scholarly journals Levels of Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-4 Are Inversely Related to the Levels of Their Corresponding Autoantibodies in Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 3051-3054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rihab ElKarim ◽  
Carl Granert ◽  
Lars Lindquist ◽  
Hans Link ◽  
Moiz Bakhiet
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Fab Fragments ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT To study the involvement of cytokines and their corresponding autoantibodies (Aabs) in inflammatory mechanisms in patients with lower respiratory tract infections, blood samples were taken from patients at the time of admission to the hospital and before treatment. Cell-released capturing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) produced spontaneously by peripheral mononuclear cells (PMNC). ELISA was used to measure Aabs to these cytokines in sera. The levels of both cytokines were inversely related to the levels of their corresponding Aabs. While a high level of IFN-γ was observed together with a low level of anti-IFN-γ Aab, decreased IL-4 levels were observed with increased levels of Aabs to IL-4. Immunoglobulins were purified, digested to obtain Fab fragments, and tested for specificity and cross-reactivity. The Aabs and their Fab fragments were tested in cytokine biological assays and showed neutralizing effects. Our data demonstrated increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and decreased release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 during early presentation of lower respiratory tract infection. The levels of these cytokines were inversely related to the levels of their corresponding Aabs that exhibited regulatory effects on the cytokine biological function in vitro.

scholarly journals Anemia as a Risk Factor for Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Children Below Five Years of Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Henish Shakya ◽  
Saurav Singh ◽  
Ashish Lakhey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
P Value ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of death in children in a developing country and anemia is found to be one of the commonest associated cofactors. This study was aimed to determine association of anemia in children with lower respiratory tract infections.Materials and Methods: The retrospective study was done over a one-year period for children under 5 years of age, admitted in Pediatric Ward of a tertiary Hospital in Lalitpur. The study included 100 diagnosed cases of lower respiratory tract infections as per WHO criteria and 100 age and sex matched patients who did not have respiratory complaints as controls, excluding prematurity, chronic diseases, malnutrition and severe systemic illness. Appropriate clinical history, examination routine investigations like hemoglobin, peripheral smear, and Chest X-ray were included.Results: The age distribution maximum children were in the age group of 3 months to 23 months with significant association with prevalence of both pneumonia (p value 0.005) and anemia (p value 0.002). Anemia was found to be a significant risk factor for LRTI (p value < 0.001) with odds ratio of 2.68 and 95% CI (1.51 – 4.75).Conclusions: Anemia was significantly found to be associated with lower respiratory tract infections and these children were found to be 2.68 times more susceptible to lower respiratory tract infections. Early diagnosis and prevention of anemia is thus important to reduce the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections in children.Nepalese Medical Journal. vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 5-8

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hyponatraemia among Elderly Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
B Raju ◽  
A Rishab ◽  
K Vikram ◽  
T Vaibhav ◽  
T Sharat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Decrease in serum sodium concentration is frequent observation among hospitalised elderly patients. The common causes for hyponatremia are degenerative physiology, dehydration, medications and infections. Hence the present study was undertaken to know the extent of hyponatremia among elderly with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of hyponatremia in lower respiratory tract infection among geriatric age group and to determine the association between severity of hyponatraemia and LRTI. Methods: This was hospital based cross sectional study carried out in the Department of General Medicine of a tertiary care teaching hospital situated in north Karnataka, India during November 2016 to May 2018. 100 elderly patients (age e” 60 years) with history of cough for more than four to five days, clinical findings and X-ray findings suggestive of LRTI, were selected for the study. Results: In the present study 59% comprised of male whereas females constituted 41%. The prevalence of hyponatraemia among elderly patients with LRTI was 45%. The most common cause of hyponatraemia was GI loss (vomiting) 53.33%, Euvolemic hyponatramia 51.11%. The mean age was 69.99±8.44 years. Most of the patients were aged between 61 to 70 years. .Hyponatraemia was not associated with sex, age and type of LRTI. Duration of hospital stay was significantly longer in patients with hyponatraemia compared to those who did not develop hyponatraemia. Conclusion: Hyponatraemia among elderly individuals with LRTI is higher as compared to other age group hence leading to prolonged duration of hospitalisation. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 13-17

scholarly journals Effectiveness of oseltamivir treatment on clinical failure in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Wiemken ◽  
Stephen P. Furmanek ◽  
Ruth M. Carrico ◽  
Paula Peyrani ◽  
Daniel Hoft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Clinical Failure ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Influenza is associated with excess morbidity and mortality of individuals each year. Few therapies exist for treatment of influenza infection, and each require initiation as early as possible in the course of infection, making efficacy difficult to estimate in the hospitalized patient with lower respiratory tract infection. Using causal machine learning methods, we re-analyze data from a randomized trial of oseltamivir versus standard of care aimed at reducing clinical failure in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infection during the influenza season. Methods This was a secondary analysis of the Rapid Empiric Treatment with Oseltamivir Study (RETOS). Conditional average treatment effects (CATE) and 95% confidence intervals were computed from causal forest including 85 clinical and demographic variables. RETOS was a multicenter, randomized, unblinded, trial of adult patients hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections in Kentucky from 2009 through 2012. Adult hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infection were randomized to standard of care or standard of care plus oseltamivir as early as possible after hospital admission but within 24 h of enrollment. After randomization, oseltamivir was initiated in the treatment arm per package insert. The primary outcome was clinical failure, a composite measure including failure to reach clinical improvement within 7 days, transfer to intensive care 24 h after admission, or rehospitalization or death within 30 days. Results A total of 691 hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections were included in the study. The only subgroup of patients with a statistically significant CATE was those with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection with a 26% lower risk of clinical failure when treated with oseltamivir (95% CI 3.2–48.0%). Conclusions This study suggests that addition of oseltamivir to standard of care may decrease clinical failure in hospitalized patients with influenza-associated lower respiratory tract infection versus standard of care alone. These results are supportive of current recommendations to initiate antiviral treatment in hospitalized patients with confirmed or suspected influenza as soon as possible after admission. Trial registration Original trial: Clinical Trials.Gov; Rapid Empiric Treatment With Oseltamivir Study (RETOS) (RETOS); ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01248715 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01248715

scholarly journals Frequency of nutritional rickets, its clinicobiochemical profile and its relationship to the lower respiratory tract infections in indoor patients from 2 to 60 months of age

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1876
Author(s):  
Bhagat Ram Thakur ◽  
Pancham Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Nutritional Rickets ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Frequency of nutritional rickets, its clinicobiochemical profile and its relationship to the lower respiratory tract infections in indoor patients from 2 to 60 months of age.Methods: Children aged 2 to 60 months admitted for the first time were included in the study and divided into two groups i.e. with and without clinical signs of rickets. Disease profile was studied in both groups. Incidence of lower respiratory tract infection was compared between two groups.  Children with clinicoradiological signs of rickets were also investigated for biochemical abnormalities.Results: During the one year study period a total of 393 children were admitted, 65 were found to have rickets constituted as study group and 328 were without rickets were included the controls. Rickets incidence was 16.5% of which majority (74.6%) were males and most rachitic children (64.6%) were below six months of age. Acute lower respiratory tract infection (64.6%) was commonest in study group and acute gastroenteritis (24.4%) in the controls. The rate of ALRTI was nearly three times in study group.  Frontal bossing (67.7%) was most common sign of rickets and increased alkaline phosphatase (93.8%) was the commonest biochemical abnormality.Conclusions: Nutritional rickets, a multifactorial disease, is easily preventable. The present study has revealed the high incidence of rickets i. e., 16.5% and also show the strong statistically significant association of nutritional rickets with acute lower respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Influenza in Patients with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in South of Iran (2015-2016)

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Rahmanian ◽  
Masihollah Shakeri ◽  
Heshmatollah Shakeri ◽  
Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi ◽  
Alireza Bahonar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Underlying Diseases

Summary Influenza is of particular importance because of the pace of epidemics, the extent and number of infected people, and the severity of the side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological and clinical aspects of this disease during the last epidemic in southern Iran. The present cross-sectional study was performed on the basis of secondary data analysis and information in medical records of patients with acute lower respiratory system infection in hospitals affiliated to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression at 0.05 significance level. From 1st September 2015 to 20th March 2016, 108 patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection with a mean age of 42.92 ± 19.65 years were admitted to Jahrom hospitals, of which 43 were diagnosed with definite influenza, all of which (100%) had H1N1 type A influenza. There were eight deaths in all, of which five were positive for H1N1, and of these five cases, three cases had delayed diagnosis and treatment, and four cases had underlying diseases. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between positive H1N1 cases and history of contact with definite influenza, traveling abroad, and clinical symptoms of chills (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that 39.81% of the patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections suffered from influenza. Furthermore, the delayed treatment and the underlying diseases were the most important cause of death.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING IN GENERAL HOSPITAL DR. PIRNGADI MEDAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Jefri Naldi ◽  
Rosidah Rosidah ◽  
Ricke Loesnihari
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish cases of bacteria associated with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in General Hospital Dr. Pirngadi Medan with the view to identify the bacteria well as to assess their antibiotics susceptibility.Methods: An observation and prospective study were analyzed to patients with lower respiratory tract infection in respiratory and internal wards Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan. For the identification method of bacteria was using optochin test, catalase test, Mannitol salt agar, coagulase, indole, methyl red, Voges–Proskauer test, citrate, urease, and Triple Sugar Iron test.Results: The bacteria that cause lower respiratory tract infection were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.53%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.02%), Proteus sp. (14.89%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.77%), Escherichia coli (10.64%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.64%), and Haemophilus influenzae (8.51%). The result of sensitivity testing showed that gentamicin is more sensitive and the resistant antibiotic is chloramphenicol among all the tested antibiotics.Conclusion: P. aeruginosa was the most common isolated from LRTIs patients with gentamicin is the most sensitive antibiotics while chloramphenicol is the most resistant antibiotics among all the tested antibiotics.

scholarly journals Human bocavirus found in children with lower respiratory tract infection

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collective Editorial team
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
First Time

A new parvovirus which causes lower respiratory tract infections in children has been identified for the first time, and has provisionally been called human bocavirus

scholarly journals Factors influencing lower respiratory tract infection in older patients after general anesthesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 030006052110432
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Yali Yasen ◽  
Jianjiang Wu ◽  
Hu Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective Pulmonary complication is common in older patients after surgery. We analyzed risk factors of lower respiratory tract infection after general anesthesia among older patients. Methods In this retrospective investigation, we included older patients who underwent surgery with general anesthesia. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine risk factors of lower respiratory tract infection. Results A total 418 postoperative patients with general anesthesia were included; the incidence of lower respiratory tract infection was 9.33%. Ten cases were caused by gram-positive bacteria, 26 cases by gram-negative bacteria, and 2 cases by fungus. We found significant differences in age, smoking, diabetes, oral/nasal tracheal intubation, and surgery duration. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age ≥70 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.028, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.115–3.646), smoking (OR 2.314, 95% CI 1.073–4.229), diabetes (OR 2.185, 95% CI 1.166–4.435), nasotracheal intubation (OR 3.528, 95% CI 1.104–5.074), and duration of surgery ≥180 minutes (OR 1.334, 95% CI 1.015–1.923) were independent risk factors of lower respiratory tract infections. Conclusions Older patients undergoing general anesthesia after tracheal intubation have a high risk of lower respiratory tract infections. Clinical interventions should be provided to prevent pulmonary infections in patients with relevant risk factors.

scholarly journals Childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections in Northern Nigeria: At risk factors

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-193
Author(s):  
PA Ahmed ◽  
KK Yusuf ◽  
A Dawodu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Childhood Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (ALRTI) remains an important public health problem in the developing world, with significant morbidity and mortality a challenge. An understanding of risk factors in the development of childhood ALRTI may offer clues to prevention of the disease; identify conditions that lead to progression to severe disease, complications and even death in a child receiving treatment.Aim: to determine risk factors for ALRTI among Under five children hospitalized.Methods: A prospective study of children aged 2-60 months admitted into hospital with diagnosis of pneumonia and bronchiolitis from November 2011 to September 2012 at the National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria. With a questionnaire data on socio- demographic and potential risk factors for ALRTI were obtained.Results: A total of 50 children aged 2-60 months were enrolled, 92.0 % had pneumonia while 8.0% had bronchiolitis. 86.0% of pneumonia subjects were 24months and below, while all those with bronchiolitis were infants. 43(86.0%) of subjects were hospitalized in the rainy season. The weights for height z score was less than minus 2 in 12 (24.0 %) of the subjects. Significant risk factor for ALRTI was the use of kerosene and solid fuel for domestic cooking, 33 (66.0%), p value 0.0001; Mortality was four percent among the infants. We conclude that younger age under 24 months and exposure to hydrocarbon and biomass from indoor pollution was contributing risk factors for ALRTI in Under five children.Key words: Acute lower respiratory tract infection, risk factors, hospitalization, under-five.

scholarly journals Microbiota of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples from Patients of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection – A Changing Trend

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhanashree P. Inamdar ◽  
B. Anuradha ◽  
Padmanabh Inamdar ◽  
Poojitha Sai Patti
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is the saline wash of the bronchial tree, which aids in diagnosing various pulmonary pathologies. The present study was contemplated with an aim to know the clinical, microbiological profile of BAL samples along with its sensitivity pattern and to assess its utility as a diagnostic tool. This was a prospective observational study, carried over 90 patients presenting with lower respiratory tract infections. The total microbial recovery rate from BAL was 39 (43.3%). The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of BAL were found to be 76.4%, 89.7% and 90.6% respectively. Maximum isolates were bacteria (25.5%) followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) (16.6%) and fungi (1.1%). Predominant bacterial isolates were Gram-negative (81.5%) compared to Gram-positive (18.5%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria was seen in 59.2% of isolates. BAL is a valuable diagnostic tool to find not only bacterial but mycobacterial and fungal infections in patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). A trend towards LRTI with Gram-negative infections is on the rise and they tend to be multidrug-resistant. Hence checking susceptibility patterns is crucial to start evidence-based treatment.

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