Comparative Evaluation of Profiles of Antibodies to Mycobacterial Capsular Polysaccharides in Tuberculosis Patients and Controls Stratified by HIV Status

ABSTRACTDespite the complexity of tuberculosis (TB) serology, antibodies (Abs) remain attractive biomarkers for TB. Recent evidence of a mycobacterial capsule that consists mainly of the polysaccharides arabinomannan (AM) and glucan provides new options for serologic targets. For this study, Ab responses to AM and glucan for 47 U.S. TB patients (33 HIV negative [HIV−], 14 HIV positive [HIV+]), 42 healthy controls, and 38 asymptomatic HIV+controls were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results were compared with Ab responses to the mycobacterial glycolipid cell wall antigen lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and to the proteins malate synthase (MS) and MPT51. We found that the main immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype response to polysaccharides was IgG, predominantly of subclass IgG2. IgG responses to AM were significantly higher for HIV−and HIV+TB cases than for controls (P, <0.0001 and <0.01, respectively); significantly higher for HIV−than for HIV+TB cases (P, <0.01); and significantly higher in sputum smear-positive than smear-negative patients in both HIV−and HIV+cases (P, 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). In both TB groups, titers of Ab to glucan were significantly lower than titers of Ab to AM (P, <0.0001). IgG responses to AM and MS or to AM and MPT51 did not correlate with each other in HIV−TB patients, while they correlated significantly in HIV+TB patients (P, 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). We conclude that Ab responses to AM could contribute to the serodiagnosis of TB, especially for HIV−TB patients. This study also provides new and important insights into the differences in the profiles of Abs to mycobacterial antigens between HIV−and HIV+TB patients.

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HIV risk factors among patients with tuberculosis — Botswana 1999

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/0956462021925126 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 311-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Elizabeth A Talbot ◽

Thomas A Kenyon ◽

Themba L Moeti ◽

Gary Hsin ◽

Laura Dooley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Positive ◽

Sex Partners ◽

Regular Partner ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Prevalence Odds Ratio ◽

Tuberculosis Patients ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Hiv Prevention Strategies ◽

Hiv Negative

To identify factors associated with HIV in Botswana, a standardized questionnaire was administered to 135 tuberculosis patients with known HIV status. HIV-positive patients were more likely than HIV-negative patients to: be female (45% vs 26% (adjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR)=3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1-12.7)); be 26-35 years old (50% vs 19% (aPOR=2.7, CI=0.7-10.7)); be unmarried (91% vs 71% (aPOR=13.3, CI=2.5-72.7)); have higher income (24% vs 10% (aPOR=8.2, CI=1.6-42.9)); report separation from spouse/partner for work (63% vs 52% (aPOR=1.8, CI=0.5-6.2)); have 2 sex partners other than their regular partner (82% vs 67% (aPOR=1.8, CI=0.5-7.5)); and state that they or their partner drank alcohol before sex (77% vs 55% (aPOR=6.8, CI=1.9-24.1)). Only 22% of respondents used condoms during all of their past 10 sexual encounters. These data provide information for HIV prevention strategies.

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Aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in HIV-positive and HIV-negative multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients

South African Medical Journal ◽

10.7196/samj.4964 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 102 (6) ◽

pp. 363 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Tashneem Harris ◽

Soraya Bardien ◽

H Simon Schaaf ◽

Lucretia Petersen ◽

Greetje De Jong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Tuberculosis Patients ◽

Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Hiv Negative

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Radiological Findings of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients with and Without HIV Infections

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v16i1.1174 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Radhiana binti Hassan ◽

Haziq Hussaini bin Fauzi ◽

Kamil Irsyad bin Yusoff ◽

Muhammad Faizol bin Mohd Satar ◽

Hafizah bt Pasi

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Chest Radiograph ◽

Chest Radiographs ◽

Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Sputum Smear ◽

P Value ◽

Radiological Findings ◽

Radiological Manifestation ◽

Hiv Negative

Introduction: Radiological manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV positive patients is different with HIV negative patients. We aim to determine the differences in chest radiological findings of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among HIV and non-HIV infected patients in HTAA. Materials and method: A retrospective study was conducted in Chest Clinic, Hospital Tunku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan Pahang. There were 101 chest radiographs with sputum smear-positive retrieved and reviewed. Socio-demographic status and chest radiographs findings were documented and analyzed. Results: Of the 101 patients, 12 patients were HIV positive. Of the 89 HIV negative patients, 96% had consolidation change on chest radiograph, in contrast with HIV positive patients, only 4% among them had this appearance and this is statistically significant (p value less than 0.05). Mediastinal lymphadenopathy is significantly higher (17%) in HIV positive patients compared to HIV negative patients (1%). Normal chest radiographs were more common in HIV positive patients (33%) as compared to HIV negative patients (2%). Conclusion: HIV positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis exhibit different radiological manifestation on chest radiograph when compared to HIV negative patients.

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HIV-Related Attitudes and Intentions for High-Risk, Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex With Men: Associations and Clinical Implications for HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative MSM

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1891/0889-8391.24.4.281 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 281-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gordon Mansergh ◽

David J. McKirnan ◽

Stephen A. Flores ◽

Sharon M. Hudson ◽

Beryl A. Koblin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Risk Behavior ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Safer Sex ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Anal Sex ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Hiv Negative ◽

Hiv Positive Men

This study compared HIV-related attitudes and intentions by respondent HIV-status in a large sample of substance-using men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States. Attitudes and intentions included self-efficacy for safer sex; difficulty communicating with sex partners about safer sex; intent to use condoms consistently and to not use substances before sex in the next 3 months; and less concern for HIV given effective antiviral treatments. Differences were found for behavior during the most recent anal sex encounter by HIV-status, including (a) insertive and (b) receptive anal sex risk behavior, and (c) substance use before or during the encounter. Self-efficacy for safer sex was associated with less risk behavior among HIV-negative men but not among HIV-positive men, suggesting that self-efficacy for safer sex continues to be a relevant issue to address in counseling uninfected MSM. HIV-positive men who reported less concern for HIV given treatments were more likely to report receptive risk behavior, as were HIV-negative men who reported difficulty communicating about safer sex. Implications are discussed for potentially heightened client desire and therapeutic opportunity to reduce future substance use during sex for clients who report recent substance use during sex.

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423. Self-Reported Screening for Rectal Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Men Who Have Sex with Men

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.496 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S212-S213

Author(s):

Timothy William. Menza ◽

Lauren Lipira ◽

Amisha Bhattarai ◽

Joseph Ramirez ◽

Roberto Orellana

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Hiv Negative ◽

Hiv Positive Men

Abstract Background Rectal gonorrhea and Chlamydia are common and predict HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men (MSM); however, screening for rectal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is not routine. Methods In 2017, we recruited sexually-active MSM in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area through venue-based sampling. Our outcome of interest was self-reported rectal STI screening in the prior 12 months. Stratified by HIV status, we assessed the prevalence and demographic, healthcare, clinical, and behavioral predictors of screening. Results Of 448 participants, 168 (37.5%) reported rectal STI screening. One hundred twenty-seven (35.8%) of 355 HIV-negative men, 41 (58.6%) of 70 HIV-positive men, and none of 23 men who did not know their HIV status reported screening. Among HIV-negative men, having a healthcare provider who offered HIV testing (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]=2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43, 3.04), a syphilis diagnosis (aPR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.69), use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (aPR=1.57; 95% CI 1.21, 2.04), and condomless anal sex with casual partners in the prior 12 months (aPR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.36, 2.22) independently predicted screening for rectal STI in multivariable analysis. HIV-positive men who reported having a provider who always or often initiates conversations about sex were significantly more likely to report screening compared with men who did not have such a provider (aPR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.06). Conclusion Rectal STI screening is not universal in a venue-based sample of sexually-active MSM. Implementing innovative, acceptable, and accessible screening practices and improving provider comfort with talking about sex are paramount to increasing rectal STI screening. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Rate of BCG Immunization in HIV-Exposed Infants in a Selected Primary Health Centre in Southern Nigeria: Implications of No Vaccine Policy for HIV-Positive Infants

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics ◽

10.1093/tropej/fmaa030 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

A M Ekanem ◽

I P Oloyede ◽

U E Ekrikpo ◽

A U Idung ◽

E Edward

Keyword(s):

Health Centre ◽

Primary Health Centre ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Hiv Dna ◽

Primary Health ◽

Hiv Exposed ◽

Dna Pcr ◽

Pcr Test ◽

Hiv Negative

Abstract Background Maternal and infant HIV status influences the decision of BCG immunization of infants at birth. The objective of this study was to determine the HIV status of HIV-exposed infants (HEIs) by the first HIV DNA PCR test and the rate of BCG uptake among the HEIs who were confirmed HIV negative. Methods This was a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study involving the review of results of 99 dried blood samples (DBS) for the first HIV DNA PCR test of HEIs whose mothers were diagnosed HIV positive on presentation of the infants at first immunization visit at a Primary Health Centre from January 2018 to January 2019. Results Of the 99 DBS examined, 86; 86.9% (95% CI 80.1–93.6) were HIV negative, 9; 9.1% (95% CI 3.3–14.8) were positive while the results of 4 (4.0%) infants were not in the register. Only 7; 7.1% (95% CI 1.9–12.2) of the 99 HEIs returned for BCG immunization at the centre. BCG immunization status of the HEIs after first PCR results was not significantly associated with sex of the infants or availability of phone number of the guardians (p = 0.70 and 0.12, respectively). Conclusion The majority of HEIs were HIV negative at first HIV DNA PCR test. Few of these HIV negative infants returned for BCG immunization. Hence, all HEIs should be given BCG immunization according to WHO GAVCS committee recommendation on BCG immunization for settings with poor HIV diagnostic and treatment facilities for mothers and infants.

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Performance of verbal autopsy methods in estimating HIV-associated mortality among adults in South Africa

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000833 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. e000833 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aaron S Karat ◽

Noriah Maraba ◽

Mpho Tlali ◽

Salome Charalambous ◽

Violet N Chihota ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Verbal Autopsy ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Civil Registration ◽

Art Initiation ◽

Better Than ◽

Hiv Negative

IntroductionVerbal autopsy (VA) can be integrated into civil registration and vital statistics systems, but its accuracy in determining HIV-associated causes of death (CoD) is uncertain. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of VA questions in determining HIV status and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and compared HIV-associated mortality fractions assigned by different VA interpretation methods.MethodsUsing the WHO 2012 instrument with added ART questions, VA was conducted for deaths among adults with known HIV status (356 HIV positive and 103 HIV negative) in South Africa. CoD were assigned using physician-certified VA (PCVA) and computer-coded VA (CCVA) methods and compared with documented HIV status.ResultsThe sensitivity of VA questions in detecting HIV status and ART initiation was 84.3% (95% CI 80 to 88) and 91.0% (95% CI 86 to 95); 283/356 (79.5%) HIV-positive individuals were assigned HIV-associated CoD by PCVA, 166 (46.6%) by InterVA-4.03, 201 (56.5%) by InterVA-5, and 80 (22.5%) and 289 (81.2%) by SmartVA-Analyze V.1.1.1 and V.1.2.1. Agreement between PCVA and older CCVA methods was poor (chance-corrected concordance [CCC] <0; cause-specific mortality fraction [CSMF] accuracy ≤56%) but better between PCVA and updated methods (CCC 0.21–0.75; CSMF accuracy 65%–98%). All methods were specific (specificity 87% to 96%) in assigning HIV-associated CoD.ConclusionAll CCVA interpretation methods underestimated the HIV-associated mortality fraction compared with PCVA; InterVA-5 and SmartVA-Analyze V.1.2.1 performed better than earlier versions. Changes to VA methods and classification systems are needed to track progress towards targets for reducing HIV-associated mortality,

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The Demand for, and Impact of, Learning HIV Status

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.98.5.1829 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

pp. 1829-1863 ◽

Cited By ~ 253

Author(s):

Rebecca L Thornton

Keyword(s):

Hiv Positive ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Monetary Incentives ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Hiv Negative

This paper evaluates an experiment in which individuals in rural Malawi were randomly assigned monetary incentives to learn their HIV results after being tested. Distance to the HIV results centers was also randomly assigned. Without any incentive, 34 percent of the participants learned their HIV results. However, even the smallest incentive doubled that share. Using the randomly assigned incentives and distance from results centers as instruments for the knowledge of HIV status, sexually active HIV-positive individuals who learned their results are three times more likely to purchase condoms two months later than sexually active HIV-positive individuals who did not learn their results; however, HIV-positive individuals who learned their results purchase only two additional condoms than those who did not. There is no significant effect of learning HIV-negative status on the purchase of condoms. (JEL I12, O15)

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Patterns of sexualised recreational drug use and its association with risk behaviours and sexual health outcomes in men who have sex with men in London, UK: a comparison of cross-sectional studies conducted in 2013 and 2016

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

10.1136/sextrans-2019-054139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 197-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tyrone J Curtis ◽

Alison J Rodger ◽

Fiona Burns ◽

Anthony Nardone ◽

Andrew Copas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Health ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Risk Behaviours ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Unknown Status ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Hiv Negative ◽

Hiv Positive Men

ObjectiveLondon has one of the highest identified prevalence of chemsex (sexualised recreational drug use) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe. We examine MSM’s patterns of chemsex and its association with HIV/STI risk behaviours, STI diagnoses and sexual healthcare-seeking behaviours, including if HIV testing behaviour met UK national guidelines (three monthly if engaging in chemsex).MethodsCross-sectional survey data from 2013 (n=905) and 2016 (n=739) were collected using anonymous, self-administered questionnaires from MSM recruited in commercial gay venues in London, UK. Descriptive and multivariable analyses, stratified by self-reported HIV status, were conducted. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% CIs were calculated.ResultsComparing the 2013 and 2016 surveys, chemsex prevalence in the past year remained stable, in both HIV-negative/unknown-status MSM (20.9% in 2013 vs 18.7% in 2016, p=0.301) and HIV-positive MSM (41.6% in 2013 vs 41.7% in 2016, p=0.992). Combined 2013–2016 data showed that compared with other MSM, those reporting chemsex were more likely to report HIV/STI risk behaviours, including condomless anal intercourse with serodifferent HIV-status partners (HIV-negative/unknown-status men: aPR 2.36, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.30; HIV-positive men: aPR 4.19, 95% CI 1.85 to 9.50), and STI diagnoses in the past year (HIV-negative/unknown-status men: aPR 2.10, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.69; HIV-positive men: aPR 2.56, 95% CI 1.57 to 4.20). 68.6% of HIV-negative/unknown-status men reporting chemsex attended sexual health clinics and 47.6% had tested for HIV more than once in the past year.ConclusionsChemsex in London MSM remained stable but high, particularly among HIV-positive men. Irrespective of HIV status, chemsex was associated with engagement in HIV/STI risk behaviours. Frequency of HIV testing in the past year among HIV-negative/unknown-status men was below national recommendations. Promoting combination prevention strategies, including three monthly HIV/STI testing, access to pre-exposure prophylaxis/antiretroviral treatment and behavioural interventions among MSM reporting chemsex, remains vital to address sexual health inequalities in MSM.

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PD-L1 protein expression and copy number gains in HIV-positive locally advanced cervical cancer

Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology ◽

10.1177/1758835920963001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 175883592096300

Author(s):

Kongsak Loharamtaweethong ◽

Napaporn Puripat ◽

Niphon Praditphol ◽

Jidapa Thammasiri ◽

Siriwan Tangitgamol

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Copy Number ◽

Locally Advanced ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Free Survival ◽

Parametrial Invasion ◽

Programmed Death ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hiv Negative

Background: The programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis may represent a target for cervical cancer; however, it is poorly understood in human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Methods: We evaluated HIV-positive ( n = 42) and HIV-negative ( n = 110) women with locally advanced cervical cancer regarding their PD-L1 expression, determined by combined positive score (CPS) ⩾ 1 and tumor proportion score (TPS) ⩾ 25%, and PD-L1 copy number alterations, assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: Regardless of HIV status, 84.9% and 44.8% of cases were PD-L1-positive according to CPS ⩾ 1 and TPS ⩾ 25%. Per CPS ⩾ 1, PD-L1 positive rate was similar between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, whereas a significant difference was seen per TPS ⩾ 25%. Tumor size and parametrial invasion were correlated with PD-L1 positivity in HIV-negative women, whereas anti-retroviral therapy (ART) was correlated with TPS < 25%. Low CD4-positive cell counts were associated with CPS < 1 in HIV-positive women. No significant difference was observed in PD-L1 copy number status between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. PD-L1 amplification and polysomy were independently associated with TPS ⩾ 25%, whereas the presence of parametrial invasion was independently associated with CPS ⩾ 1. Cancer stage and PD-L1 amplification were identified as independent predictors of recurrence-free survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.40 (1.32–4.36) and HR = 5.33 (1.94–14.61)] and cancer-specific survival [HR = 13.62 (5.1–36.38) and HR = 3.53 (1.43–8.69)]. PD-L1 polysomy was an independent predictor of locoregional recurrence-free survival [HR = 3.27 (1.27–8.41)]. HIV status and PD-L1 expression (CPS ⩾ 1 or TPS ⩾ 25%) were not associated with poor patient outcomes. Conclusion: PD-L1 amplification and polysomy are the strongest drivers of PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer, and could represent prognostic biomarkers for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Cervical cancer biology may be modulated by HIV infection, CD4-positive cells, and HIV treatments.

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