scholarly journals Impact ofEimeria tenellaCoinfection onCampylobacter jejuniColonization of the Chicken

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Macdonald ◽  
Pauline M. van Diemen ◽  
Henny Martineau ◽  
Mark P. Stevens ◽  
Fiona M. Tomley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Detrimental Impact

ABSTRACTEimeria tenellacan cause the disease coccidiosis in chickens. The direct and often detrimental impact of this parasite on chicken health, welfare, and productivity is well recognized; however, less is known about the secondary effects that infection may have on other gut pathogens.Campylobacter jejuniis the leading cause of human bacterial foodborne disease in many countries and has been demonstrated to exert negative effects on poultry welfare and production in some broiler lines. Previous studies have shown that concurrentEimeriainfection can influence the colonization and replication of bacteria, such asClostridium perfringensandSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. Through a series ofin vivocoinfection experiments, this study evaluated the impact thatE. tenellainfection had onC. jejunicolonization of chickens, including the influence of variations in parasite dose and sampling time after bacterial challenge. Coinfection withE. tenellaresulted in a significant increase inC. jejunicolonization in the cecum in a parasite dose-dependent manner but a significant decrease inC. jejunicolonization in the spleen and liver of chickens. The results were reproducible at 3 and 10 days after bacterial infection. This work highlights thatE. tenellanot only has a direct impact on the health and well-being of chickens but can have secondary effects on important zoonotic pathogens.

scholarly journals Virulent Bacteriophages Can Target O104:H4 Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in the Mouse Intestine

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 6235-6242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Maura ◽  
Matthieu Galtier ◽  
Chantal Le Bouguénec ◽  
Laurent Debarbieux
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens ◽  
Colonization Model ◽  
Mouse Intestine ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACTIn vivobacteriophage targeting of enteroaggregativeEscherichia coli(EAEC) was assessed using a mouse intestinal model of colonization with the O104:H4 55989Str strain and a cocktail of three virulent bacteriophages. The colonization model was shown to mimic asymptomatic intestinal carriage found in humans. The addition of the cocktail to drinking water for 24 h strongly decreased ileal and weakly decreased fecal 55989Str concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. These decreases in ileal and fecal bacterial concentrations were only transient, since 55989Str concentrations returned to their original levels 3 days later. These transient decreases were independent of the mouse microbiota, as similar results were obtained with axenic mice. We studied the infectivity of each bacteriophage in the ileal and fecal environments and found that 55989Str bacteria in the mouse ileum were permissive to all three bacteriophages, whereas those in the feces were permissive to only one bacteriophage. Our results provide the first demonstration that bacterial permissivity to infection with virulent bacteriophages is not uniform throughout the gut; this highlights the need for a detailed characterization of the interactions between bacteria and bacteriophagesin vivofor the further development of phage therapy targeting intestinal pathogens found in the gut of asymptomatic human carriers.

scholarly journals Targeting Essential Genes in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium with Antisense Peptide Nucleic Acid

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 6407-6409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad A. Soofi ◽  
Mohamed N. Seleem
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Essential Genes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Gene Inhibition ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Antisense Peptide ◽  
Great Potency

ABSTRACTWe investigated the capability of antisense peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) conjugated to the (KFF)3K cell-penetrating peptide to target possible essential genes (ligA,rpoA,rpoD,engA,tsf, andkdtA) inSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium and inhibit bacterial growthin vitro and in cell culture. All targeted PNA-based gene inhibition has shown great potency in gene expression inhibition in a sequence-specific and dose-dependent manner at micromolar concentrations. Among tested PNAs, the anti-rpoAand -rpoDPNAs showed the greatest potency.

scholarly journals Butyrate Supplementation at High Concentrations Alters Enteric Bacterial Communities and Reduces Intestinal Inflammation in Mice Infected with Citrobacter rodentium

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle A. Jiminez ◽  
Trina C. Uwiera ◽  
D. Wade Abbott ◽  
Richard R. E. Uwiera ◽  
G. Douglas Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Rectal Administration ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Butyrate Treatment ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT The study findings provide evidence that administration of butyrate in a dose-dependent manner can improve the weight gain of infected mice, enhance clearance of the infection, reduce inflammation through altered cytokine expression, and enhance tissue repair and mucus secretion. Moreover, butyrate treatment also affected the abundance of bacterial populations in both noninflamed and inflamed intestines. Notably, this investigation provides foundational information that can be used to determine the effects of prebiotics and other functional foods on the production of butyrate by enteric bacteria and their impact on intestinal health and host well-being. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid by-product of the microbial fermentation of dietary fermentable materials in the large intestine; it is the main energy source for enterocyte regeneration, modulates the enteric microbial community, and contributes to increasing host health via mechanisms that are relatively poorly defined. Limited research has examined the therapeutic potential of butyrate using models of enteric inflammation incited by pathogenic organisms. We used Citrobacter rodentium to incite acute Th1/Th17 inflammation to ascertain the impact of butyrate on the host-microbiota relationship. Rectal administration of 140 mM butyrate to mice increased fecal concentrations of butyrate and increased food consumption and weight gain in mice infected with C. rodentium. Histological scores of colonic inflammation were lower in infected mice administered 140 mM butyrate. Expression of Il10, Tgfβ, and Muc2 was elevated in noninfected mice administered butyrate in comparison to mice not administered butyrate. Infected mice administered butyrate displayed elevated expression of genes necessary for pathogen clearance (i.e., Il17A and Il1β) and of genes involved in epithelial barrier repair and restoration (i.e., Relmβ, Tff3, and Myd88). Butyrate supplemented to inflamed colons increased the abundances of Proteobacteria and Lachnospiraceae and reduced the abundance of Clostridiaceae species. Mice with enteritis that were administered butyrate also exhibited an increased abundance of mucus-associated bacteria. In summary, rectal administration of butyrate increased feed consumption and weight gain, ameliorated C. rodentium-induced cell injury through enhanced expression of immune regulation and tissue repair mechanisms, and increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in mice with enteritis. IMPORTANCE The study findings provide evidence that administration of butyrate in a dose-dependent manner can increase weight gain in infected mice, enhance clearance of the infection, reduce inflammation through altered cytokine expression, and enhance tissue repair and mucus secretion. Moreover, butyrate treatment also affected the abundance of bacterial populations in both noninflamed and inflamed intestines. Notably, this investigation provides foundational information that can be used to determine the effects of prebiotics and other functional foods on the production of butyrate by enteric bacteria and their impact on intestinal health and host well-being.

scholarly journals “I got into a very dark place”: addressing the needs of young people leaving care during the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berni Kelly ◽  
Colm Walsh ◽  
John Pinkerton ◽  
Alicia Toal
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Young People ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Care Leavers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Detrimental Impact

Purpose This paper aims to report on the findings of a qualitative study that explored the views and experiences of young people leaving care during the first phase of the Covid-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was adopted involving semi-structured interviews with 24 care leavers 18–25 years old from across the region. Interviews were conducted remotely online or by telephone and explored young people’s lived experiences during the pandemic including their views on the formal support services and how best to provide ongoing for support care leavers during the pandemic. Findings Study findings highlight how known adversities for care leavers are exacerbated during the pandemic, having a detrimental impact, particularly on their emotional well-being. The response of the state as a corporate parent in mitigating the impact of the pandemic was found to be inadequate; with a need for much clearer communication, transparent and prompt decision-making and targeted specialist mental health services. The account given by the young people also highlighted the importance of participation and relationship-based practice to build on the young people’s resilience in the context of high levels of social isolation and limited access to informal support systems. Originality/value This research, based on the views of care experienced young people themselves, is the first study in Northern Ireland to report on the impact of the Covid 19 pandemic on care leaving. As such it makes a contribution to this emerging international field of study and, given the persistence of the pandemic, provides empirical findings and a social justice perspective of ongoing relevance to policy and practice with young people leaving care.

scholarly journals Virulence-Suppressing Effects of Linezolid on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Possible Contribution to Early Defervescence

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1744-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadako Yoshizawa ◽  
Kazuhiro Tateda ◽  
Tomoo Saga ◽  
Yoshikazu Ishii ◽  
Keizo Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACTIn the present study, immunomodulatory effects of linezolid (LZD) on methicillin-resistanceStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infections were evaluated. We have retrospectively reviewed treatment effects of LZD on 52 patients with severe MRSA infections. Sixty-four percent of the febrile patients demonstrated significant defervescence within 3 days, despite the presence of positive culture results. We speculated that this finding might be due to early anti-inflammatory effects of LZD, and to investigate this further we initiatedin vivoexperiments using mice MRSA pneumonia models. Mice were treated with either LZD or vancomycin (VCM) immediately after intranasal administration of MRSA. Bacterial numbers and levels of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs were determined. Although the bacterial burden in the lungs was not apparently different between the two groups, LZD but not VCM treatment significantly reduced induction of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs (P< 0.05). To evaluate whether this anti-inflammatory response was due to suppression of virulence factor expression, filter-sterilized supernatants of MRSA incubated in broth overnight with sub-MICs of LZD were subcutaneously administered to mice. To clarify whether LZD possesses direct host-modulating activity, cytokine responses to the supernatants were examined in mice pretreated with LZD. Interestingly, MRSA solutions prepared in the presence of sub-MICs of LZD revealed significant suppression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in a dose-dependent manner (P< 0.05), but pretreatment of mice with LZD revealed no changes in cytokines. These findings suggest that sub-MICs of LZD might suppress virulence factors of MRSA, which may be associated with a reduction in endogenous pyrogens. These data may explain at least in part early defervescence observed in LZD-treated individuals.

Effects of prostacyclin and indomethacin on experimental delayed cerebral vasospasm

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyokazu Fukumori ◽  
Eiichi Tani ◽  
Yukio Maeda ◽  
Atsuhiko Sukenaga
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Canine Basilar Artery ◽  
Dose Dependent

✓ Isolated canine basilar artery contracted by prostaglandin E2, hemoglobin, or serum was relaxed in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of 10−8M to 10−6M prostacyclin (PGI2), and was scarcely relaxed by 10−9M PGI2. In other studies, intravenous administration of PGI2 (25 or 75 ng/kg/min), indomethacin (4 mg/kg), or indomethacin (4 mg/kg) plus PGI2 (25 ng/kg/min) failed to reverse angiographic delayed vasospasm produced in vivo in the canine basilar artery by an intracisternal injection of blood. In addition, no significant increase occurred in mean values of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with any treatments, and mean rCBF difference in dogs treated by PGI2 infusion at 25 ng/kg/min was 2.5 ± 1.2 ml/100 gm/min and only significantly increased (p < 0.01). Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly reduced by PGI2 infusion at 25 (p < 0.05) or 75 ng/kg/min (p < 0.005).

scholarly journals The Impact of Dietary Curcumin on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Antibacterial Capacity, and Haemato-Biochemical Parameters of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1779
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Ashry ◽  
Aziza M. Hassan ◽  
Mahmoud M. Habiba ◽  
Ahmed El-Zayat ◽  
Mohamed E. El-Sharnouby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gilthead Seabream ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dose Dependent

The need to replace antibiotics in aquafeed is increasing, and alternative safe substances are now encouraged for sustainable aquaculture activity. Curcumin is regarded as a multifunctional feed additive with growth-promoting and immunostimulant potential. Thus, this study evaluated dietary inclusion of curcumin at rates of 0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3% in the diets of Gilthead seabream for 150 days. The results showed an improved final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio in fish treated with curcumin, in a dose-dependent manner. The highest growth performance was observed in fish fed a diet supplemented with 3% curcumin. The results also showed lowered activity of pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio spp. and Faecal coliform) in the intestines of Gilthead seabream fed a diet with curcumin inclusion, in a dose-dependent manner. The hematological indices were within the normal range for healthy fish, without meaningful effects except for hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs), and white blood cells (WBCs), which were markedly increased by dietary curcumin. Phagocytic activity was obviously enhanced by dietary curcumin, compared with the control. The biochemical blood metabolites related to liver function (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)), renal tissue (urea), and total cholesterol were within the normal values, without significant differences. Overall, the inclusion of curcumin at a rate of 2–3% improved the growth performance and well-being of Gilthead seabream.

The More Control, the Better?

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeeyun Oh ◽  
Mun-Young Chung ◽  
Sangyong Han
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Design ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Story Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High User ◽  
User Control ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

Despite of the popularity of interactive movie trailers, rigorous research on one of the most apparent features of these interfaces – the level of user control – has been scarce. This study explored the effects of user control on users’ immersion and enjoyment of the movie trailers, moderated by the content type. We conducted a 2 (high user control versus low user control) × 2 (drama film trailer versus documentary film trailer) mixed-design factorial experiment. The results showed that the level of user control over movie trailer interfaces decreased users’ immersion when the trailer had an element of traditional story structure, such as a drama film trailer. Participants in the high user control condition answered that they were less fascinated with, absorbed in, focused on, mentally involved with, and emotionally affected by the movie trailer than participants in the low user control condition only with the drama movie trailer. The negative effects of user control on the level of immersion for the drama trailer translated into users’ enjoyment. The impact of user control over interfaces on immersion and enjoyment varies depending on the nature of the media content, which suggests a possible trade-off between the level of user control and entertainment outcomes.

Effects of NO-Donors on Thrombus Formation and Microcirculation in Cerebral Vessels of the Rat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (01) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuto Sasaki ◽  
Junji Seki ◽  
John C Giddings ◽  
Junichiro Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Velocity ◽  
Red Cell Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Dose Dependent

SummarySodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), are known to liberate nitric oxide (NO). In this study the effects of SNP and SIN-1 on thrombus formation in rat cerebral arterioles and venules in vivo were assessed using a helium-neon (He-Ne) laser. SNP infused at doses from 10 Μg/kg/h significantly inhibited thrombus formation in a dose dependent manner. This inhibition of thrombus formation was suppressed by methylene blue. SIN-1 at a dose of 100 Μg/kg/h also demonstrated a significant antithrombotic effect. Moreover, treatment with SNP increased vessel diameter in a dose dependent manner and enhanced the mean red cell velocity measured with a fiber-optic laser-Doppler anemometer microscope (FLDAM). Blood flow, calculated from the mean red cell velocity and vessel diameters was increased significantly during infusion. In contrast, mean wall shear rates in the arterioles and venules were not changed by SNP infusion. The results indicated that SNP and SIN-1 possessed potent antithrombotic activities, whilst SNP increased cerebral blood flow without changing wall shear rate. The findings suggest that the NO released by SNP and SIN-1 may be beneficial for the treatment and protection of cerebral infarction

scholarly journals Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Impairs Mayaro Virus Replication in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and HeLa Cells

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1156
Author(s):  
Madelaine Sugasti-Salazar ◽  
Yessica Y. Llamas-González ◽  
Dalkiria Campos ◽  
José González-Santamaría
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Human Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Mayaro Virus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dose Dependent

Mayaro virus (MAYV) hijacks the host’s cell machinery to effectively replicate. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 have emerged as crucial cellular factors implicated in different stages of the viral cycle. However, whether MAYV uses these MAPKs to competently replicate has not yet been determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of MAPK inhibition on MAYV replication using primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and HeLa cells. Viral yields in supernatants from MAYV-infected cells treated or untreated with inhibitors SB203580, SP600125, U0126, or Losmapimod were quantified using plaque assay. Additionally, viral protein expression was analyzed using immunoblot and immunofluorescence. Knockdown of p38⍺/p38β isoforms was performed in HDFs using the PROTACs molecule NR-7h. Our data demonstrated that HDFs are highly susceptible to MAYV infection. SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, reduced MAYV replication in a dose-dependent manner in both HDFs and HeLa cells. Additionally, SB203580 significantly decreased viral E1 protein expression. Similarly, knockdown or inhibition of p38⍺/p38β isoforms with NR-7h or Losmapimod, respectively, affected MAYV replication in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings suggest that p38 could play an important role in MAYV replication and could serve as a therapeutic target to control MAYV infection.

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