scholarly journals Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Harnessing the Immune System to Deal with Recalcitrant Pathogens

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

ABSTRACT Traditional approaches to harnessing the immune system to confront infectious diseases depend on vaccines, which have generally proven highly effective, but for many infections these either are not available or are of limited effectiveness. Although antibiotic therapy has been extremely successful in reducing the burden of bacterial disease, the emergence of resistance among several important pathogens threatens to undermine this accomplishment, and despite some successes chemotherapeutic treatments for viral, fungal, and parasitic infections are more limited. Understanding the mechanisms whereby pathogens manipulate the immune system to favor their survival, or exploit weaknesses in host immunity, can lead to novel approaches for the treatment of infections by redirecting host immune responses against the pathogen. Such treatments may be most effectively applied at the mucosal locations which are frequently the sites of initial infection and may also suggest new approaches for vaccine development.

scholarly journals Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Honglei Wang ◽  
Yangyang Xu ◽  
Wenhai Feng
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from the host immune response in several processes. Vaccines, including modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are the best available countermeasures against PRRSV infection. However, challenges still exist as the vaccines are not able to induce broad protection. The reason lies in several facts, mainly the variability of PRRSV and the complexity of the interaction between PRRSV and host immune responses, and overcoming these obstacles will require more exploration. Many novel strategies have been proposed to construct more effective vaccines against this evolving and smart virus. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of how PRRSV induces weak and delayed immune responses, the current vaccines of PRRSV, and the strategies to develop modified live vaccines using reverse genetics systems.

An appraisal of survival strategies

Parasitology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Mitchison
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immunology ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defence System ◽  
Bio Engineering

Only a few years ago parasite immunology looked an unattractive subject better left to the dogged specialists. Parasites and hosts had been playing chess together for a million years, and there seemed little prospect of perturbing matters in favour of the host immune system. All that has changed, for three reasons. Firstly, we have learned how to grow at least some parasites in vitro, and prospects of doing so with others are encouraging. Secondly, progress in cellular immunology has revealed the sort of loopholes in the host defence system which parasites are likely to exploit: we are learning the questions which matter about parasites as antigens. Thirdly, and most importantly, molecular genetics is being brought to bear on parasites: we can now see a real, though long-term, prospect of manufacturing practicable vaccines through bio-engineering, and more immediately it gives us the tools needed to probe the host immune responses in the form of cloned antigens.

scholarly journals Neutralization of rhesus cytomegalovirus IL-10 reduces horizontal transmission and alters long-term immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (26) ◽  
pp. 13036-13041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse D. Deere ◽  
W. L. William Chang ◽  
Andradi Villalobos ◽  
Kimberli A. Schmidt ◽  
Ashlesha Deshpande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Rhesus Cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes severe disease in infants and immunocompromised people. There is no approved HCMV vaccine, and vaccine development strategies are complicated by evidence of both persistent infection and reinfection of people with prior immunity. The greatest emphasis has been placed on reducing transmission to seronegative pregnant women to prevent vertical transmission and its potentially severe sequelae. Increasing evidence suggests that the earliest host–HCMV interactions establish conditions for viral persistence, including evasion of host immune responses to the virus. Using a nonhuman primate model of HCMV infection, we show that rhesus macaques immunized against viral interleukin-10 (IL-10) manifest delayed rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) acquisition and altered immune responses to the infection when it does occur. Among animals with the greatest antiviral IL-10–neutralizing activity, the timing of RhCMV seroconversion was delayed by an average of 12 weeks. After acquisition, such animals displayed an antibody response to the new infection, which peaked as expected after 2 weeks but then declined rapidly. In contrast, surprisingly, vaccination with glycoprotein B (gB) protein had no discernible impact on these outcomes. Our results demonstrate that viral IL-10 is a key regulator of successful host immune responses to RhCMV. Viral IL-10 is, therefore, an important target for vaccine strategies against cytomegalovirus (CMV). Furthermore, given the immunoregulatory function of viral IL-10, targeting this protein may prove synergistic with other vaccine therapies and targets. Our study also provides additional evidence that the earliest host–CMV interactions can have a significant impact on the nature of persistent infection.

scholarly journals Roles of Host Immunity in Viral Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifang Zhao ◽  
Zhaoying Fu
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Working Together

The pathogenesis of viral myocarditis includes both the direct damage mediated by viral infection and the indirect lesion resulted from host immune responses. Myocarditis can progress into dilated cardiomyopathy that is also associated with immunopathogenesis. T cell-mediated autoimmunity, antibody-mediated autoimmunity (autoantibodies), and innate immunity, working together, contribute to the development of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.

scholarly journals Infection, Inflammation and Immunity in Covid-19 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
R. Cherneva ◽  
Z. Cherneva
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has increased the burden on healthcare system. Despite some progress in its diagnostics has been made, effective prevention and treatment are still insufficient. Since SARS-CoV-2 infections often cause systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure, the therapeutic options aimed at modulating the host immune responses to prevent subsequent systemic complications are demanding. The review provides a summary of the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and underlines the current perception of pulmonary host’s immune response and its contributions to disease severity and systemic inflammation. Signaling pathways which have the potential to manipulate host immunity and improve clinical outcomes are also presented.

scholarly journals An overview of sex hormones in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh Saei Ghare Naz ◽  
Mojdeh Banaei ◽  
Sareh Dashti ◽  
Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Body Response

Aim: Sex differences in COVID-19 outcomes might be explained from a sex hormones (SexHs) perspective. Materials & methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar were searched up to March 2021. Results: Based on the literature review, the crosstalk between SexHs (estrogens, progesterone and testosterone), their receptors (estrogen α and β, androgen, and progesterone) and the immune system shaped the sex-related differences in immune responses against COVID-19. Differential production of SexHs over the lifespan (during pregnancy, reproductive years, menopause and andropause) and over different seasons may result in disparities in body response toward COVID-19. Moreover, SexHs-specific differences might affect vaccine efficacy and response to treatment. Conclusion: The roles of SexHs need to be considered in vaccine development and even treatment of COVID-19.

scholarly journals A framework of host immune responses against four types of parasitic infections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Chung Hu
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Innate Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Immune Responses

Human host immune responses to parasitic infections are complex. They can be categorized into four immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infections. For intracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH1 immunity involving macrophages, interferon gamma (IFNg) CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 1 (ILC1), CD8 T cells, invariant natural killer T cells 1 (iNKT1) cells, and immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) B cells. For free-living extracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH22 immunity involving neutrophils, interleukin (IL)-22/IL-17 CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 3 (ILC3), iNKT17 cells, and IgG2 B cells. For endoparasites (helminths), the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH2a immunity with inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS), IL-5/IL-4 CD4 T cells, IL-25 inducing inflammatory innate lymphoid cells 2 (iILC2), mast cells-tryptase (MCt), iNKT2 cells, and IgG4 B cells. For ectoparasites (parasitic insects and arachnids), the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH2b immunity with inflammatory basophils, mast cells-tryptase/chymase (MCtc), IL-3/IL-4 CD4 T cells, IL-33 inducing nature innate lymphoid cells 2 (nILC2), iNKT2 cells, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) B cells. The tolerable host immunity against ectoparasites and endoparasites is TH9 immunity with regulatory eosinophils, regulatory basophils, IL-9 mast cells (MMC9), thymic stromal lymphopoietin inducing innate lymphoid cells 2, IL-9 CD4 T cells, iNKT2 cells, and IgA2 B cells. This categorization provides a complete framework of immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infections.

Leishmanial selenoproteins and the host immune system: towards new therapeutic strategies?

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 541-544
Author(s):  
Sajad Rashidi ◽  
Kurosh Kalantar ◽  
Paul Nguewa ◽  
Gholamreza Hatam
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Abstract Optimum levels of selenoproteins are essential for starting and managing the host immune responses against pathogens. According to the expression of selenoproteins in Leishmania parasites, and since high levels of selenoproteins lead to adverse effects on immune cells and their functions, Leishmania parasites might then express selenoproteins such as selenomethionine in their structure and/or secretions able to challenge the host immune system. Finally, this adaptation may lead to evasion of the parasite from the host immune system. The expression of selenoproteins in Leishmania parasites might then induce the development of infection. We therefore suggest these molecules as new therapeutic candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals HIV Vaccine: Recent Advances, Current Roadblocks, and Future Directions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muni Rubens ◽  
Venkataraghavan Ramamoorthy ◽  
Anshul Saxena ◽  
Nancy Shehadeh ◽  
Sandeep Appunni
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In spite of successful interventions and treatment protocols, an HIV vaccine would be the ultimate prevention and control strategy. Ever since identification of HIV/AIDS, there have been meticulous efforts for vaccine development. The specific aim of this paper is to review recent vaccine efficacy trials and associated advancements and discuss the current challenges and future directions. Recombinant DNA technologies greatly facilitated development of many viral products which were later incorporated into vectors for effective vaccines. Over the years, a number of scientific approaches have gained popularity and include the induction of neutralizing antibodies in late 1980s, induction of CD8 T cell in early 1990s, and combination approaches currently. Scientists have hypothesized that stimulation of right sequences of somatic hypermutations could induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of effective neutralization and viral elimination. Studies have shown that a number of host and viral factors affect these processes. Similarly, eliciting specific CD8 T cells immune responses through DNA vaccines hold future promises. In summary, future studies should focus on the continuous fight between host immune responses and ever-evasive viral factors for effective vaccines.

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