The microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: Diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 359 (6382) ◽  
pp. 1366-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Zitvogel ◽  
Yuting Ma ◽  
Didier Raoult ◽  
Guido Kroemer ◽  
Thomas F. Gajewski
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Tools

Therapeutic Strategies in Diseases of the Digestive Tract - 2015 and Beyond Targeted Therapies in Colon Cancer Today and Tomorrow

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pohl ◽  
Wolff Schmiegel
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Therapies ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Ras Genes

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type in Western countries. Significant progress has been made in the last decade in the therapy of metastatic CRC (mCRC) with a median overall survival (OS) of patients exceeding 30 months. The integration of biologic targeted therapies and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (MABs) in the treatment of patients with genomically selected all-RAS wild-type mCRC leads to a significant progress in advanced incurable disease state. After the introduction of the anti-VEGF MAB bevacizumab, the FDA approved with ramucirumab the second antiangiogenic MAB for the mCRC treatment. Further new drugs are on the horizon and new diagnostic tools will be introduced soon. Key Messages: Molecular heterogeneity of mCRC has been recognized as pivotal in the evolution of clonal populations during anti-EGFR therapies. Mutations in RAS genes predict a lack of response to anti-EGFR MABs. Mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase-phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways like BRAF or PIK3CA mutations or HER2/ERBB2 or MET amplifications bypass EGFR signaling and also may confer resistance to anti-EGFR MABs. HER2/ERBB2 amplification is a further driver of resistance to anti-EGFR MABs in mCRC. The phase II study of HER2 Amplification for Colo-Rectal Cancer Enhanced Stratification (HERACLES) discovers that a dual HER2-targeted therapy may be an option for HER2-amplified mCRC. The mismatch repair deficiency predicts responsiveness to an immune checkpoint blockade with the anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab. Conclusions: The understanding of primary (de novo) and secondary (acquired) resistance to anti-EGFR therapies, new targeted therapies, immuno-oncology and about predictive biomarkers in mCRC is guiding the development of rational therapeutic strategies. Combinations of targeted therapies are necessary to effectively treat drug-resistant cancers. Liquid biopsy is an upcoming new tool in the primary diagnosis and follow-up analysis of mutations in circulating tumor DNA.

scholarly journals Valvular endothelial cells and the mechanoregulation of valvular pathology

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1484) ◽  
pp. 1445-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan T Butcher ◽  
Robert M Nerem
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Endothelial Denudation ◽  
Endothelial Response ◽  
Valvular Diseases

Endothelial cells are critical mediators of haemodynamic forces and as such are important foci for initiation of vascular pathology. Valvular leaflets are also lined with endothelial cells, though a similar role in mechanosensing has not been demonstrated. Recent evidence has shown that valvular endothelial cells respond morphologically to shear stress, and several studies have implicated valvular endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of disease. This review seeks to combine what is known about vascular and valvular haemodynamics, endothelial response to mechanical stimuli and the pathogenesis of valvular diseases to form a hypothesis as to how mechanical stimuli can initiate valvular endothelial dysfunction and disease progression. From this analysis, it appears that inflow surface-related bacterial/thrombotic vegetative endocarditis is a high shear-driven endothelial denudation phenomenon, while the outflow surface with its related calcific/atherosclerotic degeneration is a low/oscillatory shear-driven endothelial activation phenomenon. Further understanding of these mechanisms may help lead to earlier diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Immunobiology of Human Cytomegalovirus: from Bench to Bedside

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Crough ◽  
Rajiv Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Hcmv Infection ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Viral Reactivation ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Immunological Effects

SUMMARY Following primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong latency and periodically reactivates without causing symptoms in healthy individuals. In the absence of an adequate host-derived immune response, this fine balance of permitting viral reactivation without causing pathogenesis is disrupted, and HCMV can subsequently cause invasive disease and an array of damaging indirect immunological effects. Over the last decade, our knowledge of the immune response to HCMV infection in healthy virus carriers and diseased individuals has allowed us to translate these findings to develop better diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. The application of these emerging technologies in the clinical setting is likely to provide opportunities for better management of patients with HCMV-associated diseases.

scholarly journals Mining the Gut Microbiota for Microbial-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolei Li ◽  
Tao Gong ◽  
Yu Hao ◽  
Xuedong Zhou ◽  
Lei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promising Strategy

The past two decades witnessed a revolution in our understanding of host–microbiota interactions that led to the concept of the super-organism consisting of a eukaryotic part and a prokaryotic part. Owing to the critical role of gut microbiota in modulating the host immune system, it is not beyond all expectations that more and more evidence indicated that the shift of gut microbiota influenced responses to numerous forms of cancer immunotherapy. Therapy targeting gut microbiota is becoming a promising strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiota in response to cancer immunotherapy, the mechanisms that the gut microbiota influences cancer immunotherapy, and therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to improve cancer immunotherapy.

Dyslipidemia Management in 2020: An Update on Diagnosis and Therapeutic Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis D. Karantas ◽  
Mehmet Evren Okur ◽  
Neslihan Üstündağ Okur ◽  
Panoraia I. Siafaka
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Novel Drug

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading deadly cause in the modern world and dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors. Objective: The current therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases involve the management of risk factors especially dyslipidemia and hypertension. Recently, the updated guidelines of dyslipidemia management were presented, and the newest data were included in terms of diagnosis, imaging and treatment. Methods: In this targeted literature review, the researchers presented the newest evidence on dyslipidemia management by including the current therapeutic goals for dyslipidemia. In addition, the novel diagnostic tools based on theranostics are shown. Finally, the future perspectives on treatment based on novel drug delivery systems and their potential to be used in clinical trials were also analyzed. Results: It should be noted that dyslipidemia management can be achieved by the strict lifestyle change, by adopting a healthy life and the choice of the most suitable drug.

Charcot Neuroarthropathy: From the Laboratory to the Bedside

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Pitocco ◽  
Giuseppe Scavone ◽  
Mauro Di Leo ◽  
Raffaele Vitiello ◽  
Alessandro Rizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Charcot Foot ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Imaging ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Charcot Neuroarthropathy ◽  
Wide Range

Background: The diabetic Charcot foot syndrome is a serious and potentially limbthreatening lower-extremity complication of diabetes. Introduction: The present review provides a concise account of the advances made over the last twentyfive years in understanding the pathogenesis and management of Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN). Methods: In this study, the widely known pathogenetic mechanisms underpinning CN are brought into focus, particularly the role of RANKL/RANK/OPG system and advanced glycation end production in the pathogenesis of CN. Furthermore, other potential triggering factors, namely nitric oxide, endothelial dysfunction, macro calcifications and body weight that influence CN have also been discussed. Results: The wide range of diagnostic tools available to clinicians for accurate staging of this pathology has been examined, particularly radiological and nuclear medicine imaging. Additionally, the difficult differential diagnosis between osteomyelitis and CN is also elucidated. Conclusions: The review concludes with the comprehensive summary of the major promising therapeutic strategies, including conservative treatment involving orthopedic devices, pharmacological approach, and the most common surgical techniques currently employed in the diagnosis and treatment of this acute disease.

scholarly journals Targeting Mononuclear Phagocyte Receptors in Cancer Immunotherapy: New Perspectives of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM-1)

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337
Author(s):  
Federica Raggi ◽  
Maria Bosco
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocyte ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Tumor Phenotype

Inflammatory cells are major players in the onset of cancer. The degree of inflammation and type of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are responsible for tilting the balance between tumor progression and regression. Cancer-related inflammation has also been shown to influence the efficacy of conventional therapy. Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) represent a major component of the inflammatory circuit that promotes tumor progression. Despite their potential to activate immunosurveillance and exert anti-tumor responses, MPs are subverted by the tumor to support its growth, immune evasion, and spread. MP responses in the TME are dictated by a network of stimuli integrated through the cross-talk between activatory and inhibitory receptors. Alterations in receptor expression/signaling can create excessive inflammation and, when chronic, promote tumorigenesis. Research advances have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at receptor targeting to induce a tumor-infiltrating MP switch from a cancer-supportive toward an anti-tumor phenotype, demonstrating efficacy in different human cancers. This review provides an overview of the role of MP receptors in inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis and discusses the most recent updates regarding their targeting for immunotherapeutic purposes. We focus in particular on the TREM-1 receptor, a major amplifier of MP inflammatory responses, highlighting its relevance in the development and progression of several types of inflammation-associated malignancies and the promises of its inhibition for cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals The Microbiome and Its Implications in Cancer Immunotherapy

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Hani Choudhry
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Cell Cycle Checkpoints ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Therapy Strategies

Cancer is responsible for ~18 million deaths globally each year, representing a major cause of death. Several types of therapy strategies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and more recently immunotherapy, have been implemented in treating various types of cancer. Microbes have recently been found to be both directly and indirectly involved in cancer progression and regulation, and studies have provided novel and clear insights into the microbiome-mediated emergence of cancers. Scientists around the globe are striving hard to identify and characterize these microbes and the underlying mechanisms by which they promote or suppress various kinds of cancer. Microbes may influence immunotherapy by blocking various cell cycle checkpoints and the production of certain metabolites. Hence, there is an urgent need to better understand the role of these microbes in the promotion and suppression of cancer. The identification of microbes may help in the development of future diagnostic tools to cure cancers possibly associated with the microbiome. This review mainly focuses on various microbes and their association with different types of cancer, responses to immunotherapeutic modulation, physiological responses, and prebiotic and postbiotic effects.

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