Impact of Feed Supplementation with Antimicrobial Agents on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus Counts, and Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolates

ABSTRACT The effects of feed supplementation with the approved antimicrobial agents bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, and bacitracin or a combination of salinomycin plus bacitracin were evaluated for the incidence and distribution of antibiotic resistance in 197 commensal Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens over 35 days. All isolates showed some degree of multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to tetracycline (68.5%), amoxicillin (61.4%), ceftiofur (51.3%), spectinomycin (47.2%), and sulfonamides (42%) was most frequent. The levels of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were 33.5, 35.5, and 25.3%, respectively. The overall resistance levels decreased from day 7 to day 35 (P < 0.001). Comparing treatments, the levels of resistance to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, and gentamicin (except for resistance to bacitracin treatment) were significantly higher in isolates from chickens receiving feed supplemented with salinomycin than from the other feeds (P < 0.001). Using a DNA microarray analysis capable of detecting commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, we characterized 104 tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from 7- to 28-day-old chickens fed different growth promoters. Results showed a decrease in the incidence of isolates harboring tet(B), bla TEM, sulI, and aadA and class 1 integron from days 7 to 35 (P < 0.01). Of the 84 tetracycline-ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates, 76 (90.5%) were positive for bla CMY-2. The proportions of isolates positive for sulI, aadA, and integron class 1 were significantly higher in salinomycin-treated chickens than in the control or other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates can be found in broiler chickens regardless of the antimicrobial growth promoters used. However, the phenotype and the distribution of resistance determinants in E. coli can be modulated by feed supplementation with some of the antimicrobial agents used in broiler chicken production.

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Molecular characterisation of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia

World Rabbit Science ◽

10.4995/wrs.2020.10879 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Raouia Ben Rhouma ◽

Ahlem Jouini ◽

Amira Klibi ◽

Safa Hamrouni ◽

Aziza Boubaker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Class 1 Integron ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1

The purpose of this study was to identify Escherichia coli isolates in diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia and characterise their virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. In the 2014-2015 period, 60 faecal samples from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits were collected from different breeding farms in Tunisia. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents was tested by disc diffusion method and the mechanisms of gene resistance were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. Forty E. coli isolates were recovered in selective media. High frequency of resistance to tetracycline (95%) was detected, followed by different levels of resistance to sulphonamide (72.5%), streptomycin (62.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60%), nalidixic acid (32.5%), ampicillin (37.5%) and ticarcillin (35%). E. coli strains were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem. Different variants of blaTEM, tet, sul genes were detected in most of the strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulphonamide, respectively. The presence of class 1 integron was studied in 29 sulphonamide-resistant E. coli strains from which 15 harboured class 1 integron with four different arrangements of gene cassettes, dfrA17+aadA5 (n=9), dfrA1 + aadA1 (n=4), dfrA12 + addA2 (n=1), dfrA12+orf+addA2 (n=1). The qnrB gene was detected in six strains out of 13 quinolone-resistant E. coli strains. Seventeen E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic rabbits harboured the enteropathogenic eae genes associated with different virulence genes tested (fimA, cnf1, aer), and affiliated to B2 (n=8) and D (n=9) phylogroups. Isolated E. coli strains from healthy rabbit were harbouring fim A and/or cnf1 genes and affiliated to A and B1 phylogroups. This study showed that E. coli strains from the intestinal tract of rabbits are resistant to the widely prescribed antibiotics in medicine. Therefore, they constitute a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes, which may play a significant role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the eae virulence gene seemed to be implicated in diarrhoea in breeder rabbits in Tunisia.

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Antimicrobial Resistance and Association with Class 1 Integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated from Turkey Meat Products

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-71.8.1679 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 71 (8) ◽

pp. 1679-1684 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. L. KHAITSA ◽

J. OLOYA ◽

D. DOETKOTT ◽

R. KEGODE

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Population Attributable Fraction ◽

Meat Products ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Turkey Meat ◽

Class 1

The objective of this study was to quantify the role of class 1 integrons in antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from turkey meat products purchased from retail outlets in the Midwestern United States. Of 242 E. coli isolates, 41.3% (102 of 242) tested positive for class 1 integrons. A significant association was shown between presence of class 1 integrons in E. coli isolates and the resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Attributable risk analysis revealed that for every 100 E. coli isolates carrying class 1 integrons, resistance was demonstrated for ampicillin (22%), gentamycin (48%), streptomycin (29%), sulfisoxazole (40%), trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (7%), and tetracycline (26%). Non–integron-related antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated for ampicillin (65%), gentamycin (16.9%), streptomycin (42.1%), sulfisoxazole (35.8%), and tetracycline (49.7%). Population-attributable fraction analysis showed that class 1 integrons accounted for the following resistances: gentamycin, 71% (50 of 71), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, 19.6% (6 of 33), nalidixic acid, 34% (7 of 21), streptomycin, 28% (30 of 107), sulfisoxazole, 38% (40 of 106), and tetracycline, 14%, (26 of 185). In conclusion, although class 1 integrons have been implicated in resistance to antimicrobial agents, other non–integron resistance mechanisms seem to play an important part.

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Detection of Multiple-Antimicrobial Resistance and Characterization of the Implicated Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Foods of Animal Origin in Tunis

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-72.5.1082 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 1082-1088 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

AHLEM JOUINI ◽

KARIM BEN SLAMA ◽

YOLANDA SÁENZ ◽

NAOUEL KLIBI ◽

DANIELA COSTA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Food Samples ◽

Animal Origin ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Class 1 ◽

Agar Dilution

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance was conducted for 98 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from 40 food samples of animal origin (poultry, sheep, beef, fish, and others) obtained in supermarkets and local butcheries in Tunis during 2004 and 2005. Susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents was tested by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods, the mechanisms of resistance were evaluated using PCR and sequencing methods, and the clonal relationship among isolates was evaluated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. High resistance was detected to tetracycline, sulphonamides, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (29 to 43% of isolates), but all isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoxitin, azthreonam, and amikacin. One-third of the isolates had multiresistant phenotypes (resistance to at least five different families of antimicrobial agents). Different variants of blaTEM, tet, sul, dfrA, aadA, and aac(3) genes were detected in most of the strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphonamide, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and gentamicin, respectively. The presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons was studied in 15 sulphonamide-resistant unrelated E. coli strains, and 14 of these strains harbored class 1 integrons with five different arrangements of gene cassettes, and a class 2 integron with the dfrA1 + sat + aadA1 arrangement was found in one strain. This study revealed the high diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes, some of them included in integrons, in E. coli isolates of food origin.

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Characterization of Integrons and Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 Isolates

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2020/3826186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jiangqing Huang ◽

Fangjun Lan ◽

Yanfang Lu ◽

Bin Li

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Broth Culture ◽

Gene Cassettes ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1

Background. Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is an important multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogen, which can cause many kinds of infections. Integrons may play a crucial role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. The purpose of this study was to characterize the prevelance of integrons among E. coli ST131 strains in China. Methods. Eighty-three E. coli ST131 isolates were used in this study. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. The presence and characterization of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons, as well as promotor of gene cassettes and other antimicrobial resistance genes, were detected by PCR and DNA sequencing. Transfer of integrons was carried out using a broth culture mating method. Clonal relatedness of E. coli ST131 isolates was analyzed by PFGE. Results. Overall, 26.5% (22/83) of the E. coli ST131 isolates carried class 1 integrons. Class 2 and 3 integrons were not found in this study. Two types of gene cassette arrays were demonstrated in this study and were as follows: dfrA17-aadA5 and aac(6′)-Ib-cr-cmlA5. Only one type of Pc promoter variant was detected among 22 integron-positive isolates (PcW). In vivo transfer of integron was successful for 9 of integron-positive E. coli ST131 isolates harboring resistance gene cassettes. Results of PFGE demonstrated that the integron-positive E. coli ST131 isolates were grouped into 12 different PFGE clusters. Conclusions. Our study showed a low prevalence of integrons was detected in E. coli ST131. Continued surveillance of this mobile genetic element should be performed to study the evolution of antibiotic resistance among E. coli ST131.

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Characterization of antibiotic-resistant and potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli from soil fertilized with litter of broiler chickens fed antimicrobial-supplemented diets

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w2012-082 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (9) ◽

pp. 1084-1098 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Laura E. Merchant ◽

Heidi Rempel ◽

Tom Forge ◽

Tissa Kannangara ◽

Shabtai Bittman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Plate Count ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Resistance Level ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli

The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants of Escherichia coli from soil amended with litter from 36-day-old broiler chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) fed with diets supplemented with a variety of antimicrobial agents. Soil samples were collected from plots before and periodically after litter application in August to measure E. coli numbers. A total of 295 E. coli were isolated from fertilized soil samples between August and March. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by Sensititre, and polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the presence of resistance and virulence genes. The results confirmed that E. coli survived and could be quantified by direct plate count for at least 7 months in soil following litter application in August. The effects of feed supplementation were observed on E. coli numbers in November and January. Among the 295 E. coli, the highest antibiotic resistance level was observed against tetracycline and β-lactams associated mainly with the resistance genes tetB and blaCMY-2, respectively. Significant treatment effects were observed for phylogenetic groups, antibiotic resistance profiles, and virulence gene frequencies. Serotyping, phylogenetic grouping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed that multiple-antibiotic-resistant and potentially pathogenic E. coli can survive in soil fertilized with litter for several months regardless of antimicrobials used in the feed.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of DiarrheagenicEscherichia coliandShigellaSpecies Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Tehran, Iran

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2009/341275 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. e56-e62 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Fereshteh Jafari ◽

Mohammad Hamidian ◽

Maryam Rezadehbashi ◽

Michael Doyle ◽

Siavosh Salmanzadeh-ahrabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Acute Diarrhea ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

High Rate ◽

Appropriate Use ◽

E Coli ◽

Etiological Agents

A study was performed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance ofShigellaspecies and diarrheagenicEscherichia coliisolates cultured from patients with acute diarrhea in Tehran, Iran. Between May 2003 and May 2005, 1120 diarrheal specimens were collected and assayed for bacterial enteropathogens by conventional and molecular methods. Etiological agents were isolated from 564 (50.3%) specimens, and included 305 (54%)E coli, 157 (27.8%)Shigellaspecies, and 102 (18%) from other genera of bacteria. The predominantE coliwas Shiga toxin-producingE coli(105 isolates [34.5%]) and the predominantShigellaserotype wasShigella sonnei(88 isolates [56.1%]). A high rate of antibiotic resistance was observed amongE coli,with 40 of 53 (75.5%) Shiga toxin-producingE coliisolates resistant to amoxicillin and tetra-cycline, and eight (5.2%)E coliisolates resistant to more than six antibiotics. MostShigellaisolates were resistant to tetracycline (95%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (91.7%), with greatest antibiotic resistance observed amongS sonnei(53 of 88 [60.2%] isolates). Antibiotic resistance is widespread in diarrheagenicE coliandShigellain children with acute diarrhea in Tehran, Iran; hence, updated strategies for appropriate use of antimicrobial agents in Iran are needed.

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Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli Isolated from Broilers in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10050579 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 579

Author(s):

Shamsaldeen Ibrahim ◽

Loh Wei Hoong ◽

Yip Lai Siong ◽

Zaharuddin Mustapha ◽

C. W. Salma C. W. Zalati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

East Coast ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Control Measures ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests

Salmonella species (spp.) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most common infectious pathogens in poultry. Antimicrobials are given either as growth promoters or as treatment, thereby increasing the possibility of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We determined the prevalence of AMR for both pathogens isolated from broiler farms in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia from 2018–2019. A total of 384 cloacal swabs were collected, followed by bacterial isolation, confirmation, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli were 6.5% and 51.8%, respectively. Salmonella spp. and E. coli displayed resistance towards the following antimicrobials: erythromycin (100% for both pathogens), chloramphenicol (76.2% and 84.5%, respectively), tetracycline (62% and 94.6%, respectively), ampicillin (47.7% and 87%, respectively), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (42.9% and 83.3%, respectively), ciprofloxacin (4.8% and 23.8%, respectively), nalidixic acid (9.6% and 60.7%, respectively), streptomycin (19% and 66%, respectively), kanamycin (28.6% and 57%, respectively), cephalothin (0% and 11%, respectively), and gentamicin (0% and 20.2%, respectively). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was recorded in 82% of Salmonella spp. and 100% of E. coli. These findings demonstrate the high prevalence of AMR in both pathogens in broiler farms on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. These findings could be attributed to the excessive use of antimicrobial agents by poultry farm owners. Enhanced control measures and a strong monitoring system should be urgently implemented in order to reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

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Impact of Antimicrobial Usage on Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli Strains Colonizing Broiler Chickens

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01193-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 73 (5) ◽

pp. 1404-1414 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

J. L. Smith ◽

D. J. V. Drum ◽

Y. Dai ◽

J. M. Kim ◽

S. Sanchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Consensus Sequence ◽

Streptomycin Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance Determinants ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Resistance Patterns

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli strains isolated from commercial broilers and an experimental flock of chickens were screened to determine phenotypic expression of antimicrobial resistance and carriage of drug resistance determinants. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of oxytetracycline, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin administration on the distribution of resistance determinants and strain types among intestinal commensal E. coli strains isolated from broiler chickens. We detected a high prevalence of resistance to drugs such as tetracycline (36 to 97%), sulfonamides (50 to 100%), and streptomycin (53 to 100%) in E. coli isolates from treated and untreated flocks. These isolates also had a high prevalence of class 1 integron carriage, and most of them possessed the streptomycin resistance cassette, aadA1. In order to investigate the contribution of E. coli strain distribution to the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the resistance determinants, isolates from each flock were DNA fingerprinted by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC) PCR. Although very diverse E. coli strain types were detected, four ERIC strain types were present on all of the commercial broiler farms, and two of the strains were also found in the experimental flocks. Each E. coli strain consisted of both susceptible and antimicrobial agent-resistant isolates. In some instances, isolates of the same E. coli strain expressed the same drug resistance patterns although they harbored different tet determinants or streptomycin resistance genes. Therefore, drug resistance patterns could not be explained solely by strain prevalence, indicating that mobile elements contributed significantly to the prevalence of resistance.

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Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli Isolated From Broilers in East Coast Malaysia

10.20944/preprints202012.0679.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman ◽

Shamsaldeen Saeed

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

East Coast ◽

Control Measures ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli ◽

High Prevalence

Abstract:Salmonella species (spp) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most common infectious pathogens in poultry. Antimicrobials were given either for the treatment or growth promoters that can increase the possibility of emergence of bacterial resistance towards antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Salmonella spp and E. coli isolated from a sample of broiler farms in East Coast Malaysia from 2018-2019. A total of 384 cloacal swabs were collected from broilers farms in Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang. The bacteria were isolated and confirmed by bacteriological and serological methods. Following that, confirmed isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test. Salmonella spp and E. coli were recovered from the cloacal swabs samples with the overall prevalence of 6.5% and 51.8% respectively. In Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang, the prevalence of Salmonella spp were 7%, 6.5% and 5.8% respectively, while the prevalence for E. coli were 50%, 48.3% and 58% respectively. Salmonella spp and E. coli displayed resistance towards the following antimicrobials: erythromycin (100% for both pathogens), chloramphenicol (76.2%, 84.5%), tetracycline (62%, 94.6%), ampicillin (47.7%, 87%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (42.9%, 83.3%), ciprofloxacin (4.8%, 23.8%), nalidixic acid (9.6%, 60.7%), streptomycin (19%,66%), and kanamycin (28.6%,57%), cephalotin (0%, 11%), gentamicin (0%, 20.2%) respectively. No resistance were recorded towards colistin for both pathogens. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was recorded in 82% of Salmonella spp and 100% of E. coli. These findings demonstrate the high prevalence of MDR Salmonella spp. and E. coli in broiler farms in East coast Malaysia. This could be attributed to the excessive use of antimicrobial agents by the poultry farm owners. Enhanced control measures and a strong monitoring system should be urgently implemented to reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance that is harmful to public health.

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Susceptibility to antibiotics in escherichiae isolated in a multidisciplinary medical centre

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd65483-89 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 83-89

Author(s):

Nadezda S. Kozlova ◽

Natalia E. Barantsevich ◽

Elena P. Barantsevich

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

E Coli ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Carbapenem Resistant ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

High Level

Relevance. Antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial strains currently presents a very important problem. Aim of the study: Study of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, isolated in a multidisciplinary centre. Materials and Methods. Susceptibility of 151 E. coli strains to 15 antibiotics was studied by microdilution method. Results. The majority of the studied strains were resistant to antibiotics, including: ampicillin (57.0%), ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin (42.4% each), III and IV generation cephalosporins (37.1% and 34.4%, respectively) and gentamycin (29.1%). The highest activity against E. coliwas shown for carbapenems (resistance to erthapenem – 2.6%, meropenem – 0.7%), in particular, for imipenem – no strains resistant to this drug were isolated. Resistance to amikacin and phosphomycin was low: 3.3% and 1.3% respectively. Wide diversity of antibiotic resistance spectra was revealed in studied strains, with a high level of multidrug resistance (48.0%). Conclusion. Study of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in E. coli, isolated in a multidisciplinary centre, showed predominance of resistant strains with a high level of multidrug resistance. The appearance of carbapenem-resistant strains in a multidisciplinary centre presents a rising problem.

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