Reliability and Validity of Field-Based Tests to Assess Upper-Body Muscular Strength in Children Aged 6-12 Years

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge R. Fernandez-Santos ◽  
Jonatan R. Ruiz ◽  
Jose Luis Gonzalez-Montesinos ◽  
Jose Castro-Piñero
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Muscular Fitness ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Handgrip Test ◽  
Endurance Tests

The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability and the validity of the handgrip, basketball throw and pushups tests in children aged 6–12 years. One hundred and eighty healthy children (82 girls) agreed to participate in this study. All the upper body muscular fitness tests were performed twice (7 days apart) whereas the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press test was performed 2 days after the first session of testing. All the tests showed a high reproducibility (ICC > 0.9) except the push-ups test (intertrial difference = 0.77 ± 2.38, p < .001 and the percentage error = 9%). The handgrip test showed the highest association with 1RM bench press test (r = .79, p < .01; R2 = .621). In conclusion the handgrip and basketball throw tests are shown as reliable and valid tests to assess upper body muscular strength in children. More studies are needed to assess the validity and the reliability of the upper body muscular endurance tests in children.

scholarly journals Reliability and Validity of the 90º Push-Ups Test Protocol

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hashim ◽  
Azli Ariffin ◽  
Abdul Talib Hashim ◽  
Abu Bakar Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Bench Press ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
A Value ◽  
Trial Test ◽  
High Consistency

- This study was conducted to determine the objectivity, reliability and validity of the 90º push-ups test protocol among male and female students of Sports Science Program, Faculty of Sports Science and Coaching Sultan Idris University of Education. Samples (n = 300), consisted of males (n = 168) and females (n = 132) students were randomly selected for this study. Researchers tested the 90º push-ups on the sample twice in a single trial, test and re-test protocol in the bench press test. Pearson-Product Moment Correlation method's was used to determine the value of objectivity, reliability and validity testing. The findings showed that the 900 push-ups test protocol showed high consistency between the two testers with a value of r = .99. Likewise, The reliability value between test and re-test for the 90º push-ups test for the male (r=.93) and female (r=.93) students was also high. The results showed a correlation between 90º push-ups test and bench press test for boys was r = .64 and girls was r = .28. This finding indicates that the use of the 90º push-ups to test muscular strength and endurance in the upper body of males has a higher validity values than female students.  

scholarly journals Different Doses of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Have No Effect on Exercise Performance in Resistance Trained Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3463
Author(s):  
Raci Karayigit ◽  
Scott C. Forbes ◽  
Alireza Naderi ◽  
Darren G. Candow ◽  
Ulas C. Yildirim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Training Experience

Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse has been shown to enhance aerobic endurance performance. However, the effects of CHO mouth rinse on muscular strength and endurance are mixed and may be dependent on dosage of CHO. The primary purpose was to examine the effects of different dosages of CHO rinse on strength (bench press 1 repetition maximum [1-RM]) and muscular endurance (40% of 1-RM repetitions to failure) in female athletes. Sixteen resistance-trained females (age: 20 ± 1 years; height: 167 ± 3 cm; body mass: 67 ± 4 kg; BMI: 17 ± 2 kg/m2; resistance training experience: 2 ± 1 years) completed four conditions in random order. The four conditions consisted of a mouth rinse with 25 mL solutions containing either 6% of CHO (Low dose of CHO: LCHO), 12% CHO (Moderate dose of CHO: MCHO), 18% CHO (High dose of CHO: HCHO) or water (Placebo: PLA) for 10 s prior to a bench press strength and muscular endurance test. Maximal strength (1-RM), muscular endurance (reps and total volume), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and glucose (GLU) were recorded each condition. There were no significant differences in strength (p = 0.95) or muscular endurance (total repetitions: p = 0.06; total volume: p = 0.20) between conditions. Similarly, HR (p = 0.69), RPE (p = 0.09) and GLU (p = 0.92) did not differ between conditions. In conclusion, various doses of CHO mouth rinse (6%, 12% and 18%) have no effect on upper body muscular strength or muscular endurance in female athletes.

scholarly journals Metabolic Syndrome and Functional Fitness Abilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5840
Author(s):  
Laura Gallardo-Alfaro ◽  
Maria del Mar Bibiloni ◽  
Emma Argelich ◽  
Escarlata Angullo-Martinez ◽  
Cristina Bouzas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Functional Fitness ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chair Stand ◽  
Fitness Score ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Handgrip Test

Background: It has been pointed out that moderate to vigorous exercise improves metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria; however, studies on functional fitness in subjects with MetS are scarce. Aim: This study aimed to assess functional fitness abilities in MetS and non-MetS subjects. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Participants living in the Balearic Islands (n = 477, 52% men, 55–80 years old) with MetS (n = 333) and without MetS (n = 144). Anthropometric, socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics were measured, and blood samples were collected. Functional fitness tests included: one leg balance, standing and sitting handgrip, 30-s chair stand, arm curl, chair sit-and-reach, back scratch, 8-foot time up-and-go, 30-m walk, and 6-min walk tests. A Functional Fitness Score was created from tests that measured agility and dynamic balance, static balance, lower-and-upper body strength, lower-and-upper body flexibility, aerobic endurance, and speed. Results: All functional fitness tests were lower in MetS subjects, except for back scratch and standing handgrip test. After adjusting for possible confounders (sex, age, civil status, education level, leisure-time physical activity) MetS subjects were more likely to be below average for a sex and age specific cut-off value of one leg balance (Odds Ratio, OR: 2.37; 95% Confidence Interval, CI: 1.25–4.48), chair stand (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.26–3.20), arm curl (OR: 3.43; 95% CI:1.90–6.26), back scratch (OR: 3.49; 95% CI: 2.31–5.91), 8-foot up-&-go (OR: 13.03; 95% CI: 6.66–25.55), 30-m walk (OR: 8.10; 95% CI: 4.33–15.57) and 6-min walk test (OR: 3.28; 95% CI: 1.76–6.52), whereas they were more likely to be above average for sitting handgrip test (OR:1.69; 95% CI:1.21–2.95). Functional Fitness Score was lower in MetS subjects (5.44 ± 2.40 vs. 7.04 ± 1.72, p < 0.001), independently of sex and age. Conclusion: MetS participants showed lower functional fitness abilities and lower Functional Fitness Score than non-MetS peers, independently of sex, age, body mass index and waist circumference, showing lower ability to perform everyday activities safely and independently.

scholarly journals NON-FORMAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN: INCREASE FACTOR OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL FITNESS

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (102) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Asta Šarkauskienė ◽  
Sigita Derkintienė ◽  
Šarūnas Paplauskas
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Children’S Physical Activity

Background. Studies on physical activity, which is positively associated with physical fitness, reveal that children’s activity is not sufficient (BHFNC, 2010; Chen, Zheng, Yi, & Yao, 2014; Currie et al., 2012), and their physical fitness deteriorates (Volbekienė & Kavaliauskas, 2002; Мирошниченко & Астраханцев, 2005; Синявский, Власов, & Сергеев, 2009). Non-formal physical education (NFPE) is one of the means to increase children’s physical activity and physical fitness. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of NFPE on the physical fitness of 6th grade pupils. Methods. The research was conducted in May, 2013; 356 six-graders (48.0% of girls) from four Klaipėda city comprehensive schools participated in the research. As many as 56.5% of children (48.3% of girls) participated in NFPE in school and out of school. The participants completed five physical fitness tests. Results. Independent t test revealed that the results of boys who attended the NFPE group of cardiorespiratory fitness, t(180) = −2.093, p = .038; upper body muscular strength and endurance, t(182) = 2.413, p = .017; abdominal muscular strength and endurance, t(186) = 3.282, p = .001; explosive leg power, t(183) = 1.967, p = .049, and girls’ results of abdominal muscular strength and endurance, t(172) = 2.687, p = .008 were significantly higher than those in the NFPE non attended group. Conclusion. Non-formal physical education is a meaningful educational form for increasing children’s, particularly boys’, health related physical fitness; therefore it is purposeful to encourage children to participate in physical activities in school and after classes.

Reliability and Validity of Field-Based Tests to Assess Upper-Body Muscular Strength in Children Aged 6-12 Years

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340
Author(s):  
Jorge Fernandez Santos ◽  
◽  
Jonatan R. Ruiz ◽  
Jose Luis Gonzalez-Montesinos ◽  
Jose Castro-Piñero
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Upper Body

scholarly journals Effects of training frequency on muscular strength for trained men under volume matched conditions

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10781
Author(s):  
Emil Johnsen ◽  
Roland van den Tillaar
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
Squat Exercise

Background In resistance training, the role of training frequency to increase maximal strength is often debated. However, the limited data available does not allow for clear training frequency “optimization” recommendations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training frequency on maximal muscular strength and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The total weekly training volume was equally distributed between two and four sessions per muscle group. Methods Twenty-one experienced resistance-trained male subjects (height: 1.85 ± 0.06 m, body mass: 85.3 ± 12.3 kg, age: 27.6 ± 7.6 years) were tested prior to and after an 8-week training period in one-repetition maximum (1RM) barbell back squat and bench press. Subjects were randomly assigned to a SPLIT group (n = 10), in which there were two training sessions of squats and lower-body exercises and two training sessions of bench press and upper-body exercises, or a FULLBODY group (n = 11), in which four sessions with squats, bench press and supplementary exercises were conducted every session. In each session, the subjects rated their RPE after barbell back squat, bench press, and the full session. Results Both groups significantly increased 1RM strength in barbell back squat (SPLIT group: +13.25 kg; FULLBODY group: +14.31 kg) and bench press (SPLIT group: +7.75 kg; FULLBODY group: +8.86 kg) but training frequency did not affect this increase for squat (p = 0.640) or bench press (p = 0.431). Both groups showed a significant effect for time on RPE on all three measurements. The analyses showed only an interaction effect between groups on time for the RPE after the squat exercise (p = 0.002). Conclusion We conclude that there are no additional benefits of increasing the training frequency from two to four sessions under volume-equated conditions, but it could be favorable to spread the total training volume into several training bouts through the week to avoid potential increases in RPE, especially after the squat exercise.

Evaluating upper body movements during gait in healthy children and children with diplegic cerebral palsy

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Romkes ◽  
Wietske Peeters ◽  
Aidia M. Oosterom ◽  
Sara Molenaar ◽  
Iris Bakels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Body Movements

Effects of L-arginine Supplementation on Upper Body Muscular Strength in Male Recreational Body Builders

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Quesada ◽  
Catherine G.R. Jackson ◽  
Felicia A. Greer ◽  
Tim R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Arginine Supplementation
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