Endophytic Fungi in Indigenous Australasian Grasses Associated with Toxicity to Livestock

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher O. Miles ◽  
Margaret E. di Menna ◽  
Surrey W. L. Jacobs ◽  
Ian Garthwaite ◽  
Geoffrey A. Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Slow Growing

ABSTRACT Grazing of Echinopogon spp. by livestock in Australia has caused symptoms similar to those of perennial ryegrass staggers. We observed an endophytic fungus in the intercellular spaces of the leaves and seeds of New Zealand and Australian specimens of Echinopogon ovatus. Culture of surface-sterilized seeds from New Zealand specimens yielded a slow-growing fungus. An examination in which immunoblotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used indicated that E. ovatus plants from Australia and New Zealand were infected with fungi serologically related toNeotyphodium lolii (the endophyte of perennial ryegrass) and other Epichloe and Neotyphodium spp. endophytic in pooid grasses. No lolitrems (the indole–diterpenoids implicated as the causative agents of perennial ryegrass staggers), peramine analogs, or ergot alkaloids were detected in the infected specimens by high-performance liquid chromatography or ELISA. However, in endophyte-infected E. ovatus plants from New Zealand, analogs of the indole–diterpenoid paxilline (thought to be a biosynthetic precursor of the lolitrems and related tremorgens) were detected by ELISA, and N-formylloline was detected by gas chromatography. Endophyte-free specimens of New Zealand E. ovatus did not contain detectable paxilline analogs or lolines and were more palatable than infected specimens to adults of the pasture pest Listronotus bonariensis (Argentine stem weevil). Hyphae similar to those of the E. ovatus endophyte were also found in herbarium specimens of Echinopogon nutans var. major, Echinopogon intermedius, Echinopogon caespitosus, andEchinopogon cheeli. This appears to be the first time that an endophytic Neotyphodium species has been identified in grasses endemic to New Zealand or Australia.

A survey of ryegrass endophyte (Acremonium loliae) in the U.K. and its apparent ineffectually on a seedling pest

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Lewis ◽  
R. O. Clements
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Overwinter Mortality

SUMMARYAcremonium loliaeis an endophytic fungus which infects plants of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), an important pasture grass in New Zealand and much of Western Europe. In New Zealand the endophyte–ryegrass association was found recently to give rise to tremorgenic substances (lolitrem A and B), which are the cause of a serious disorder of grazing and domestic livestock there. The endophyte also confers resistance in ryegrass plants to certain insect pests in New Zealand and enhances plant growth even in the absence of pests. In the present work 61 swards at 52 widespread sites in the U.K. were checked for the presence of endophyte mycelium, and it was found in 14 swards, of which 12 were at least 15 years old. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests confirmed that the fungus wasA. loliae.Also, lolitrem B was detected in plants from most of the sites where the mycelium was found; this appears to be the first time this tremorgen has been reported in the U.K. or perhaps in Europe. In a small-plot experiment at two sites with newly sown perennial ryegrass the endophyte appeared to have no effect on infestation by frit fly larvae, a major pest of seedling ryegrass plants. Also, in the present work, the endophyte had no measurable effect on the growth or overwinter mortality of larvae.

scholarly journals The current status of Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) as a pest in the North Island of New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Popay ◽  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
S.L. Goldson ◽  
C.M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The North ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Microctonus Hyperodae ◽  
Behavioural Adaptations

Recent sampling in Waikato and Taranaki shows that Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) can still cause major damage to susceptible ryegrass pastures despite the introduction of the parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae in 1991 Percentage of tillers with L bonariensis larval damage in diploid and tetraploid perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass in January and February were between 11 and 68 High egg numbers were noted on occasion Although there is evidence that M hyperodae reduces host populations parasitism levels vary considerably between years in Canterbury and are low in Otago and Southland where high populations of L bonariensis have recently been recorded Factors that may be lessening the impact of M hyperodae are considered These include asynchronous generations of the parasitoid and its host host behavioural adaptations compensatory oviposition and inhibition of flight in parasitised individuals leading to low levels of parasitism in new pastures

scholarly journals Ergot alkaloids additional to ergovaline in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass and tall fescue in New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
G.A. Lane ◽  
B.A. Tapper ◽  
E. Davies
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids

Several ergot alkaloids additional to ergovaline have been identified in perennial ryegrass and other grasses infected with Neotyphodium spp. endophytes. The identification of the ergot alkaloids ergine, chanoclavine-I and dehydroergovaline, from New Zealand samples of endophyte-infected tall fescue and perennial ryegrass is reported and discussed. Keywords: chanoclavine-I, dehydroergovaline, endophyte, ergine, ergot alkaloid, Neotyphodium spp., ryegrass, tall fescue

scholarly journals PSVII-33 Inter-Animal Variability in Androstenone Transport and the Potential Effect on the Development of Boar Taint

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 465-465
Author(s):  
Christine Bone ◽  
Jocelyn Cameron ◽  
Jim Squires
Keyword(s):  
Binding Affinity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Quality Issue ◽  
First Time

Abstract Boar taint is a meat quality issue characterized by an off-odour or off-flavour in pork caused by the accumulation of androstenone in the fat. Our previous work demonstrated that androstenone binds non-specifically to albumin in the plasma and suggested that the binding affinity of androstenone might vary between individual animals, which may affect the subsequent development of boar taint. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the binding of androstenone in the plasma of animals with high and low fat androstenone concentrations to determine the effect of androstenone binding affinity on the development of boar taint. Plasma and backfat samples were obtained from 5-month-old terminal cross [Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire)] (n = 8) boars. An androstenone specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine animals with high (n = 4) or low (n = 4) fat androstenone concentrations. The plasma from each boar was incubated with radiolabeled [3H]-androstenone in the presence or absence of excess unlabeled androstenone. Excess unlabeled androstenone created competition for binding sites allowing the displacement of [3H]-androstenone from albumin to be quantified. Incubations were analyzed by a novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method we previously developed to assess androstenone binding. Statistical analysis was conducted using a two-way ANOVA. The plasma albumin concentrations were similar across individual boars; however, the percentage of androstenone that could be displaced from albumin in boars with high fat androstenone concentrations ranged from 7.1 ± 2.4% to 21.9 ± 5.2%, and was significantly lower (P = 0.01) than the percentage of androstenone displaced in the animals with low fat androstenone concentrations. These results suggest that the binding affinity of androstenone is inversely related with fat androstenone concentrations, demonstrating for the first time that the transport of androstenone in the plasma may contribute to the development of boar taint.

TBE in Sweden

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
First Time

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated for the first time in Sweden in 1958 (from ticks and from 1 tick-borne encephalitis [TBE] patient).1 In 2003, Haglund and colleagues reported the isolation and antigenic and genetic characterization of 14 TBEV strains from Swedish patients (samples collected 1991–1994).2 The first serum sample, from which TBEV was isolated, was obtained 2–10 days after onset of disease and found to be negative for anti-TBEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas TBEV-specific IgM (and TBEV-specific immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid [IgG/CSF] activity) was demonstrated in later serum samples taken during the second phase of the disease.

Superionic Lithium Intercalation through 2 nm x 2 nm Columns in the Crystallographic Shear Phase Nb18W8O69

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Griffith ◽  
Clare Grey
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Lithium Intercalation ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Complex Metal Oxides ◽  
Battery Electrode ◽  
Crystallographic Shear ◽  
Battery Material ◽  
First Time

Nb18W8O69 (9Nb2O5×8WO3) is the tungsten-rich end-member of the Wadsley–Roth crystallographic shear (cs) structures within the Nb2O5–WO3 series. It has the largest block size of any known, stable Wadsley–Roth phase, comprising 5 ´ 5 units of corner-shared MO6 octahedra between the shear planes, giving rise to 2 nm ´ 2 nm blocks. Rapid lithium intercalation is observed in this new candidate battery material and 7Li pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy – measured in a battery electrode for the first time at room temperature – reveals superionic lithium conductivity. In addition to its promising rate capability, Nb18W8O69 adds a piece to the larger picture of our understanding of high-performance Wadsley–Roth complex metal oxides.

The revision of lichens, lichenicolous and non-lichenized fungi from the Vodlozersky National Park (Republic of Karelia, Russia) in the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-348
Author(s):  
V. N. Tarasova ◽  
T. Ahti ◽  
O. Vitikainen ◽  
A. V. Sonina ◽  
L. Myllys
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Lichenized Fungi ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Lichenicolous Fungi ◽  
Biogeographic Province ◽  
Botanical Museum ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lichen Flora

This is a report of a revision of 565 herbarium specimens of lichens, lichenicolous or non-lichenized fungi and additional locality records of common species produced from a visit of the Russian-Finnish expedition to Vodlozersky National Park right after its foundation in 1991. The analyzed collection and field records represent the earliest information about the lichen flora of the territory of the park. In total, 177 species are listed including 173 lichens, 3 non-lichenized and 1 lichenicolous fungi. Xylographa rubescens is new to the Republic of Karelia. Twenty two species are reported for the first time for biogeographic province Karelia transonegensis; 47 species for the Karelian part of Vodlozersky National Park; and 17 species for the whole territory of the park.

Development of an HPLC-UV Method for Quantification of Stattic

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-573
Author(s):  
Soheil Sedaghat ◽  
Ommoleila Molavi ◽  
Akram Faridi ◽  
Ali Shayanfar ◽  
Mohammad Reza Rashidi
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Dimerization Inhibitor ◽  
Oncogenic Protein ◽  
First Time ◽  
Transcription 3

Background: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), an oncogenic protein found constitutively active in many types of human malignancies, is considered to be a promising target for cancer therapy. Objective: In this study for the first time, a simple and accurate method has been developed for the determination of a STAT3 dimerization inhibitor called stattic in aqueous and plasma samples. Methods: A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) composed of C18 column as stationary phase, and the mixture of acetonitrile (60%) and water (40%) as mobile phase with a UV detection at 215 nm were applied for quantification of stattic. The developed method was validated by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline. Results: The method provided a linear range between 1-40 and 2.5-40 µg mL-1 for aqueous and plasma samples, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The accuracy (as recovery) of the developed method was found to be between 95-105% for aqueous medium and 85-115% for plasma samples. The precision (as relative standard deviation) for aqueous and plasma samples was less than 6% and 15%, respectively. The sensitivity of the developed method based on FDA guideline was 1 µg mL-1 for aqueous and 2.5 µg mL-1 for plasma samples. Conclusion: These results show that the established method is a fast and accurate quantification for stattic in aqueous and plasma samples.

scholarly journals Histochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Lamium album subsp. album L. Corolla: Essential Oil, Triterpenes, and Iridoids

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4166
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Anna Matysik-Woźniak ◽  
Aneta Sulborska ◽  
Beata Polak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Trichome Types ◽  
First Time

The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to localize lipids, terpenes, essential oil, and iridoids in the trichomes of the L. album subsp. album corolla. Morphometric examinations of individual trichome types were performed. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to show the micromorphology and localization of lipophilic compounds and iridoids in secretory trichomes with the use of histochemical tests. Additionally, the content of essential oil and its components were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Qualitative analyses of triterpenes carried out using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with densitometric detection, and the iridoid content expressed as aucubin was examined with spectrophotometric techniques. We showed the presence of iridoids and different lipophilic compounds in papillae and glandular and non-glandular trichomes. On average, the flowers of L. album subsp. album yielded 0.04 mL/kg of essential oil, which was dominated by aldehydes, sesquiterpenes, and alkanes. The extract of the L. album subsp. album corolla contained 1.5 × 10−3 ± 4.3 × 10−4 mg/mL of iridoid aucubin and three triterpenes: oleanolic acid, β-amyrin, and β-amyrin acetate. Aucubin and β-amyrin acetate were detected for the first time. We suggest the use of L. album subsp. album flowers as supplements in human nutrition.

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