Substrate Oxidation Is Altered by Obesity During Submaximal Cycling in Prepubertal and Early Pubertal Children: A Quality Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kerri Z. Delaney ◽  
Leandra Spatari ◽  
Mélanie Henderson ◽  
Sylvia Santosa ◽  
Marie-Eve Mathieu
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Stage 1

Background: To examine substrate oxidation in prepubertal and early pubertal children as a function of body weight, body composition, and sex during an exhaustive cycling test. Methods: This study included 320 children in prepubertal and early puberty (Tanner stage 1 or 2; n = 188 males) who completed a minimum of 4 stages (2–5 min/stage) of an adapted version of the McMaster exhaustive exercise protocol on an upright cycle ergometer. Substrate utilization, relative to individual VO2peak, was determined using VO2 and VCO2 data, obtained with breath-by-breath gas analysis during exercise. Results: Both peak (mg/kg lean body mass·min) and submaximal lipid oxidation (mg/kg lean body mass·min) were highest (P < .01) in children with healthy weight (HW), then overweight, and lowest in obese (OB). Both females with HW (compared with males with HW) and females with OB (compared with males with OB) had higher (P < .01) peak and submaximal lipid oxidation. In children with OB, fat-free mass correlated positively (P < .01) with submaximal lipid oxidation (r = .50). In contrast, in children with HW and overweight, fat-free mass correlated positively (P < .01) with carbohydrate oxidation (r = .52 and r = .47, respectively). Conclusion: Obesity during childhood may alter substrate oxidation during exercise. These results may have implications in the implementation of exercise programs in prepubertal or early puberty to control adiposity.

The effect of puberty on fat oxidation rates during exercise in overweight and normal-weight girls

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Chu ◽  
M. C. Riddell ◽  
J. E. Schneiderman ◽  
B. W. McCrindle ◽  
J. K. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Oxidation Rates

Excess weight is often associated with insulin resistance (IR) and may disrupt fat oxidation during exercise. This effect is further modified by puberty. While studies have shown that maximal fat oxidation rates (FOR) during exercise decrease with puberty in normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) boys, the effect of puberty in NW and OW girls is unclear. Thirty-three NW and OW girls ages 8–18 yr old completed a peak aerobic capacity test on a cycle ergometer. FOR were calculated during progressive submaximal exercise. Body composition and Tanner stage were determined. For each participant, a best-fit polynomial curve was constructed using fat oxidation vs. exercise intensity to estimate max FOR. In a subset of the girls, IR derived from an oral glucose tolerance test ( n = 20), and leptin and adiponectin levels ( n = 11) were assessed in relation to FOR. NW pre-early pubertal girls had higher max FOR [6.9 ± 1.4 mg·kg fat free mass (FFM)−1·min−1] than NW mid-late pubertal girls (2.2 ± 0.9 mg·kg FFM−1·min−1) ( P = 0.002), OW pre-early pubertal girls (3.8 ± 2.1 mg·kg FFM−1·min−1), and OW mid-late pubertal girls (3.3 ± 0.9 mg·kg FFM−1·min−1) ( P < 0.05). Bivariable analyses showed positive associations between FOR with homeostatic model assessment of IR ( P = 0.001), leptin ( P < 0.001), and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio ( P = 0.001), independent of percent body fat. Max FOR decreased in NW girls during mid-late puberty; however, this decrease associated with puberty was blunted in OW girls due to lower FOR in pre-early puberty. The presence of IR due to obesity potentially masks the effect of puberty on FOR during exercise in girls.

Sex Effect on Catecholamine Responses to Sprint Exercise in Adolescents and Adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maïtel Botcazou ◽  
Christophe Jacob ◽  
Arlette Gratas-Delamarche ◽  
Sophie Vincent ◽  
Danièle Bentué-Ferrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Sex Effect ◽  
Sprint Exercise ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of sex on plasma catecholamine responses to sprint exercise in adolescents and adults. Thirty-six untrained participants took part in this study—9 girls and 10 boys (Tanner Stage 4) and 9 women and 8 men. Each participant performed a 6-s sprint test on a cycle ergometer. Plasma adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) concentrations were determined successively at rest (A0 and NA0), immediately after the 6-s sprint test (AEX and NAEX), and after 5 min of recovery (A5 and NA5). Peak power, expressed in absolute values or relative to body weight and fat-free mass, was significantly higher in boys than in girls and higher in men than in women (p < .001). No sex effect was observed in AEX in the adolescents, but the NA increase was significantly higher in boys in response to the 6-s sprint (p < .05). In adults, no sex difference was found in NAEX, but AEX was significantly higher in men than in women (p < .05). NAEX was significantly higher in women than in girls (p < .05), and AEX was significantly higher in men than in boys (p < .01). The results of this study suggest that male and female adolescents and young adults might exhibit different catecholamine responses to sprint exercise.

scholarly journals Twenty-Four-Hour Profiles of Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Testosterone, and Estradiol Levels: A Semilongitudinal Study throughout Puberty in Healthy Boys*

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Albertsson-Wikland ◽  
Sten Rosberg ◽  
Birgitta Lannering ◽  
Leo Dunkel ◽  
Gunnar Selstam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Testicular Volume ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Pubertal Stages ◽  
Prepubertal Boys ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Estradiol Levels

Abstract To follow and correlate gonadotropin and sex steroid changes throughout puberty, 24-h profiles of LH, FSH, testosterone, and estradiol were taken on several occasions for between 2–9.5 yr in 12 healthy boys, aged 8.7–18.2 yr. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were measured every 20 min, whereas testosterone and estradiol were measured every 2–4 h during the 24-h period. The prepubertal boys (Tanner stage 1) were subdivided into two groups: Pre 1, with a testicular volume of 1–2 mL, and Pre 2, with a testicular volume of 3 mL. Pubertal stages were classified, according to testicular volume, as early puberty (pubertal stage 2; 4–9 mL), midpuberty (pubertal stages 3–4; 10–15 mL), and late puberty (pubertal stage 5; ≥16 mL). Mean levels of LH and FSH increased with pubertal development, although the increase in LH was greater than that in FSH. These increases were due to elevated basal levels of LH and FSH as well as to increases in the number of peaks and the peak amplitudes of LH. No diurnal rhythm was found in boys at stage Pre 1. Thereafter, a clear diurnal rhythm appeared for LH, and later in puberty, an ultradian rhythm was superimposed, as shown by time-sequence analyses. A diurnal rhythm also existed for FSH, but was much less marked than that for LH despite a clear covariation between LH and FSH, as shown from cross-correlation studies. Testosterone also showed diurnal variations from the late prepubertal stage, followed by increasing levels during both day and night in puberty. We conclude that during puberty, gonadotropin levels rise differently for LH and FSH, which may be due to the development of differences in feedback mechanisms. Despite covariation between LH and FSH, only LH showed a clear diurnal variation. In parallel, nocturnal variations in testosterone and estradiol were found. Changes in mean levels of LH, testosterone, and estradiol as well as their mean daytime and nighttime levels follow each other from the prepubertal stages to late puberty.

Does menarche mark a period of elevated resting metabolic rate?

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (3) ◽  
pp. E456-E462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Spadano ◽  
Linda G. Bandini ◽  
Aviva Must ◽  
Gerard E. Dallal ◽  
William H. Dietz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Stage 1

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition were measured in 44 initially nonoverweight girls at three time points relative to menarche: premenarche (Tanner stage 1 or 2), menarche (±6 mo), and 4 yr after menarche. Mean absolute RMR was 1,167, 1,418, and 1,347 kcal/day, respectively. Absolute RMR was statistically significantly higher at menarche than at 4 yr after menarche despite statistically significantly less fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), suggesting an elevation in RMR around the time of menarche. The pattern of change in RMR, adjusted for FFM, log transformed FM, age, race, parental overweight, and two interactions (visit by parental overweight, parental overweight by FFM), was also considered. Adjusted RMR did not differ statistically between the visits for girls with two normal-weight parents. For girls with at least one overweight parent, adjusted RMR was statistically significantly lower 4 yr after menarche than at premenarche or menarche. Thus parental overweight may influence changes that occur in RMR during adolescence in girls.

Two-Year Follow-Up on the Impact of Physical Fitness and Body Fatness on Children’s Heart Growth and Rising Blood Pressure: The Muscatine Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen F. Janz ◽  
Larry T. Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
The Impact

To assess the relationship of changes in physical fitness and body composition to heart growth and rising blood pressure (BP) during early puberty, fat-free mass (FFM), body fatness (% fat), physical fitness (peak VO2, peak mechanical power, peak O2 pulse, peak systolic blood pressure [SBP], and grip strength), Tanner stage, resting BP, and echocardiographic left ventricular mass (LVM) were measured in 123 children (age M = 10 years) and remeasured 2 years later. Increased FFM, increased grip strength, and increased peak power explained 28% of the variability in heart growth. Increased FFM, increased % fat, and decreased peak O2 pulse explained 23% of the variability in rising SBP. During puberty, physical fitness is an independent predictor of changing heart size and systolic blood pressure. Results suggest that improvements in physical fitness and decreases in body fatness may have beneficial effects on children’s blood pressure.

Urinary gonadotropin measurements by enhanced luminometric assays (LIA) for the evaluation of pubertal development

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
And Demir ◽  
Adem Aydın ◽  
Atilla Büyükgebiz ◽  
Ulf-Håkan Stenman ◽  
Matti Hero
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Sensitive Detection Technique ◽  
Serum And Urine

Abstract Objectives Determination of LH in urine has proved to be a reliable method for evaluation of pubertal development. The human LH assay based on time-resolved immunofluorometric (IFMA) technology (AutoDELFIA, PerkinElmer, Wallac) has been found to be suitable for this purpose thanks to its high sensitivity but other assays have not been evaluated. We have analyzed our data obtained by another potentially sensitive detection technique, enhanced luminometric assay (LIA) with the objective of finding a viable alternative to IFMA since these may not be available in the future. Methods LIA was used to measure LH and FSH in serum and urine samples from 100 healthy subjects of each Tanner stage and both genders, whose pubertal development has been determined. Results Urinary gonodotropin concentrations measured by LIA correlated well with Tanner stage [(r=0.93 for girls, r=0.81 for boys; p<0.01 for LH) and (r=0.81 for girls, r=0.73 for boys; p<0.01 for FSH)]. LIA determinations revealed the increase in U-LH concentrations during the transition from Tanner stage 1–2 in both girls and boys (p<0.001), whereas U-FSH and S-LH were able to detect the increase from Tanner stage 1–2 only in boys or girls, respectively (both p<0.001). Conclusions Measurement of urinary gonadotropin concentrations by LIA may be useful for the evaluation of overall pubertal development and also in the detection of transition from prepuberty to puberty.

Abstract MP018: Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity: Evidence for a Displacement Effect on Sedentary Behaviour

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katya M Herman ◽  
Gilles Paradis ◽  
Marie-Eve Mathieu ◽  
Jennifer O'Loughlin ◽  
Angelo Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Displacement Effect

Background: Sedentary behaviour has detrimental health consequences, distinct from those of physical inactivity. An individual can be both highly active and highly sedentary: While the displacement hypothesis proposes that time spent active displaces time that would otherwise be spent sedentary, the compensation hypothesis suggests that increased physical activity (PA) may be associated with increased sedentary behaviour (SED) in non-active time. Objectives: The aim was to assess whether higher levels of childhood participation in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) are associated with higher levels of SED, or whether time spent in SED is displaced by higher levels of MVPA. Methods: Participants were 290 boys and 245 girls aged 8–10 years in the QUebec Adipose and Lifestyle InvesTigation in Youth (QUALITY) study. PA and SED were assessed by accelerometer over a 1-week period (SED ≤ 100 cpm, MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm), and quantified as mean time spent per day. Total PA was the sum of light PA + MVPA. Self-reported data included sports participation (number of teams), television viewing and computer/video game use (hours/day). Spearman correlations and multiple linear regression (adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, Tanner stage, parental education, accelerometer wear-time) were used to assess associations between PA and SED variables. Results: Higher MVPA and VPA were negatively correlated with SED (r=−0.44 and −0.35; p<0.001), and positively correlated with total PA (r=0.58 and 0.45; p<0.001). SED was negatively correlated with TPA (r=−0.65, p<0.001). Only weak correlations were found between MVPA and sports participation, the latter not associated with SED. MVPA and VPA were not significantly correlated with TV, computer/video or total screen time; objectively measured SED was only weakly associated with specific sedentary behaviours. On average, for each additional 10 minutes of MVPA, children spent 14 minutes less in SED, or for each additional 5 minutes of VPA, 10 minutes less in SED. Associations were stronger in overweight/obese children compared to healthy weight children. Conclusions: Higher levels of MVPA in children displace SED, and are also associated with higher total PA over and above the additional amount of MVPA. The SED displacement benefits of higher MVPA may be greatest in overweight/obese children. Public health strategies should focus on both increasing PA and decreasing SED as essential targets to improve overall PA in children.

Unintentional Perineal Injury in Prepubescent Girls: A Multicenter, Prospective Report of 56 Girls

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 628-631
Author(s):  
G. Randall Bond ◽  
M. Denise Dowd ◽  
Ira Landsman ◽  
Mary Rimsza
Keyword(s):  
Unintentional Injury ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Care Clinic ◽  
Pattern Of Injury ◽  
Labia Minora ◽  
Perineal Injury ◽  
Perineal Injuries ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Age Range

Objective. To determine the pattern of perineal injuries and frequency of hymenal involvement resulting from unintentional trauma in prepubescent girls. Design. Prospective, multicenter. Observation by skilled observers. Determination of the circumstance and physical pattern of injury, with specific attention to the hymen. Setting. Children's emergency department or acute care clinic. Patients. Tanner stage 1 girls presenting with acute perineal injury. Criteria for unintentional injury: observation of the event or knowledge of the girl's engagement in a risky activity (eg, biking or climbing monkey bars) immediately before the injury. Results. Fifty-six girls were evaluated. Age range: 1 to 12 years (median, 6 years; mean, 6.2 years). Associations: bicycle, 39%; other outdoor injuries, 25% (climbing apparatus, straddling an object, and falls); indoor injuries, 36% (straddling furniture and falls). Most injuries were minor. In each group the labia minora was the most frequent structure involved. The majority of injuries were anterior or lateral to the hymen. However, in 34% some or all of the injuries were posterior to the hymen. Thigh injuries were observed only in older children engaged in bicycle riding or outdoor play. In only one patient was the hymen involved. That patient was a 2 year old who fell outdoors, at a park, abducting her legs in a splits-type mechanism. She had a pinpoint abraded area on the hymenal surface at three o'clock. Otherwise, no unique pattern of injury was associated with age or circumstance of injury. Conclusions. Hymenal injuries are rarely the result of unintentional injury. The presence of a hymenal injury should suggest sexual abuse. Involvement of other perineal structures was commonly associated with unintended injury. Given the limited resources for prevention, the relative infrequency of perineal injuries and the minor nature of most of these injuries, significant preventive efforts are not justified.

Effects of Oral Glucose on Intermediary Metabolism in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients versus Healthy Subjects

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Delarue ◽  
Claude Maingourd ◽  
Charles Couet ◽  
Sophie Vidal ◽  
Philippe Bagros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Dialysis Unit ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Objective To explore the mechanisms and metabolic consequences of the insulin resistance of patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Design CAPD patients and healthy subjects ingested a similar mean oral glucose load per kilogram of fat-free mass (FFM) [1.20 ± 0.03 g/(kg FFM) vs 1.20 ± 0.06 g/(kg FFM); CAPD vs healthy subjects]. Substrate oxidation was monitored over 6 hours using indirect calorimetry. Setting Peritoneal dialysis unit of a tertiary-care institutional center. Outcome Measures Glycemia, insulinemia, substrate oxidation. Patients Six CAPD patients (68 ± 5 yr) and 6 healthy subjects (24 ± 1 yr). The CAPD patients had similar body mass index (21.4 ± 1.3 vs 22.9 ± 1.1 kg/m2), a higher percent fat (25.8% ± 3.7% vs 16% ± 2.2%; p < 0.05), and a lower FFM (42.2 ± 2.2 kg vs 56.5 ± 2.6 kg; p < 0.01) than healthy subjects. Results The CAPD patients displayed a higher glycemic and insulinemic responses to glucose than did healthy subjects (p < 0.05), but similar glucose oxidation and storage. Lipid oxidation and plasma nonesterified fatty acids were not increased in CAPD patients versus healthy subjects, in spite of a higher adiposity. Fat oxidation was related to fat mass in CAPD patients (r2 = 0.77, p < 0.05) but not in healthy subjects (r2 = 0.05). Conclusion CAPD patients display an insulin -resistance not explained by an increased lipid oxidation. The maintenance of intracellular glucose utilization at the expense of higher glycemic and insulinemic responses suggests a defective glucose transport.

scholarly journals Branched-Chain Amino Acid Oxidation Is Elevated in Adults with Morbid Obesity and Decreases Significantly after Sleeve Gastrectomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 3180-3189
Author(s):  
Hong Chang Tan ◽  
Jean W Hsu ◽  
Jean-Paul Kovalik ◽  
Alvin Eng ◽  
Weng Hoong Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Branched Chain

ABSTRACT Background Plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are elevated in obese individuals with insulin resistance (IR) and decrease after bariatric surgery. However, the metabolic mechanisms are unclear. Objectives Our objectives are to compare leucine kinetics between morbidly obese and healthy-weight individuals cross-sectionally, and to prospectively evaluate changes in the morbidly obese after sleeve gastrectomy. We hypothesized that leucine oxidation is slower in obese individuals and increases after surgery. Methods Ten morbidly obese [BMI (in kg/m2) ≥32.5, age 21–50 y] and 10 healthy-weight participants (BMI &lt;25), matched for age (median ∼30 y) but not gender, were infused with [U-13C6] leucine and [2H5] glycerol to quantify leucine and glycerol kinetics. Morbidly obese participants were studied again 6 mo postsurgery. Primary outcomes were kinetic parameters related to BCAA metabolism. Data were analyzed by nonparametric methods and presented as median (IQR). Results Participants with obesity had IR with an HOMA-IR (4.89; 4.36–8.76) greater than that of healthy-weight participants (1.32; 0.99–1.49; P &lt; 0.001) and had significantly faster leucine flux [218; 196–259 compared with 145; 138–149 μmol · kg fat-free mass (FFM)−1 · h−1], oxidation (24.0; 17.9–29.8 compared with 16.1; 14.3–18.5 μmol · kg FFM−1 · h−1), and nonoxidative disposal (204; 190–247 compared with 138; 129–140 μmol · kg FFM−1 · h−1) (P &lt; 0.017 for all). After surgery, the morbidly obese had a marked improvement in IR (3.54; 3.06–6.08; P = 0.008) and significant reductions in BCAA concentrations (113; 95–157 μmol/L) and leucine oxidation (9.37; 6.85–15.2 μmol · kg FFM−1 · h−1) (P = 0.017 for both). Further, leucine flux in this group correlated significantly with IR (r = 0.78, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions BCAA oxidation is not impaired but elevated in individuals with morbid obesity. Plasma BCAA concentrations are lowered after surgery owing to slower breakdown of body proteins as insulin's ability to suppress proteolysis is restored. These findings suggest that IR is the underlying cause and not the consequence of elevated BCAAs in obesity.

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