scholarly journals Dietary Fatty Acids Sustain the Growth of the Human Gut Microbiota

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Agans ◽  
Alex Gordon ◽  
Denise Lynette Kramer ◽  
Sergio Perez-Burillo ◽  
José A. Rufián-Henares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTWhile a substantial amount of dietary fats escape absorption in the human small intestine and reach the colon, the ability of resident microbiota to utilize these dietary fats for growth has not been investigated in detail. In this study, we used anin vitromultivessel simulator system of the human colon to reveal that the human gut microbiota is able to utilize typically consumed dietary fatty acids to sustain growth. Gut microbiota adapted quickly to a macronutrient switch from a balanced Western diet-type medium to its variant lacking carbohydrates and proteins. We defined specific genera that increased in their abundances on the fats-only medium, includingAlistipes,Bilophila, and several genera of the classGammaproteobacteria. In contrast, the abundances of well-known glycan and protein degraders, includingBacteroides,Clostridium, andRoseburiaspp., were reduced under such conditions. The predicted prevalences of microbial genes coding for fatty acid degradation enzymes and anaerobic respiratory reductases were significantly increased in the fats-only environment, whereas the abundance of glycan degradation genes was diminished. These changes also resulted in lower microbial production of short-chain fatty acids and antioxidants. Our findings provide justification for the previously observed alterations in gut microbiota observed in human and animal studies of high-fat diets.IMPORTANCEIncreased intake of fats in many developed countries has raised awareness of potentially harmful and beneficial effects of high fat consumption on human health. Some dietary fats escape digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon where they can be metabolized by gut microbiota. We show that human gut microbes are able to maintain a complex community when supplied with dietary fatty acids as the only nutrient and carbon sources. Such fatty acid-based growth leads to lower production of short-chain fatty acids and antioxidants by community members, which potentially have negative health consequences on the host.

scholarly journals Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Dietary Fats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail R. Basson ◽  
Christy Chen ◽  
Filip Sagl ◽  
Ashley Trotter ◽  
Ilya Bederman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
High Fat

With the epidemic of human obesity, dietary fats have increasingly become a focal point of biomedical research. Epidemiological studies indicate that high-fat diets (HFDs), especially those rich in long-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., Western Diet, National Health Examination survey; NHANES ‘What We Eat in America’ report) have multi-organ pro-inflammatory effects. Experimental studies have confirmed some of these disease associations, and have begun to elaborate mechanisms of disease induction. However, many of the observed effects from epidemiological studies appear to be an over-simplification of the mechanistic complexity that depends on dynamic interactions between the host, the particular fatty acid, and the rather personalized genetics and variability of the gut microbiota. Of interest, experimental studies have shown that certain saturated fats (e.g., lauric and myristic fatty acid-rich coconut oil) could exert the opposite effect; that is, desirable anti-inflammatory and protective mechanisms promoting gut health by unanticipated pathways. Owing to the experimental advantages of laboratory animals for the study of mechanisms under well-controlled dietary settings, we focus this review on the current understanding of how dietary fatty acids impact intestinal biology. We center this discussion on studies from mice and rats, with validation in cell culture systems or human studies. We provide a scoping overview of the most studied diseases mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in rodent models relevant to Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis after feeding either high-fat diet (HFD) or feed containing specific fatty acid or other target dietary molecule. Finally, we provide a general outlook on areas that have been largely or scarcely studied, and assess the effects of HFDs on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.

scholarly journals A44 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET PROTECTS AGAINST SPONTANEOUS COLITIS IN THE MUCIN-2 DEFICIENT MURINE MODEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 292-294
Author(s):  
N Haskey ◽  
J Ye ◽  
J A Barnett ◽  
B W Birnie ◽  
A A Verdugo Meza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Mucin 2 ◽  
Fat Diets

Abstract Background A Mediterranean diet (MD) has been proven efficacious in reducing inflammation in many chronic conditions, mediated by the interaction between diet, the gut microbiota and the immune system. The role of the MD as a dietary management strategy in the management of colitis requires further elucidation. While high fat diets have been shown to result in dysbiosis, our lab has clarified that the type of fat, not total calories derived from fat, predict gut dysbiosis and immunity in murine models of colitis. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) promote colitis, however monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) protect against colitis. We hypothesize that a blend of fats, similar to the MD (high MUFA, low n-6 PUFA) will promote gut health beneficial to colitis. Aims Using a murine model of chronic intestinal inflammation, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary fatty acids on colitis by studying dietary fats in isolation from each other, as well as in a fatty acid profile similar to the blend contained in the MD. Methods Mice lacking the mucin 2 gene (Muc 2-/-) were weaned on to a 9-week, high fat (41%), isocaloric, isonitrogenous diet where the fat was derived from corn oil, olive oil, milk fat or a MD fat blend (28% MUFA, 8% SFA, 4% n-6 PUFA, 1% n-3 PUFA). The MD fat blend mimicked the fat profile consumed in the human diet. Disease activity, colon histology, cytokines (serum and colonic expression), cecal short chain fatty acids, intestinal permeability, glucose tolerance and gut microbiota (16S rRNA) were analyzed. Results Muc 2-/- fed the MD were protected from developing the most severe form of colitis, showing significantly lower disease activity and the absence of rectal prolapse. Histological damage was more severe in the corn oil and milk fat groups which coincided with an increase in infiltrating inflammatory cells and increased mucosal ulcerations. MD and milk fat diets exhibited enhanced intestinal permeability, glucose tolerance, intestinal alkaline phosphatase compared to the corn oil diet. Lower colonic mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory RELM-ß and IL-6 were also seen in the MD and MF diet in comparison to corn oil diet with the milk fat eliciting unique protective immune responses as evidenced by increased expression of IL-22 and Reg3-γ. Differences in alpha-diversity were seen between the MD and milk fat diets, beta-diversity revealed differences in taxa between diet groups. Conclusions The fatty acid profile of the MD protects against the development of spontaneous colitis in the Muc2-/- mouse model. In summary, not all dietary fats aggravate colitis, and some may be beneficial during colitis. A diet low in n-6 PUFA and high in MUFA is recommended. Funding Agencies CCCCFDR

scholarly journals Metabolism and secretory function of white adipose tissue: effect of dietary fat

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia M. Oller do Nascimento ◽  
Eliane B. Ribeiro ◽  
Lila M. Oyama
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽  
Tissue Metabolism

Approximately 40% of the total energy consumed by western populations is represented by lipids, most of them being ingested as triacylglycerols and phospholipids. The focus of this review is to analyze the effect of the type of dietary fat on white adipose tissue metabolism and secretory function, particularly on haptoglobin, TNF-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and adiponectin secretion. Previous studies have demonstrated that the duration of the exposure to the high-fat feeding, amount of fatty acid present in the diet and the type of fatty acid may or may not have a significant effect on adipose tissue metabolism. However, the long-term or short-term high fat diets, especially rich in saturated fatty acids, probably by activation of toll-like receptors, stimulated the expression of proinflammatory adipokines and inhibited adiponectin expression. Further studies are needed to investigate the cellular mechanisms by which dietary fatty acids affect white adipose tissue metabolism and secretory functions.

scholarly journals Microbiota-Associated Metabolites and Related Immunoregulation in Colorectal Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4054
Author(s):  
Yan Chen ◽  
Ying-Xuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Specific Influence

A growing body of research has found close links between the human gut microbiota and colorectal cancer (CRC), associated with the direct actions of specific bacteria and the activities of microbiota-derived metabolites, which are implicated in complex immune responses, thus influencing carcinogenesis. Diet has a significant impact on the structure of the microbiota and also undergoes microbial metabolism. Some metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole derivatives, act as protectors against cancer by regulating immune responses, while others may promote cancer. However, the specific influence of these metabolites on the host is conditional. We reviewed the recent insights on the relationships among diet, microbiota-derived metabolites, and CRC, focusing on their intricate immunomodulatory responses, which might influence the progression of colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Promote LAMTOR2-Mediated Immune Responses in Macrophages

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Wu ◽  
Hongru Li ◽  
Cong Su ◽  
Fangming Xu ◽  
Guangwei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Erk Phosphorylation ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSRTACT Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of human-pneumonia-derived sepsis with high morbidity and mortality. The microbiota promotes and maintains host immune homeostasis. The mechanisms by which the gut microbiota affects the host defenses in the respiratory system systematically, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we show that gut microbiota depletion increases susceptibility to extracellular K. pneumoniae infections in terms of increased bacterial burdens in lung and decreased survival rates. Oral supplementation with gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), subsequently activating G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPCR43), enhances a macrophage’s capacity to phagocytose invading K. pneumoniae. Furthermore, SCFAs and GPR43 increase macrophage bacterial clearance by upregulating LAMTOR2, which is further identified as an antibacterial effector and elucidated to facilitate phagosome-lysosome fusion and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Lastly, conditional ablation of Lamtor2 in macrophages decreases their antimicrobial activity, even though mice were pretreated with exogenous SCFA supplementation. IMPORTANCE These observations highlight that SCFAs promote macrophage elimination of K. pneumoniae via a LAMTOR2-dependent signal pathway and suggest that it is possible to intervene in K. pneumoniae pneumonia by targeting the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in membranes are determined by the gene expression of their metabolizing enzymes SCD1 and ELOVL6 regulated by the intake of dietary fat

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 2759-2769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Weiss-Hersh ◽  
Ada L. Garcia ◽  
Tamás Marosvölgyi ◽  
Mónika Szklenár ◽  
Tamás Decsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Hepatic Gene Expression ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Plasma Phospholipids

Abstract Purpose We investigated the effect of dietary fats on the incorporation of saturated (SAFAs) and monounsaturated dietary fatty acids (MUFAs) into plasma phospholipids and the regulation of the expression of lipid-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Methods Mice were fed different diets containing commonly used dietary fats/oils (coconut fat, margarine, fish oil, sunflower oil, or olive oil) for 4 weeks (n = 6 per diet group). In a second experiment, mice (n = 6 per group) were treated for 7 days with synthetic ligands to activate specific nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) and the hepatic gene expression of CYP26A1 was investigated. Hepatic gene expression of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1), elongase 6 (ELOVL6), and CYP26A1 was examined using quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). Fatty acid composition in mouse plasma phospholipids was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Results We found significantly reduced hepatic gene expression of SCD1 and ELOVL6 after the fish oil diet compared with the other diets. This resulted in reduced enzyme-specific fatty acid ratios, e.g., 18:1n9/18:0 for SCD1 and 18:0/16:0 and 18:1n7/16:1n7 for ELOVL6 in plasma phospholipids. Furthermore, CYP26A1 a retinoic acid receptor-specific target was revealed as a new player mediating the suppressive effect of fish oil-supplemented diet on SCD1 and ELOVL6 hepatic gene expression. Conclusion Plasma levels of MUFAs and SAFAs strongly reflect an altered hepatic fatty acid-metabolizing enzyme expression after supplementation with different dietary fats/oils.

scholarly journals Prebiotics and Community Composition Influence Gas Production of the Human Gut Microbiota

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqian Yu ◽  
Thomas Gurry ◽  
Le Thanh Tu Nguyen ◽  
Hunter S. Richardson ◽  
Eric J. Alm
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

ABSTRACT Prebiotics confer benefits to human health, often by promoting the growth of gut bacteria that produce metabolites valuable to the human body, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). While prebiotic selection has strongly focused on maximizing the production of SCFAs, less attention has been paid to gases, a by-product of SCFA production that also has physiological effects on the human body. Here, we investigate how the content and volume of gas production by human gut microbiota are affected by the chemical composition of the prebiotic and the community composition of the microbiota. We first constructed a linear system model based on mass and electron balance and compared the theoretical product ranges of two prebiotics, inulin and pectin. Modeling shows that pectin is more restricted in product space, with less potential for H2 but more potential for CO2 production. An ex vivo experimental system showed pectin degradation produced significantly less H2 than inulin, but CO2 production fell outside the theoretical product range, suggesting fermentation of fecal debris. Microbial community composition also impacted results: methane production was dependent on the presence of Methanobacteria, while interindividual differences in H2 production during inulin degradation were driven by a Lachnospiraceae taxon. Overall, these results suggest that both the chemistry of the prebiotic and the composition of the microbiota are relevant to gas production. Metabolic processes that are relatively prevalent in the microbiome, such as H2 production, will depend more on substrate, while rare metabolisms such as methanogenesis depend more strongly on microbiome composition. IMPORTANCE Prebiotic fermentation in the gut often leads to the coproduction of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and gases. While excess gas production can be a potential problem for those with functional gut disorders, gas production is rarely considered during prebiotic design. In this study, we combined the use of theoretical models and an ex vivo experimental platform to illustrate that both the chemical composition of the prebiotic and the community composition of the human gut microbiota can affect the volume and content of gas production during prebiotic fermentation. Specifically, more prevalent metabolic processes such as hydrogen production were strongly affected by the oxidation state of the probiotic, while rare metabolisms such as methane production were less affected by the chemical nature of the substrate and entirely dependent on the presence of Methanobacteria in the microbiota.

scholarly journals Short-Chain Fatty Acids Reduced Renal Calcium Oxalate Stones by Regulating the Expression of Intestinal Oxalate Transporter SLC26A6

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Xi Jin ◽  
Yucheng Ma ◽  
Zhongyu Jian ◽  
Zhitao Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Renal Stone ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Healthy Controls

Some studies found that the relative abundances of short-chain-fatty-acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria were lower in the gut microbiota of renal stone patients than healthy controls. Our previous study demonstrated that SCFAs could reduce the formation of renal calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones, but the mechanism is still unknown.

scholarly journals Obesity-Related Metabolome and Gut Microbiota Profiles of Juvenile Göttingen Minipigs—Long-Term Intake of Fructose and Resistant Starch

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Mihai V. Curtasu ◽  
Valeria Tafintseva ◽  
Zachary A. Bendiks ◽  
Maria L. Marco ◽  
Achim Kohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The metabolome and gut microbiota were investigated in a juvenile Göttingen minipig model. This study aimed to explore the metabolic effects of two carbohydrate sources with different degrees of risk in obesity development when associated with a high fat intake. A high-risk (HR) high-fat diet containing 20% fructose was compared to a control lower-risk (LR) high-fat diet where a similar amount of carbohydrate was provided as a mix of digestible and resistant starch from high amylose maize. Both diets were fed ad libitum. Non-targeted metabolomics was used to explore plasma, urine, and feces samples over five months. Plasma and fecal short-chain fatty acids were targeted and quantified. Fecal microbiota was analyzed using genomic sequencing. Data analysis was performed using sparse multi-block partial least squares regression. The LR diet increased concentrations of fecal and plasma total short-chain fatty acids, primarily acetate, and there was a higher relative abundance of microbiota associated with acetate production such as Bacteroidetes and Ruminococcus. A higher proportion of Firmicutes was measured with the HR diet, together with a lower alpha diversity compared to the LR diet. Irrespective of diet, the ad libitum exposure to the high-energy diets was accompanied by well-known biomarkers associated with obesity and diabetes, particularly branched-chain amino acids, keto acids, and other catabolism metabolites.

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