Wide Geographic Distribution of Bacteriophages That Lyse the Same Indigenous Freshwater Isolate (Sphingomonas sp. Strain B18)

ABSTRACT An indigenous freshwater bacterium (Sphingomonas sp. strain B18) from Lake Pluβsee (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) was used to isolate 44 phages from 13 very different freshwater and brackish habitats in distant geographic areas. This bacterial strain was very sensitive to a broad spectrum of phages from different aquatic environments. Phages isolated from geographically distant aquatic habitats, but also those from the same sample, were diverse with respect to morphology and restriction pattern. Some phages were widely distributed, while different types coexisted in the same sample. It was concluded that phages could be a major factor in shaping the structure of bacterial communities and maintaining a high bacterial diversity.

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Influence of Tissue Type on the Bacterial Diversity and Community in Pork Bacon

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.799332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Wenjuan Gong ◽

Yan Zhu ◽

XiXiong Shi ◽

Weibing Zhang ◽

PengCheng Wen

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Redundancy Analysis ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Tissue Type ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

Bacterial Interactions ◽

Different Types ◽

Different Tissues

In current study, bacterial diversity and community in different tissues of pork bacon were determined using high-throughput sequencing. In total, six phyla and 111 bacterial genera were identified. Among them, three dominant genera (Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, and Macrococcus) were shared by all bacon samples. The linear discriminant analysis showed that 24 bacterial taxa significantly differentiated between the tissues. Results of non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and redundancy analysis showed that physicochemical characteristics of the tissue prominently structured the bacterial communities. Network analysis also illustrated that tissue type was an important factor impacting the bacterial interactions in different types of tissue. The results of current study can add valuable insights to the traditional homemade pork bacon.

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Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

Environmental Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s40793-021-00379-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ananda Tiwari ◽

Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽

Jorge Santo Domingo ◽

Michael Elk ◽

Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

Human Health ◽

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Water Samples ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Pollution Sources ◽

Production Well

Abstract Background Rivers and lakes are used for multiple purposes such as for drinking water (DW) production, recreation, and as recipients of wastewater from various sources. The deterioration of surface water quality with wastewater is well-known, but less is known about the bacterial community dynamics in the affected surface waters. Understanding the bacterial community characteristics —from the source of contamination, through the watershed to the DW production process—may help safeguard human health and the environment. Results The spatial and seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities, their predicted functions, and potential health-related bacterial (PHRB) reads within the Kokemäenjoki River watershed in southwest Finland were analyzed with the 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing method. Water samples were collected from various sampling points of the watershed, from its major pollution sources (sewage influent and effluent, industrial effluent, mine runoff) and different stages of the DW treatment process (pre-treatment, groundwater observation well, DW production well) by using the river water as raw water with an artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). The beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were highly varied among sample groups (R = 0.92, p < 0.001, ANOSIM). The species richness and evenness indices were highest in surface water (Chao1; 920 ± 10) among sample groups and gradually decreased during the DW treatment process (DW production well; Chao1: 320 ± 20). Although the phylum Proteobacteria was omnipresent, its relative abundance was higher in sewage and industrial effluents (66–80%) than in surface water (55%). Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were only detected in sewage samples. Actinobacteria was more abundant in the surface water (≥13%) than in other groups (≤3%). Acidobacteria was more abundant in the DW treatment process (≥13%) than in others (≤2%). In total, the share of PHRB reads was higher in sewage and surface water than in the DW treatment samples. The seasonal effect in bacterial communities was observed only on surface water samples, with the lowest diversity during summer. Conclusions The low bacterial diversity and absence of PHRB read in the DW samples indicate AGR can produce biologically stable and microbiologically safe drinking water. Furthermore, the significantly different bacterial communities at the pollution sources compared to surface water and DW samples highlight the importance of effective wastewater treatment for protecting the environment and human health.

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Effect of milk replacer allowance on calf faecal bacterial community profiles and fermentation

Animal Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s42523-021-00088-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sandeep Kumar ◽

M. Ajmal Khan ◽

Emma Beijer ◽

Jinxin Liu ◽

Katherine K. Lowe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Serum Protein ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Protein Levels

Abstract Background The nutrition of calves from birth until weaning is predominantly from liquid (milk or milk-based) feeds. Liquid feed allowances are often restricted during artificial rearing to accelerate the development of the rumen by promoting solid feed intake. Liquid feeds bypass the rumen and are digested in the lower digestive tract, however, the influence of different types of milk feeds, and their allowances, on the calf hindgut microbiota is not well understood. In this study, faecal samples from 199 calves raised on three different allowances of milk replacer: 10% of initial bodyweight (LA), 20% of initial bodyweight (HA), and ad libitum (ADLIB), were collected just prior to weaning. Bacterial community structures and fermentation products were analysed, and their relationships with calf growth and health parameters were examined to identify potential interactions between diet, gut microbiota and calf performance. Results Differences in the total concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were not observed, but higher milk replacer allowances increased the concentrations of branched short-chain fatty acids and decreased acetate to propionate ratios. The bacterial communities were dominated by Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroides, and the bacterial diversity of the ADLIB diet group was greater than that of the other diet groups. Faecalibacterium was over three times more abundant in the ADLIB compared to the LA group, and its abundance correlated strongly with girth and body weight gains. Milk replacer intake correlated strongly with Peptococcus and Blautia, which also correlated with body weight gain. Bifidobacterium averaged less than 1% abundance, however its levels, and those of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, correlated strongly with initial serum protein levels, which are an indicator of colostrum intake and passive transfer of immunoglobulins in early life. Conclusions Higher milk replacer intakes in calves increased hindgut bacterial diversity and resulted in bacterial communities and short chain fatty acid profiles associated with greater protein fermentation. Increased abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, were also observed, which may contribute to development and growth. Moreover, correlations between microbial taxa and initial serum protein levels suggest that colostrum intake in the first days of life may influence microbiota composition at pre-weaning.

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Basal Cambrian microfossils from the Yangtze Gorges area (South China) and the Aksu area (Tarim block, northwestern China)

Journal of Paleontology ◽

10.1017/s0022336000058108 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 30-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Lin Dong ◽

Shuhai Xiao ◽

Bing Shen ◽

Chuanming Zhou ◽

Guoxiang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Geographic Distribution ◽

South China ◽

Northwestern China ◽

Cambrian Explosion ◽

Filamentous Cyanobacteria ◽

Primary Producers ◽

Tarim Block ◽

Eukaryotic Phytoplankton ◽

History Of ◽

Wide Geographic Distribution

The basal Cambrian marks the beginning of an important chapter in the history of life. However, most paleontological work on the basal Cambrian has been focused on skeletal animal fossils, and our knowledge about the primary producers—cyanobacteria and eukaryotic phytoplankton (e.g., acritarchs)—is limited. In this research, we have investigated basal Cambrian acritarchs, coccoidal microfossils, and cyanobacteria preserved in phosphorites and cherts of the Yanjiahe Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area (South China) and the Yurtus Formation in the Aksu area (Tarim Block, northwestern China). Our study confirms the occurrence in these two formations of small acanthomorphic acritarchs characteristic of the basal CambrianAsteridium–Comasphaeridium–Heliosphaeridium(ACH) assemblage. These acritarchs include abundantHeliosphaeridium ampliatimi(Wang, 1985) Yao et al., 2005, commonYurtusia uniformisn. gen. and n. sp., and rareComasphaeridium annulare(Wang, 1985) Yao et al., 2005. In addition, these basal Cambrian successions also contain the clustered coccoidal microfossilArchaeophycus yunnanensis(SonginLuo et al., 1982) n. comb., several filamentous cyanobacteria [Cyanonema majusn. sp.,Oscillatoriopsis longaTimofeev and Hermann, 1979, andSiphonophycus robustum(Schopf, 1968) Knoll et al., 1991], and the tabulate tubular microfossilMegathrix longusL. Yin, 1987a, n. emend. Some of these taxa (e.g.,H. ampliatum, C. annulare, andM. longus) have a wide geographic distribution but occur exclusively in basal Cambrian successions, supporting their biostratigraphic importance. Comparison between the stratigraphic occurrences of microfossils reported here and skeletal animal fossils published by others suggests that animals and phytoplankton radiated in tandem during the Cambrian explosion.

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Spatio-Temporal Variation of the Bacterial Communities along a Salinity Gradient within a Thalassohaline Environment (Saline di Tarquinia Salterns, Italy)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051338 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1338

Author(s):

Susanna Gorrasi ◽

Andrea Franzetti ◽

Roberto Ambrosini ◽

Francesca Pittino ◽

Marcella Pasqualetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Generalized Linear Models ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Linear Models ◽

Salinity Gradient ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Α Diversity ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Abundance Variation ◽

Microbiological Aspects

The “Saline di Tarquinia” salterns have been scarcely investigated regarding their microbiological aspects. This work studied the structure and composition of their bacterial communities along the salinity gradient (from the nearby sea through different ponds). The communities showed increasing simplification of pond bacterial diversity along the gradient (particularly if compared to those of the sea). Among the 38 assigned phyla, the most represented were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Differently to other marine salterns, where at the highest salinities Bacteroidetes dominated, preponderance of Proteobacteria was observed. At the genus level the most abundant taxa were Pontimonas, Marivita, Spiribacter, Bordetella, GpVII and Lentibacter. The α-diversity analysis showed that the communities were highly uneven, and the Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that they were structured by various factors (sampling site, sampling year, salinity, and sampling month). Moreover, the taxa abundance variation in relation to these significant parameters were investigated by Generalized Linear Models. This work represents the first investigation of a marine saltern, carried out by a metabarcoding approach, which permitted a broad vision of the bacterial diversity, covering both a wide temporal span (two years with monthly sampling) and the entire salinity gradient (from the nearby sea up to the crystallisation ponds).

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How many species of cladocerans (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) are found in Brazilian Federal District?

Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia ◽

10.1590/s2179-975x2013005000008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 351-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa ◽

Lourdes Maria Abdu Elmoor-Loureiro

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Aquatic Vegetation ◽

Federal District ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Aquatic Environments ◽

Number Of Species ◽

Different Types ◽

Local Extinctions ◽

Richness Estimators ◽

Selection Of

AIM: This study aimed provides a checklist of cladocerans and also an evaluation of richness and species composition in the Federal District, Brazil. METHODS: Checklist of cladocerans was obtained evaluating data from the literature, from taxonomic collection (Elmoor-Loureiro's collection) and from fauna surveys conducted over more than three decades in different types of aquatic environments. RESULTS: The 57 water bodies studied showed 56 species, of which 14 are new records. The number of species contained in the list displayed corresponds to 85% of what was expected for richness estimators. The highest number of species was observed in the lentic water bodies (52), which also presented the specific composition of fauna (R = 0.110; p = 0.016), possibly because there were samples taken among the aquatic vegetation. According to our understanding, some species may be subject to local extinctions because they inhabit water bodies located exclusively in urban areas, which can lead to a decline in richness. CONCLUSION: Thus, the results of this study can assist in monitoring aquatic environments and in selection of new areas for surveys of cladocerans in the Federal District.

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Ecological succession of fungal and bacterial communities in Antarctic mosses affected by a fairy ring disease

10.21203/rs.3.rs-393340/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luiz Henrique Rosa ◽

Otávio Henrique Bezerra Pinto ◽

Lívia Costa Coelho ◽

Peter Convey ◽

Micheline Carvalho-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Communities ◽

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Fungal Community ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

King George Island ◽

Fairy Rings ◽

Fungal Assemblages ◽

Antarctic Mosses

Abstract We evaluated fungal and bacterial diversity in an established moss carpet on King George Island, Antarctica, affected by ‘fairy ring’ disease using metabarcoding. These microbial communities were assessed through the main stages of the disease. A total of 127 fungal and 706 bacterial taxa were assigned. The phylum Ascomycota dominated the fungal assemblages, followed by Basidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mortierellomycota and Monoblepharomycota. The fungal community displayed high indices of diversity, richness and dominance, which increased from healthy through infected to dead moss samples. Bacterial diversity and richness were greatest in healthy moss and least within the infected fairy ring. Chalara sp. 1, Alpinaria sp., Helotiaceae sp. 2, Chaetothyriales sp. 1, Ascomycota sp. 1, Rozellomycota sp. and Fungi sp. were most abundant within the fairy ring samples. A range of fungal taxa were more abundant in dead rather than healthy or fairy ring moss samples. The dominant prokaryotic phyla were Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Cyanobacteria. The taxon Cyanobacteriia sp., whilst consistently dominant, were less abundant in fairy ring samples. Microbacteriaceae sp. and Chloroflexi sp. were the most abundant taxa within the fairy rings. Our data confirmed the presence and abundance of a range of plant pathogenic fungi, supporting the hypothesis that the disease is linked with multiple fungal taxas. Further studies are required to characterise the interactions between plant pathogenic fungi and their host Antarctic mosses. Monitoring the dynamics of mutualist, phytopathogenic and decomposer microorganisms associated with moss carpets may provide bioindicators of moss health.

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Analysis of Bacterial Communities on North Sea Macroalgae and Characterization of the Isolated Planctomycetes Adhaeretor mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., Roseimaritima multifibrata sp. nov., Rosistilla ulvae sp. nov. and Rubripirellula lacrimiformis sp. nov.

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9071494 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1494

Author(s):

Sandra Wiegand ◽

Patrick Rast ◽

Nicolai Kallscheuer ◽

Mareike Jogler ◽

Anja Heuer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Aquatic Environments ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

Epiphytic Communities ◽

Different Strains ◽

A Minor ◽

The Phylum Planctomycetes

Planctomycetes are bacteria that were long thought to be unculturable, of low abundance, and therefore neglectable in the environment. This view changed in recent years, after it was shown that members of the phylum Planctomycetes can be abundant in many aquatic environments, e.g., in the epiphytic communities on macroalgae surfaces. Here, we analyzed three different macroalgae from the North Sea and show that Planctomycetes is the most abundant bacterial phylum on the alga Fucus sp., while it represents a minor fraction of the surface-associated bacterial community of Ulva sp. and Laminaria sp. Especially dominant within the phylum Planctomycetes were Blastopirellula sp., followed by Rhodopirellula sp., Rubripirellula sp., as well as other Pirellulaceae and Lacipirellulaceae, but also members of the OM190 lineage. Motivated by the observed abundance, we isolated four novel planctomycetal strains to expand the collection of species available as axenic cultures since access to different strains is a prerequisite to investigate the success of planctomycetes in marine environments. The isolated strains constitute four novel species belonging to one novel and three previously described genera in the order Pirellulales, class Planctomycetia, phylum Planctomycetes.

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Amyloid Oligomer Structures and Toxicity

The Open Biology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874196700902010222 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 222-227

Author(s):

Charles G. Glabe

Keyword(s):

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Degenerative Diseases ◽

Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽

Membrane Pores ◽

Disease Mechanisms ◽

Amyloid Accumulation ◽

Amyloid Oligomers ◽

Different Types ◽

Amyloid Oligomer

Amyloid accumulation is commonly associated with a number of important human degenerative diseases and recent findings indicate that soluble amyloid oligomers may represent the primary pathological species in degenerative diseases. Amyloid oligomers are structurally and morphologically diverse, raising the question on whether this diversity is pathologically significant and whether different types of oligomers may have different toxic activities. Many of the amyloids associated with neurodegenerative diseases form three immunologically distinct types of oligomers. Fibrillar oligomers are structurally related to fibrils and may represent small pieces of fibrils or fibril protofilaments. Prefibrillar oligomers are kinetic intermediates in fibril formation and annular protofibrils that resemble membrane pores. These three classes of oligomers share common structures and toxic activities. Focus on these common mechanisms of toxicity provides a means of simplifying the list of primary disease mechanisms and opens the possibility of developing broad spectrum therapeutics that target several amyloid related degenerative diseases.

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