scholarly journals Antivirulence Activity of the Human Gut Metabolome

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Caetano M. Antunes ◽  
Julie A. K. McDonald ◽  
Kathleen Schroeter ◽  
Christian Carlucci ◽  
Rosana B. R. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

ABSTRACTThe mammalian gut contains a complex assembly of commensal microbes termed microbiota. Although much has been learned about the role of these microbes in health, the mechanisms underlying these functions are ill defined. We have recently shown that the mammalian gut contains thousands of small molecules, most of which are currently unidentified. Therefore, we hypothesized that these molecules function as chemical cues used by hosts and microbes during their interactions in health and disease. Thus, a search was initiated to identify molecules produced by the microbiota that are sensed by pathogens. We found that a secreted molecule produced by clostridia acts as a strong repressor ofSalmonellavirulence, obliterating expression of theSalmonellapathogenicity island 1 as well as host cell invasion. It has been known for decades that the microbiota protects its hosts from invading pathogens, and these data suggest that chemical sensing may be involved in this phenomenon. Further investigations should reveal the exact biological role of this molecule as well as its therapeutic potential.IMPORTANCEMicrobes can communicate through the production and sensing of small molecules. Within the complex ecosystem formed by commensal microbes living in and on the human body, it is likely that these molecular messages are used extensively during the interactions between different microbial species as well as with host cells. Deciphering such a molecular dialect will be fundamental to our understanding of host-microbe interactions in health and disease and may prove useful for the design of new therapeutic strategies that target these mechanisms of communication.

scholarly journals The role of gut microbiota in health and disease: In vitro modeling of host-microbe interactions at the aerobe-anaerobe interphase of the human gut

Anaerobe ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Z.H. von Martels ◽  
Mehdi Sadaghian Sadabad ◽  
Arno R. Bourgonje ◽  
Tjasso Blokzijl ◽  
Gerard Dijkstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
In Vitro Modeling ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

scholarly journals Mucosal microbial parasites/symbionts in health and disease: an integrative overview

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Host Interactions ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Species Being

AbstractMicrobial parasites adapted to thrive at mammalian mucosal surfaces have evolved multiple times from phylogenetically distant lineages into various extracellular and intracellular life styles. Their symbiotic relationships can range from commensalism to parasitism and more recently some host–parasites interactions are thought to have evolved into mutualistic associations too. It is increasingly appreciated that this diversity of symbiotic outcomes is the product of a complex network of parasites–microbiota–host interactions. Refinement and broader use of DNA based detection techniques are providing increasing evidence of how common some mucosal microbial parasites are and their host range, with some species being able to swap hosts, including from farm and pet animals to humans. A selection of examples will illustrate the zoonotic potential for a number of microbial parasites and how some species can be either disruptive or beneficial nodes in the complex networks of host–microbe interactions disrupting or maintaining mucosal homoeostasis. It will be argued that mucosal microbial parasitic diversity will represent an important resource to help us dissect through comparative studies the role of host–microbe interactions in both human health and disease.

scholarly journals Glycans in Virus-Host Interactions: A Structural Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel L. Miller ◽  
Thomas Clark ◽  
Rahul Raman ◽  
Ram Sasisekharan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Glycoproteins ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Structural Perspective

Many interactions between microbes and their hosts are driven or influenced by glycans, whose heterogeneous and difficult to characterize structures have led to an underappreciation of their role in these interactions compared to protein-based interactions. Glycans decorate microbe glycoproteins to enhance attachment and fusion to host cells, provide stability, and evade the host immune system. Yet, the host immune system may also target these glycans as glycoepitopes. In this review, we provide a structural perspective on the role of glycans in host-microbe interactions, focusing primarily on viral glycoproteins and their interactions with host adaptive immunity. In particular, we discuss a class of topological glycoepitopes and their interactions with topological mAbs, using the anti-HIV mAb 2G12 as the archetypical example. We further offer our view that structure-based glycan targeting strategies are ready for application to viruses beyond HIV, and present our perspective on future development in this area.

scholarly journals Endospores and other lysis-resistant bacteria comprise a widely shared core community within the human microbiota

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Kearney ◽  
Sean M. Gibbons ◽  
Mathilde Poyet ◽  
Thomas Gurry ◽  
Kevin Bullock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEndospore-formers in the human microbiota are well adapted for host-to-host transmission, and an emerging consensus points to their role in determining health and disease states in the gut. The human gut, more than any other environment, encourages the maintenance of endospore formation, with recent culture-based work suggesting that over 50% of genera in the microbiome carry genes attributed to this trait. However, there has been limited work on the ecological role of endospores and other stress-resistant cellular states in the human gut. In fact, there is no data to indicate whether organisms with the genetic potential to form endospores actually form endosporesin situand how sporulation varies across individuals and over time. Here, we applied a culture-independent protocol to enrich for endospores and other stress-resistant cells in human feces to identify variation in these states across people and within an individual over time. We see that cells with resistant states are more likely than those without to be shared among multiple individuals, which suggests that these resistant states are particularly adapted for cross-host dissemination. Furthermore, we use untargeted fecal metabolomics in 24 individuals and within a person over time to show that these organisms respond to shared environmental signals, and in particular, dietary fatty acids, that likely mediate colonization of recently disturbed human guts.

scholarly journals SPIKE PROTEIN AND ITS PROTEASES ROLE IN SARS-COV-2 PATHOGENICITY AND TREATMENT; A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fateme Tavakoli Far ◽  
◽  
Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Cathepsin B ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Common Receptor ◽  
The World

Since December 2019, a novel beta coronavirus has spread around the world. This virus can cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In this study, we reviewed proteases of SARS-CoV-2 based on related articles published in journals indexed by Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar from December 2019 to April 2020. Based on this study, we can claim that this coronavirus has about 76% genotype similarity to SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Also, similarities between these two viruses have been found in the mechanism of entry into host cells and pathogenicity. ACE 2, the angiotensin convertase enzyme 2, plays a role in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) and blood pressure regulation. Some mechanisms have been reported for the role of ACE 2 in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. For example, the interaction between the ACE 2 receptor and spike protein mediated by TMPRSS2, Cathepsin B/L, and other enzymes is responsible for the entry of the virus into human cells and pathogenicity. Some host cell endosomal enzymes are necessary to cleavage coronavirus spike protein and cause binding to their common receptor. So, we conclude that molecules like antibodies or small molecules like ACE 2 antagonists and soluble ACE 2 can be used as a good therapeutic candidate to prevent SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Spatial metabolomics of in situ, host-microbe interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt K Geier ◽  
Emilia Sogin ◽  
Dolma Michellod ◽  
Moritz Janda ◽  
Mario Kompauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Metabolic Phenotypes ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Mass Spectrometry

Spatial metabolomics describes the location and chemistry of small molecules involved in metabolic phenotypes, defense molecules and chemical interactions in natural communities. Most current techniques are unable to spatially link the genotype and metabolic phenotype of microorganisms in situ at a scale relevant to microbial interactions. Here, we present a spatial metabolomics pipeline (metaFISH) that combines fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy and high-resolution atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry imaging (AP-MALDI-MSI) to image host-microbe symbioses and their metabolic interactions. metaFISH aligns and integrates metabolite and fluorescent images at the micrometer-scale for a spatial assignment of host and symbiont metabolites on the same tissue section. To illustrate the advantages of metaFISH, we mapped the spatial metabolome of a deep-sea mussel and its intracellular symbiotic bacteria at the scale of individual epithelial host cells. Our analytical pipeline revealed metabolic adaptations of the epithelial cells to the intracellular symbionts, a variation in metabolic phenotypes in one symbiont type, and novel symbiosis metabolites. metaFISH provides a culture-independent approach to link metabolic phenotypes to community members in situ - a powerful tool for microbiologists across fields.

The role of lipids in host microbe interactions

10.2741/4559 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1581-1598
Author(s):  
Jochen Mattner
Keyword(s):  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Global and temporal state of the human gut microbiome in health and disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoaie ◽  
Sunjae Lee ◽  
Mathieu Almeida ◽  
Gholamreza Bidkhori ◽  
Nicolas Pons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Integrative Analysis ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Clinical Phenotyping ◽  
Sampling Times

Abstract The role of gut microbiota in humans is of great interest, and metagenomics provided the possibilities for extensively analysing bacterial diversity in health and disease. Here we explored the human gut microbiome samples across 19 countries, performing compositional, functional and integrative analysis. To complement these data and analyse the stability of the microbiome, we followed 86 healthy Swedish individuals over one year, with four sampling times and extensive clinical phenotyping. The integrative analysis of temporal microbiome changes shows the existence of two types of species with a tendency to vary in abundance with time, here called outflow and inflow species. Importantly, the former tends to be enriched in disease, while the latter is enriched in health. We suggest that the decrease of disease-associated outflow and the increase of health-associated inflow species with time may be a fundamental albeit previously unrecognized aspect of the homeostasis maintenance in a healthy microbiome.

Studies on the Role of Carbohydrates in Host-Microbe Interactions

1986 ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Albersheim ◽  
Alan G. Darvill ◽  
Janice K. Sharp ◽  
Keith R. Davis ◽  
Steven H. Doares
Keyword(s):  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions
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