Effects of Lower Extremity Fatigue on Indices of Balance

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Yaggie ◽  
W. Jeffrey Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Athletic Activity ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Balance Index

Context:Use of selective joints in fatiguing protocols might not represent athletic activity and limits generalizability.Objective:To quantify changes in balance indices after a generalized fatiguing activity.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Clinical laboratory.Participants:16 men (24 ± 3 y) with no orthopedic problems.Intervention:Balance was assessed using the KAT-2000 system before (PRE) and immediately (IMMED) and 10 min (10MIN) after serial Wingate tests and at similar time points under nonfatigue conditions.Main Outcome Measures:Balance index (BI), fore:back ratio, and right:left ratio.Results:MANOVA revealed a significant Condition × Time effect (P= .023). ANOVA revealed that only BI was significant for the condition, time, and Condition × Time effects (P= .020, .007, and .003, respectively). BI increased PRE to IMMED, decreased IMMED to 10MIN, and was different from the nonfatigue condition only for IMMED (P= .002, < .001, and < .001, respectively).Conclusions:Fatigue adversely affects BI; recovery might occur within 10 min.

Classification Based on Multivariate Repeated Measures with Time Effect on Mean Vector and an AR (1) Correlation Structure on the Repeated Measures

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradba Roy ◽  
Ravindra Khattree
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Covariance Matrices ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Mean Vectors ◽  
Mean Vector ◽  
Over Time

In repeated measures studies how observations change over time is often of prime interest. Modelling this time effect in the context of discrimination, is the objective of this article. We study the problem of classification with multiple q-variate observations with time effect on each individual. The covariance matrices as well as mean vectors are mordelled respectively to accommodate the correlation between the successive repeated measures and to describe the time effects. Computation schemes for maximum likelihood estimation of required population parameters are provided.

Comparisons of Static and Dynamic Balance Following Training in Aquatic and Land Environments

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee E. Roth ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Marc Ricard ◽  
Donna Ritenour ◽  
Brenda L. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Post Test

Context:It has been theorized that aquatic balance training differs from land balance training.Objective:To compare the effects of balance training in aquatic and land environments.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory and pool.Participants:24 healthy subjects randomly assigned to aquatic (n = 8), land (n = 10), or control (n = 6) groups.Intervention:Four weeks of balance training.Main Outcome Measures:Balance was measured (pre, mid, post, follow-up). COP variables: radial area, y range, x range in single leg (SL), tandem (T), single leg foam (SLF), and tandem form (TF) stance.Results:A significant condition × time interaction for x range was found, with improvements for SL, SLF, and TF. Radial area improved, with post-test 1.01 ± .23 cm2and follow-up 1.06 ± .18 cm2significantly lower than pretest 1.18 ± .23 cm2. Y range significantly improved, with posttest (4.69 ± 1.02 cm2) lower than pretest (5.89 ± 1.26 cm2). The foam conditions (SLF & TF) were significantly different from non-foam conditions (SL & T) for all variables.Conclusions:Results of this study show that balance training can effectively be performed in both land and aquatic environments.

Tibiofemoral Joint-Surface Motions in Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Movement

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Hollman ◽  
Robert H. Deusinger ◽  
Linda R. Van Dillen ◽  
Dequan Zou ◽  
Scott D. Minor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Joint Surface ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Sliding Motion ◽  
Type Design

Context:Analyses of the path of instant center of rotation (PICR) can be used to infer joint-surface rolling and sliding motion (arthrokinematics). Previous PICR research has not quantified arthrokinematics during weight-bearing (WB) movement conditions or studied the association of muscle activity with arthrokinematics.Objective:To examine tibiofemoral arthrokinematics and thigh-muscle EMG during WB and non-weight-bearing (NWB) movement.Design:2 x 9 repeated-measures experiment.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:11 healthy adults (mean age 24 years).Main Outcome Measures:Tibiofemoral percentage rolling arthrokinematics and quadriceps: hamstring EMG activity.Results:WB percentage rolling (76.0% ± 4.7%) exceeded that of NWB (57.5% ± 1.8%) through terminal knee extension (F8,80= 8.99,P< .001). Quadriceps:hamstring EMG ratios accounted for 45.1% and 34.7% of the variance in arthrokinematics throughout the WB and NWB movement conditions, respectively (P< .001).Conclusions:More joint-surface rolling occurs through terminal knee extension during WB movement and is associated with an increase in hamstring activity.

Using Lunge Measurements for Baseline Fitness Testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Crill ◽  
Christopher P. Kolba ◽  
Gary S. Chleboun
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Lower Extremity Function ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Lower Extremity Strength ◽  
Baseline Fitness

Context:The lunge is commonly used to assess lower extremity strength, flexibility, and balance, yet few objective data exist on it.Objectives:To determine the reliability of the lunge test, determine whether there are gender differences associated with it, and study the relationships between lunge distance and height and leg length.Design:Single-factor repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:57: 29 men, 28 women.Main Outcome Measures:Anterior lunge (AL) and lateral lunge (LL) distance, height, and leg length (cm).Results:LL distance (131.3 ± 12.3) is significantly greater than AL distance (113.7 ± 17.2) in men and in women (LL 113.6 ± 10.5, AL 96.6 ± 11.1). There was no significant correlation for height or leg length to any lunge measurement in men or women.Conclusion:The lunge can be used as a reliable test to measure lower extremity function. Right- and left-leg lunge distances should not differ, and LL will always be greater than AL.

Shoulder-Rotator Strength of High School Swimmers Over the Course of a Competitive Season

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ramsi ◽  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
Charles “Buz” Swanik ◽  
Steve Straub ◽  
Carl Mattacola
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Male High School ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
External Rotator

Context:Changes in strength over the course of a swim season could predispose the shoulder to strength imbalances and lead to injury.Objective:To examine isometric shoulder internal- (IR) and external-rotator (ER) strength in high school swimmers over a 12-week competitive season.Design:Three 3 × 2 × 2 ANOVAs with repeated measures were used to determine significant main effects for IR, ER, and IR:ER strength ratio.Participants:27 (14 female, 13 male) high school varsity swimmers.Main Outcome Measures:IR and ER strength during preseason, midseason, and postseason.Results:Significant increases in IR strength in both groups were revealed for all test sessions. ER strength significantly improved in both males and females from preseason to midseason and from preseason to postseason. IR:ER ratio revealed a significant increase from preseason to postseason.Conclusions:Increases in IR strength without equal gains in ER strength were revealed and could contribute to future shoulder pathologies in competitive swimmers

The Effect of Functional Training on the Incidence of Shoulder Pain and Strength in Intercollegiate Swimmers

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
C. Buz Swanik ◽  
Scott M. Lephart ◽  
Kellie Huxel
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Shoulder Strength ◽  
Weight Room ◽  
And Control

Objective:To determine whether functional training reduces the incidence of shoulder pain and increases strength in intercollegiate swimmers.Design:Pretest–posttest.Setting:Laboratory and weight room.Participants:26 intercollegiate swimmers (13 men, 13 women).Intervention:6-wk functional training program.Main Outcome Measures:Incidence of shoulder pain was recorded throughout the study. Isokinetic shoulder strength was assessed before and after training.Results:Attest showed significant differences (P< .05) for the incidence of shoulder pain between the experimental (mean episodes = 1.8 ± 2.1) and control (mean episodes = 4.6 ± 4.7) groups. ANOVA with repeated measures revealed no significant strength differences between groups but exhibited significant within-group increases.Conclusions:Incorporating functional exercises might reduce incidence of shoulder pain in swimmers. The results also validate the need to modify preventive programs as the demands of the sport change throughout the season.

Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Knee-Joint Reposition Sense and Functional Performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Drouin ◽  
Peggy A. Houglum ◽  
David H. Perrin ◽  
Bruce M. Gansneder
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Hop Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlations

Objective:To determine the relationship between weight-bearing (WB) and non-weight-bearing (NWB) joint reposition sense (JRS) and a functional hop test (FH) and to compare performance on these parameters between athletes and nonathletes.Design:Repeated-measures ANOVA and Pearson correlations.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:40 men (age = 20.8 ± 1.7 y; ht = 176.9 ± 5.8 cm; wt = 82.6 ± 9.5 kg): 20 lacrosse players and 20 nonathletes.Main Outcome Measures:Ability to actively reproduce 30° of knee flexion in the WB and NWB conditions and functional performance on a single-leg crossover-hop test.Results:No significant correlations were observed between JRS and FH in athletes and nonathletes. No significant differences were observed between athletes and nonathletes in JRS. All participants were significantly more accurate at WB than at NWB JRS.Conclusions:There appears to be no relationship between WB or NWB JRS and functional performance, regardless of one’s physical activity level

Ultrasound Heating Is Curvilinear in Nature and Varies between Transducers from the Same Manufacturer

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Demchak ◽  
Stephen J. Straub ◽  
Lennart D. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Heating Curve ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Type Study

Context:Ultrasound heating rates are known to differ between various manufacturers; it is unknown whether this difference exists within a manufacturer.Objective:Determine if intramuscular heating differences exist between transducers from the same manufacturer.Study Design:3 × 10 repeated measures. Independent variables were Transducer (A, B, and C) and Time (10-min time points during the treatment).Setting:Controlled laboratory.Participants:Twelve volunteers (M = 4, F = 8; age: 23 ± 4 years; calf-girth: 37.94 ± 4.16 cm; calf-skinfold: 27 ± 17 mm).Intervention:Three 10-min 1MHz continuous ultrasound treatments performed at an intensity of 1.2 W/cm2, over an area 2x transducer.Main Outcome Measures:Calf temperature increase.Results:Heating curve generated for each transducer were significantly different (P = .034) but the overall temperature increases following 10 minutes of treatment were within 0.1°C (F = 1.023 P = .573).Conclusion:Heating curves differ between transducers from the same manufacturer but peak heating at 10 minutes was similar.

The Reliability of the Lateral Step Test

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle King ◽  
Mark Hancock ◽  
Joanne Munn
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Lower Limb Strength

Context:Functional strength measures correlate more closely with functional performance than non-functional strength measures.Objectives:To determine the reliability of the lateral step test as a measure of maximal strength.Design:Intertester repeated measures.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Twenty four healthy, pain free subjects.Intervention:Two protocols (A and B) were evaluated. The protocols were identical except protocol B involved a three second pause. Participants performed a one repetition maximum (1RM) for each protocol on two occasions separated by one week.Main Outcome Measures:Step height (nearest cm) representingResults:Both protocols demonstrated excellent reliability, protocol A: ICC = 0.94 (95% CI, 0.87 to 0.97), SEM = 1.47 cm. Protocol B: ICC= 0.94 (95%CI, 0.85 to 0.97).Percent close agreement within 2 cm was 83.3% for protocol A and 79.1% for protocol B.Conclusion:Both protocols demonstrated excellent inter-tester reliability as measures of functional lower limb strength.

Effect of a 4-Week Agility-Training Program on Postural Sway in the Functionally Unstable Ankle

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien M. Hess ◽  
Christopher J. Joyce ◽  
Brent L. Arnold ◽  
Bruce M. Gansneder
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Balance System ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Context:Agility training has been proposed as an important tool in rehabilitation. However, it is unclear which types of agility training are most useful.Objective:To assess the effects of agility training on balance in individuals with functionally unstable ankles.Design:A 2-group experimental design with repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Patients:Twenty college-aged volunteers, each with 1 functionally unstable ankle, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups.Interventions:Subjects in the experimental group performed agility training 3 times per week for 4 weeks.Main Outcome Measures:Subjects were tested for static single-leg balance before and after the training period. Anterior/posterior sway amplitude, medial/lateral sway amplitude, and sway index were assessed using the Chattex Balance System.Results:No significant differences in balance were found after the agility training.Conclusions:Agility training did not improve static single-leg balance in subjects with functionally unstable ankles.

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