scholarly journals Mining the Gut Microbiota for Microbial-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolei Li ◽  
Tao Gong ◽  
Yu Hao ◽  
Xuedong Zhou ◽  
Lei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promising Strategy

The past two decades witnessed a revolution in our understanding of host–microbiota interactions that led to the concept of the super-organism consisting of a eukaryotic part and a prokaryotic part. Owing to the critical role of gut microbiota in modulating the host immune system, it is not beyond all expectations that more and more evidence indicated that the shift of gut microbiota influenced responses to numerous forms of cancer immunotherapy. Therapy targeting gut microbiota is becoming a promising strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiota in response to cancer immunotherapy, the mechanisms that the gut microbiota influences cancer immunotherapy, and therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to improve cancer immunotherapy.

Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
Qin Huang ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Di Liao ◽  
Jian Xia
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Immune System of the Intestinal Mucosa

Immuno ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-594
Author(s):  
Takehiro Hirano ◽  
Hiroshi Nakase
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The gut microbiota has diverse microbial components, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The interaction between gut microbiome components and immune responses has been studied extensively over the last decade. Several studies have reported the potential role of the gut microbiome in maintaining gut homeostasis and the development of disease. The commensal microbiome can preserve the integrity of the mucosal barrier by acting on the host immune system. Contrastingly, dysbiosis-induced inflammation can lead to the initiation and progression of several diseases through inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. In this review, we describe the multifaceted effects of the gut microbiota on several diseases from the perspective of mucosal immunological responses.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in Tumor Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Miao Wu ◽  
Jiawei Bai ◽  
Chengtai Ma ◽  
Jie Wei ◽  
Xianjin Du
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Tumor Immunotherapy ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Hematological Tumors ◽  
New Research

Tumor immunotherapy is the fourth therapy after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. It has made great breakthroughs in the treatment of some epithelial tumors and hematological tumors. However, its adverse reactions are common or even more serious, and the response rate in some solid tumors is not satisfactory. With the maturity of genomics and metabolomics technologies, the effect of intestinal microbiota in tumor development and treatment has gradually been recognized. The microbiota may affect tumor immunity by regulating the host immune system and tumor microenvironment. Some bacteria help fight tumors by activating immunity, while some bacteria mediate immunosuppression to help cancer cells escape from the immune system. More and more studies have revealed that the effects and complications of tumor immunotherapy are related to the composition of the gut microbiota. The composition of the intestinal microbiota that is sensitive to treatment or prone to adverse reactions has certain characteristics. These characteristics may be used as biomarkers to predict the prognosis of immunotherapy and may also be developed as “immune potentiators” to assist immunotherapy. Some clinical and preclinical studies have proved that microbial intervention, including microbial transplantation, can improve the sensitivity of immunotherapy or reduce adverse reactions to a certain extent. With the development of gene editing technology and nanotechnology, the design and development of engineered bacteria that contribute to immunotherapy has become a new research hotspot. Based on the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and immunotherapy, the correct mining of microbial information and the development of reasonable and feasible microbial intervention methods are expected to optimize tumor immunotherapy to a large extent and bring new breakthroughs in tumor treatment.

scholarly journals Guanylate-Binding Protein 1 Inhibits Nuclear Delivery of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Virions by Disrupting Formation of Actin Filament

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zou ◽  
Zhihua Meng ◽  
Chao Ma ◽  
Deguang Liang ◽  
Rui Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Kshv Infection ◽  
Guanylate Binding Protein

ABSTRACT Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a typical gammaherpesvirus that establishes persistent lifelong infection in host cells. In order to establish successful infection, KSHV has evolved numerous immune evasion strategies to bypass or hijack the host immune system. However, host cells still produce immune cytokines abundantly during primary KSHV infection. Whether the immune effectors produced are able to inhibit viral infection and how KSHV successfully conquers these immune effectors remain largely unknown. The guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP1) gene is an interferon-stimulated gene and exerts antiviral functions on several RNA viruses; however, its function in DNA virus infection is less well understood. In this study, we found that KSHV infection increases both the transcriptional and protein levels of GBP1 at the early stage of primary infection by activating the NF-κB pathway. The overexpression of GBP1 significantly inhibited KSHV infection, while the knockdown of GBP1 promoted KSHV infection. The GTPase activity and dimerization of GBP1 were demonstrated to be responsible for its anti-KSHV activity. Furthermore, we found that GBP1 inhibited the nuclear delivery of KSHV virions by disrupting the formation of actin filaments. Finally, we demonstrated that replication and transcription activator (RTA) promotes the degradation of GBP1 through a proteasome pathway. Taken together, these results provide a new understanding of the antiviral mechanism of GBP1, which possesses potent anti-KSHV activity, and suggest the critical role of RTA in the evasion of the innate immune response during primary infection by KSHV. IMPORTANCE GBP1 can be induced by various cytokines and exerts antiviral activities against several RNA viruses. Our study demonstrated that GBP1 can exert anti-KSHV function by inhibiting the nuclear delivery of KSHV virions via the disruption of actin filaments. Moreover, we found that KSHV RTA can promote the degradation of GBP1 through a proteasome-mediated pathway. Taken together, our results elucidate a novel mechanism of GBP1 anti-KSHV activity and emphasize the critical role of RTA in KSHV evasion of the host immune system during primary infection.

scholarly journals Probiotics in Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and Neuroinflammatory Disorders

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4891
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Shahbazi ◽  
Hamed Yasavoli-Sharahi ◽  
Nawal Alsadi ◽  
Nafissa Ismail ◽  
Chantal Matar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Inflammation is a biological response to the activation of the immune system by various infectious or non-infectious agents, which may lead to tissue damage and various diseases. Gut commensal bacteria maintain a symbiotic relationship with the host and display a critical function in the homeostasis of the host immune system. Disturbance to the gut microbiota leads to immune dysfunction both locally and at distant sites, which causes inflammatory conditions not only in the intestine but also in the other organs such as lungs and brain, and may induce a disease state. Probiotics are well known to reinforce immunity and counteract inflammation by restoring symbiosis within the gut microbiota. As a result, probiotics protect against various diseases, including respiratory infections and neuroinflammatory disorders. A growing body of research supports the beneficial role of probiotics in lung and mental health through modulating the gut-lung and gut-brain axes. In the current paper, we discuss the potential role of probiotics in the treatment of viral respiratory infections, including the COVID-19 disease, as major public health crisis in 2020, and influenza virus infection, as well as treatment of neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis and other mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Apis cerana gut microbiota contribute to host health though stimulating host immune system and strengthening host resistance to Nosema ceranae

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 192100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqi Wu ◽  
Yufei Zheng ◽  
Yanan Chen ◽  
Gongwen Chen ◽  
Huoqing Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Nosema Ceranae ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Jnk Pathway ◽  
Host Health

Gut microbial communities play vital roles in the modulation of many insects' immunity, including Apis mellifera . However, little is known about the interaction of Apis cerana gut bacteria and A. cerana immune system. Here in this study, we conducted a comparison between germ-free gut microbiota deficient (GD) workers and conventional gut community (CV) workers, to reveal the possible impact of gut microbiota on the expression of A. cerana antimicrobial peptides and immune regulate pathways. We also test whether A. cerana gut microbiota can strengthen host resistance to Nosema ceranae . We find that the expression of apidaecin , abaecin and hymenoptaecin were significantly upregulated with the presence of gut bacteria, and JNK pathway was activated; in the meanwhile, the existence of gut bacteria inhibited the proliferation of Nosema ceranae . These demonstrated the essential role of A. cerana gut microbiota to host health and provided critical insight into the honeybee host–microbiome interaction.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Modulation on Intestinal Mucosal Adaptive Immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Limeng Zhu ◽  
Song Qin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Intestinal Immune System

The mammalian intestine harbors a remarkable number of microbes and their components and metabolites, which are fundamental for the instigation and development of the host immune system. The intestinal innate and adaptive immunity coordinate and interact with the symbionts contributing to the intestinal homeostasis through establishment of a mutually beneficial relationship by tolerating to symbiotic microbiota and retaining the ability to exert proinflammatory response towards invasive pathogens. Imbalance between the intestinal immune system and commensal organisms disrupts the intestinal microbiological homeostasis, leading to microbiota dysbiosis, compromised integrity of the intestinal barrier, and proinflammatory immune responses towards symbionts. This, in turn, exacerbates the degree of the imbalance. Intestinal adaptive immunity plays a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance towards symbionts and the integrity of intestinal barrier, while the innate immune system regulates the adaptive immune responses to intestinal commensal bacteria. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on the effects and mechanisms of gut microbiota on intestinal adaptive immunity and the plasticity of several immune cells under diverse microenvironmental settings.

scholarly journals Novel Insights Into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies of Hepatic Encephalopathy, From the Gut Microbiota Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiachen Liu ◽  
Yantao Xu ◽  
Bimei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Probiotic Intervention

Since the 1950s, gradual changes in the gut microbiota of patients with hepatic encephalopathy have been observed. Previous research has indicated potential associations between the gut and brain, and the gut microbiota is becoming a hot topic in research on diseases of the nervous system. However, for the past few decades, studies of hepatic encephalopathy have been restricted to controlling the gut microbiota during macroscopic manipulation, such as probiotic intervention, while its clinical use remains controversial, and the cellular mechanisms underlying this condition are still poorly understood. This thesis seeks to comprehensively understand and explain the role of gut microbiota in hepatic encephalopathy as well as analyze the effects of intervention by regulating the gut microbiota. Evidence is presented that shows that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is the primary pathological driver of hepatic encephalopathy and impacts pathologic progression via complex regulatory networks. As a result, suggestions were identified for future mechanistic research and improvements in therapeutic strategies for hepatic encephalopathy.

scholarly journals Exploring the Emerging Role of the Gut Microbiota and Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Qiu ◽  
Yuqi Lin ◽  
Yucui Ma ◽  
Xiaoling Li ◽  
Juan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Impact

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem, which includes many different types of cells, abnormal vascular systems, and immunosuppressive cytokines. TME serves an important function in tumor tolerance and escapes from immune surveillance leading to tumor progression. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that gut microbiome is associated with cancer in a variety of ways, as specific microbial signatures are known to promote cancer development and influence safety, tolerability, and efficacy of therapies. Studies over the past five years have shown that the composition of the intestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the efficacy of anticancer immunosurveillance, which contribute to the therapeutic activity of cancer immunotherapies based on targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4) or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)–programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis. In this review, we mainly discuss the impact of TME on cancer and immunotherapy through immune-related mechanisms. We subsequently discuss the influence of gut microbiota and its metabolites on the host immune system and the formation of TME. In addition, this review also summarizes the latest research on the role of gut microbiota in cancer immunotherapy.

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