Shoulder-Rotator Strength of High School Swimmers Over the Course of a Competitive Season

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ramsi ◽  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
Charles “Buz” Swanik ◽  
Steve Straub ◽  
Carl Mattacola
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Male High School ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
External Rotator

Context:Changes in strength over the course of a swim season could predispose the shoulder to strength imbalances and lead to injury.Objective:To examine isometric shoulder internal- (IR) and external-rotator (ER) strength in high school swimmers over a 12-week competitive season.Design:Three 3 × 2 × 2 ANOVAs with repeated measures were used to determine significant main effects for IR, ER, and IR:ER strength ratio.Participants:27 (14 female, 13 male) high school varsity swimmers.Main Outcome Measures:IR and ER strength during preseason, midseason, and postseason.Results:Significant increases in IR strength in both groups were revealed for all test sessions. ER strength significantly improved in both males and females from preseason to midseason and from preseason to postseason. IR:ER ratio revealed a significant increase from preseason to postseason.Conclusions:Increases in IR strength without equal gains in ER strength were revealed and could contribute to future shoulder pathologies in competitive swimmers

Comparisons of Static and Dynamic Balance Following Training in Aquatic and Land Environments

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee E. Roth ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Marc Ricard ◽  
Donna Ritenour ◽  
Brenda L. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Post Test

Context:It has been theorized that aquatic balance training differs from land balance training.Objective:To compare the effects of balance training in aquatic and land environments.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory and pool.Participants:24 healthy subjects randomly assigned to aquatic (n = 8), land (n = 10), or control (n = 6) groups.Intervention:Four weeks of balance training.Main Outcome Measures:Balance was measured (pre, mid, post, follow-up). COP variables: radial area, y range, x range in single leg (SL), tandem (T), single leg foam (SLF), and tandem form (TF) stance.Results:A significant condition × time interaction for x range was found, with improvements for SL, SLF, and TF. Radial area improved, with post-test 1.01 ± .23 cm2and follow-up 1.06 ± .18 cm2significantly lower than pretest 1.18 ± .23 cm2. Y range significantly improved, with posttest (4.69 ± 1.02 cm2) lower than pretest (5.89 ± 1.26 cm2). The foam conditions (SLF & TF) were significantly different from non-foam conditions (SL & T) for all variables.Conclusions:Results of this study show that balance training can effectively be performed in both land and aquatic environments.

Tibiofemoral Joint-Surface Motions in Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Movement

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Hollman ◽  
Robert H. Deusinger ◽  
Linda R. Van Dillen ◽  
Dequan Zou ◽  
Scott D. Minor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Joint Surface ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Sliding Motion ◽  
Type Design

Context:Analyses of the path of instant center of rotation (PICR) can be used to infer joint-surface rolling and sliding motion (arthrokinematics). Previous PICR research has not quantified arthrokinematics during weight-bearing (WB) movement conditions or studied the association of muscle activity with arthrokinematics.Objective:To examine tibiofemoral arthrokinematics and thigh-muscle EMG during WB and non-weight-bearing (NWB) movement.Design:2 x 9 repeated-measures experiment.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:11 healthy adults (mean age 24 years).Main Outcome Measures:Tibiofemoral percentage rolling arthrokinematics and quadriceps: hamstring EMG activity.Results:WB percentage rolling (76.0% ± 4.7%) exceeded that of NWB (57.5% ± 1.8%) through terminal knee extension (F8,80= 8.99,P< .001). Quadriceps:hamstring EMG ratios accounted for 45.1% and 34.7% of the variance in arthrokinematics throughout the WB and NWB movement conditions, respectively (P< .001).Conclusions:More joint-surface rolling occurs through terminal knee extension during WB movement and is associated with an increase in hamstring activity.

Using Lunge Measurements for Baseline Fitness Testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Crill ◽  
Christopher P. Kolba ◽  
Gary S. Chleboun
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Lower Extremity Function ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Lower Extremity Strength ◽  
Baseline Fitness

Context:The lunge is commonly used to assess lower extremity strength, flexibility, and balance, yet few objective data exist on it.Objectives:To determine the reliability of the lunge test, determine whether there are gender differences associated with it, and study the relationships between lunge distance and height and leg length.Design:Single-factor repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:57: 29 men, 28 women.Main Outcome Measures:Anterior lunge (AL) and lateral lunge (LL) distance, height, and leg length (cm).Results:LL distance (131.3 ± 12.3) is significantly greater than AL distance (113.7 ± 17.2) in men and in women (LL 113.6 ± 10.5, AL 96.6 ± 11.1). There was no significant correlation for height or leg length to any lunge measurement in men or women.Conclusion:The lunge can be used as a reliable test to measure lower extremity function. Right- and left-leg lunge distances should not differ, and LL will always be greater than AL.

Sleep Efficiency and Overreaching in Swimmers

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Wall ◽  
Carl G. Mattacola ◽  
C. Buz Swanik ◽  
Susan Levenstein
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Context:Overreaching can be beneficial, but there is a risk of overtraining.Objective:To investigate the difference in sleep efficiency between overreached and nonover-reached swimmers.Design:Repeated-measures, between-subjects. Swimmers were determined to be overreaching if 2 or more of their consecutive weekly swim times increased by 5% or more from baseline.Participants:9 competitive high school and university sprinter swimmers.Intervention:24-h wrist actigraph.Main Outcome Measure:Sleep efficiency as measured by the actigraph.Results:There was a significant difference in sleep efficiency on night 1 between the overreached and nonoverreached swimmers (P = .008), as well as in their times after averaging over all 5 trials and adjusting for baseline (P = .016). By the fourth swim trial, the overreached swimmers had significantly slower swim times than those of the nonoverreached swimmers (P = .001).Conclusions:Sleep efficiency shows potential as an objective, noninvasive predictor and monitor of overreaching in swimmers.

Factor Analysis of Repeated State Hostility and Guilt Measures: Males

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 756-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Saklofske ◽  
Henry W. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
School Students ◽  
Male High School

This study investigated the argument that trait estimates of hostility and guilt may be obtained from repeated testings with state measures. A sample of 77 male high school students were administered a checklist of 38 adjectives eight times over 4 wk. Stability of the items indicated by correlations for repeated-measures ranged from –.59 to .64. A factor analysis of items summed over administrations indicated that as many as seven factors may exist. There are, however, a number of serious psychometric difficulties with this procedure: scales tended not to produce a normal distribution, and average repeated-measures correlations for items varied widely about .18.

Effects of Lower Extremity Fatigue on Indices of Balance

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Yaggie ◽  
W. Jeffrey Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Athletic Activity ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Balance Index

Context:Use of selective joints in fatiguing protocols might not represent athletic activity and limits generalizability.Objective:To quantify changes in balance indices after a generalized fatiguing activity.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Clinical laboratory.Participants:16 men (24 ± 3 y) with no orthopedic problems.Intervention:Balance was assessed using the KAT-2000 system before (PRE) and immediately (IMMED) and 10 min (10MIN) after serial Wingate tests and at similar time points under nonfatigue conditions.Main Outcome Measures:Balance index (BI), fore:back ratio, and right:left ratio.Results:MANOVA revealed a significant Condition × Time effect (P= .023). ANOVA revealed that only BI was significant for the condition, time, and Condition × Time effects (P= .020, .007, and .003, respectively). BI increased PRE to IMMED, decreased IMMED to 10MIN, and was different from the nonfatigue condition only for IMMED (P= .002, < .001, and < .001, respectively).Conclusions:Fatigue adversely affects BI; recovery might occur within 10 min.

The Effect of Functional Training on the Incidence of Shoulder Pain and Strength in Intercollegiate Swimmers

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
C. Buz Swanik ◽  
Scott M. Lephart ◽  
Kellie Huxel
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Shoulder Strength ◽  
Weight Room ◽  
And Control

Objective:To determine whether functional training reduces the incidence of shoulder pain and increases strength in intercollegiate swimmers.Design:Pretest–posttest.Setting:Laboratory and weight room.Participants:26 intercollegiate swimmers (13 men, 13 women).Intervention:6-wk functional training program.Main Outcome Measures:Incidence of shoulder pain was recorded throughout the study. Isokinetic shoulder strength was assessed before and after training.Results:Attest showed significant differences (P< .05) for the incidence of shoulder pain between the experimental (mean episodes = 1.8 ± 2.1) and control (mean episodes = 4.6 ± 4.7) groups. ANOVA with repeated measures revealed no significant strength differences between groups but exhibited significant within-group increases.Conclusions:Incorporating functional exercises might reduce incidence of shoulder pain in swimmers. The results also validate the need to modify preventive programs as the demands of the sport change throughout the season.

Does Exercise Type Affect Relative Activation Levels of Vastus Medialis Oblique and Vastus Laterialis?

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Herrington ◽  
Stephen Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vastus Medialis ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Onset Timing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Exercise Type ◽  
Main Effects

Context:One factor believed to affect Patella tracking is an alteration in the timing of the contraction of the muscular stabilizers of the patella. The muscles responsible for this are Vastus Medialis Oblique (VMO) and Vastus Laterialis (VL). A number of authors believe that asynchronous recruitment of the VMO muscle occurs in patella mal-tracking, with the VL muscle firing first and VMO firing first with normal tracking. This has lead to a variety of exercise interventions to reverse the situation with varying success. The discrepancy between the majority of the available research findings and the clinical hypothesis of VMO action or facilitation of this action may in part be due to methodological variability between studies, especially lack of control of the exercise variables of angular velocity and relative load.Objective:To assess the effect of different quadriceps exercises on VMO and VL EMG recruitment timing, while controlling load and velocity of contraction.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Main Outcome Measures:Differences in time of onset of muscle activity between VMO and VL.Results:No significant difference existed between gender (P= 0.78). Analysis factorial ANOVA (muscle, contraction type and exercise type) showed the main effects of muscle (P= 0.15) and type of contraction (P= 0.79) did not have a significant effect, the nature of exercise (OKC or CKC) had a significant effect (P< 0.001). The interaction of muscle and exercise type (P= 0.34) also had a nonsignificant effect.Conclusions:Onset timing does not differ significantly between VMO and VL during a variety of exercise tasks.

Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Knee-Joint Reposition Sense and Functional Performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Drouin ◽  
Peggy A. Houglum ◽  
David H. Perrin ◽  
Bruce M. Gansneder
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Hop Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlations

Objective:To determine the relationship between weight-bearing (WB) and non-weight-bearing (NWB) joint reposition sense (JRS) and a functional hop test (FH) and to compare performance on these parameters between athletes and nonathletes.Design:Repeated-measures ANOVA and Pearson correlations.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:40 men (age = 20.8 ± 1.7 y; ht = 176.9 ± 5.8 cm; wt = 82.6 ± 9.5 kg): 20 lacrosse players and 20 nonathletes.Main Outcome Measures:Ability to actively reproduce 30° of knee flexion in the WB and NWB conditions and functional performance on a single-leg crossover-hop test.Results:No significant correlations were observed between JRS and FH in athletes and nonathletes. No significant differences were observed between athletes and nonathletes in JRS. All participants were significantly more accurate at WB than at NWB JRS.Conclusions:There appears to be no relationship between WB or NWB JRS and functional performance, regardless of one’s physical activity level

Effect of Prophylactic Ankle-Brace Use During a High School Competitive Basketball Season on Dynamic Postural Control

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Crockett ◽  
Michelle A. Sandrey
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Ankle Brace ◽  
Left Limb ◽  
Over Time

Context:Few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of prophylactic ankle-brace use during a sport season.Objective:To determine the effects of prophylactic ankle-brace use during a high school basketball season on dynamic postural control and functional tests.Design:Prospective repeated-measures design.Setting:High school athletic facility.Participants:21 healthy high school basketball athletes (13 girls, 8 boys).Interventions:The order of testing was randomized using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) for posteromedial (PM), medial (M), and anteromedial (AM) directions and 3 functional tests (FT) consisting of the single-leg crossover hop, single-leg vertical jump, and the single-leg 6-m hop for time at pre-, mid-, and postseason. After pretesting, the ankle brace was worn on both limbs during the entire 16-wk competitive basketball season.Main Outcome Measures:SEBT for PM, M, and AM and 3 single-leg FTs.Results:Dynamic postural control using the SEBT and the 3 FTs improved over time, notably from pretest to posttest. The left limb was different from the right limb during the single-leg vertical jump. Effect sizes were large for pretest to posttest for the 3 SEBT directions and 2 of the 3 FTs.Conclusions:The 16-wk basketball prophylactic ankle-brace intervention significantly improved dynamic postural control and single-limb FTs over time.

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