New Mode of Energy Metabolism in the Seventh Order of Methanogens as Revealed by Comparative Genome Analysis of “Candidatus Methanoplasma termitum”
ABSTRACTThe recently discovered seventh order of methanogens, theMethanomassiliicoccales(previously referred to as “Methanoplasmatales”), so far consists exclusively of obligately hydrogen-dependent methylotrophs. We sequenced the complete genome of “CandidatusMethanoplasma termitum” from a highly enriched culture obtained from the intestinal tract of termites and compared it with the previously published genomes of three other strains from the human gut, including the first isolate of the order. Like all other strains, “Ca. Methanoplasma termitum” lacks the entire pathway for CO2reduction to methyl coenzyme M and produces methane by hydrogen-dependent reduction of methanol or methylamines, which is consistent with additional physiological data. However, the shared absence of cytochromes and an energy-converting hydrogenase for the reoxidation of the ferredoxin produced by the soluble heterodisulfide reductase indicates thatMethanomassiliicoccalesemploy a new mode of energy metabolism, which differs from that proposed for the obligately methylotrophicMethanosphaera stadtmanae. Instead, all strains possess a novel complex that is related to the F420:methanophenazine oxidoreductase (Fpo) ofMethanosarcinalesbut lacks an F420-oxidizing module, resembling the apparently ferredoxin-dependent Fpo-like homolog inMethanosaeta thermophila. Since allMethanomassiliicoccalesalso lack the subunit E of the membrane-bound heterodisulfide reductase (HdrDE), we propose that the Fpo-like complex interacts directly with subunit D, forming an energy-converting ferredoxin:heterodisulfide oxidoreductase. The dual function of heterodisulfide inMethanomassiliicoccales, which serves both in electron bifurcation and as terminal acceptor in a membrane-associated redox process, may be a unique characteristic of the novel order.