combinations. The most frequent risk factor was physical inactivity (73.2%), followed by excess weight (48.1%). Women were less active and thinner than men. More than half of the sample showed two or three risk factors (53.4%). The combination of physical inactivity and excess weight was observed in 34.7% of the sample, while 10.8% presented physical inactivity, excess weight, and hypertension concurrently. The accumulation of risk factors for CNCD is frequent in the study population and the identification of the most common combinations is essential for planning future interventions.

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